1,160
Views
19
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Recent developments in therapeutic applications of Cyanobacteria

, , &
Pages 394-405 | Received 01 Jul 2014, Accepted 20 Aug 2014, Published online: 28 Jan 2015

References

  • Aherne G, Hardcastle A, Valenti M, et al. (1996). Antitumour evaluation of dolastatins 10 and 15 and their measurement in plasma by radioimmunoassay. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 38:225–32
  • Balskus EP, Walsh CT. (2010). The genetic and molecular basis for sunscreen biosynthesis in cyanobacteria. Science 24:1653–6
  • Balunas MJ, Linington RG, Tidgewell K, et al. (2010). Dragonamide E, a modified linear lipo-peptide from Lyngbya majuscula with antileishmanial activity. J Nat Prod 73:60–6
  • Balzarini J. (2007). Carbohydrate-binding agents: a potential future cornerstone for the chemotherapy of enveloped viruses? Antivir Chem Chemother 18:1–11
  • Banker R, Carmeli S. (1999). Inhibitors of serine proteases from a waterbloom of the cyanobacterium, Microcystis sp. Tetrahedron 55:10835–44
  • Baran PS, Richter JM. (2005). Enantioselective total syntheses of welwitindolinone A and fischerindoles I and G. J Am Chem Soc 127:15394–6
  • Barrientos LG, O'Keefe BR, Bray M, et al. (2003). Cyanovirin-N binds to the viral surface glycoprotein, GP1, 2 and inhibits infectivity of Ebola virus. Antiviral Res 58:47–56
  • Barrios-Llerena ME, Burja AM, Wright PC. (2007). Genetic analysis of polyketide synthase and peptide synthetase genes in cyanobacteria as a mining tool for secondary metabolites. J Ind Microbiol Biotechnol 34:443–56
  • Beckwith M, Urba WJ, Longo DL. (1993). Growth inhibition of human lymphoma cell lines by the marine products, dolastatins 10 and 15. J Natl Cancer Inst 85:483–8
  • Begley M, Cotter PD, Hill C, Ross RP. (2009). Identification of a novel two-peptide lantibiotic, lichenicidin, following rational genome mining for LanM proteins. Appl Environ Microbiol 75:5451–60
  • Bhaskar SU, Gopalswamy G, Raghu R. (2005). A simple method for efficient extraction and purification of C-phycocyanin from Spirulina platensis Geitler. Indian J Exp Biol 43:277–9
  • Bierbaum G, Sahl HG. (2009). Lantibiotics: mode of action, biosynthesis and bioengineering. Curr Pharm Biotechnol 10:2–18
  • Bokesch HR, Barry R, O'Keefe Tawnya C, et al. (2003). A potent novel anti-HIV protein from the cultured Cyanobacterium Scytonema varium. Biochemistry 42:2578–84
  • Borowitzka MA. (1998). Algae as food. In: Wood BJB, ed. Microbiology of fermented foods 2. London, UK: Blackie Academic and Professional, 585–602
  • Boudreau PD, Byrum T, Liu WT, et al. (2012). Viequeamide A, a cytotoxic member of the kulolide superfamily of cyclic depsipeptides from a marine button cyanobacterium. J Nat Prod 75:1560–70
  • Boyd MR, Gustafson KR, McMahon JB, et al. (1997). Discovery of cyanovirin-N, a novel human immunodeficiency virus-inactivating protein that binds viral surface envelope glycoprotein gp120: potential applications to microbicide development. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 41:1521–30
  • Buffa V, Stieh D, Mamhood N, et al. (2009). Cyanovirin-N potently inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 infection in cellular and cervical explant models. J General Virol 90:234–43
  • Burja AM, Banaigs EB, Abou-Mansour Burgess JG, Wright PC. (2001). Marine cyanobacteria-a prolific source of natural products. Tetrahedron 57:9347–77
  • Burja AM, Dhamwichukorn S, Wright PC. (2003). Cyanobacterial postgenomic research and systems biology. Trends Biotechnol 21:504–11
  • Challem JJ, Passwater RA, Mindell EM. (1981). Spirulina. New Canaan, CT: Keats Publishing Inc
  • Chen QY, Liu Y, Cai W, Luesch H. (2014). Improved total synthesis and biological evaluation of potent apratoxin S4 based anticancer agents with differential stability and further enhanced activity. J Med Chem 57:3011–29
  • Choi H, Mevers E, Byrum T, et al. (2012). Lyngbyabellins K-N from Two Palmyra Atoll Collections of the Marine Cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii. European J Org Chem 2012:5141–50
  • Ciferri O. (1983). Spirulina, the edible microorganism. Microbiol Rev 47:551–78
  • Cohen Z, Reungjit Chachawali MW, Siangdung W, Tanticharoen M. (1993). Production and partial purification of γ-Linolenic acid and some pigments from Spirulina platensis. J Appl Phycol 5:109–15
  • D’Agostino G, Del Campo J, Mellado B, et al. (2006). A Multicenter phase ii study of the cryptophycin analog LY355703 in patients with platinum-resistant ovarian cancer. Int J Gynecol Cancer 16:71–6
  • De la Coba F, Aguilera J, de Galvez MV, et al. (2009). Prevention of the ultraviolet effects on clinical and histopathological changes, as well as the heat shock protein70 expression in mouse skin by topical application of algal UV absorbing compounds. J Dermatol Sci 55:161–9
  • Doan NT, Stewart PR, Smith GD. (2001). Inhibition of bacterial RNA polymerase by the cyanobacterial metabolites 12-epi-hapalindole E isonitrile and calothrixin A. FEMS Microbiol Lett 196:135–9
  • Donia MS, Ravel J, Schmidt EW. (2008). A global assembly line for cyanobactins. Nat Chem Biol 4:341–3
  • Edelman MJ, Gandara DR, Hausner P, et al. (2003). Phase 2 study of cryptophycin 52 (LY355703) in patients previously treated with platinum based chemotherapy for advanced non-small cell lung cancer. Lung Cancer 39:197–9
  • Eriksen NT. (2008). Production of phycocyanin-a pigment with applications in biology, biotechnology, foods and medicine. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 80:1–14
  • Esser MT, Mori T, Mondor I, et al. (1999). Cyanovirin-N binds to gp120 to interfere with CD4-dependent human immunodeficiency virus type 1 virion binding, fusion, and infectivity but does not affect the CD4 binding site on gp120 or soluble CD4-induced conformational changes in gp120. J Virol 73:4360–71
  • Euler US, Eliassen R. (1967). Prostaglandins. New York: Academic Press
  • Fujimoto YK, Green DF. (2012). Carbohydrate recognition by the antiviral lectin cyanovirin-N. J Am Chem Soc 134:19639–51
  • Fujimoto YK, TerBush RN, Patsalo V, Green DF. (2008). Computational models explain the oligosaccharide specificity of cyanovirin-N. Protein Sci 17:2008–14
  • Goto Y, Li B, Claesen J, et al. (2010). Discovery of unique lanthionine synthetases reveals new mechanistic and evolutionary insights. PLoS Biol 8: e1000339
  • Grach-Pogrebinsky O, Sedmak B, Carmeli S. (2003). Protease inhibitors from Slovenian Lake Bled toxic waterbloom of the cyanobacterium, Planktothrix rubescens. Tetrahedron 59:8329–36
  • Gutiérrez M, Suyama TL, Engene N, et al. (2008). Apratoxin D, a potent cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide from papua new guinea collections of the marine cyanobacteria Lyngbya majuscula and Lyngbya sordida. J Nat Prod 71:1099–103
  • Habib MAB, Parvin M, Huntington TC, Hasan MR. (2008). A review on culture and production and use of Spirulina as food for humans and feeds for domestic animals and fish. FAO Fischeries and Aquaculture Circular No. 1034, Rome, Food and Agriculture Organisation of the United Nations, 41 p
  • Hayashi O, Hirahashi T, Katoh T, et al. (1998). Class-specific influence of dietary Spirulina platensis on antibody production in mice. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol 44:841–51
  • Helle F, Wychowski C, Vu-Dac N, et al. (2006). Cyanovirin-N inhibits hepatitis C virus entry by binding to envelope protein glycans. J Biol Chem 281:25177–83
  • Horrobin DF. (2000). Essential fatty acid metabolism and its modification in atopic eczema. Am J Clin Nutr 71:367s–72s
  • Iménez JI, Scheuer PJ. (2001). New lipopeptides from the Caribbean cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 64:200–3
  • Jenke-Kodama H, Sandmann A, Müller R, Dittmann E. (2005). Evolutionary implications of bacterial polyketide synthases. Mol Biol Evol 22:2027–39
  • Jensen GS, Ginsberg DI, Huerta P, et al. (2000). Consumption of Aphanizomenon flos aquae has rapid effects on the circulation and function of immune cells in humans. JANA 2:50–8
  • Kajiyama S, Kanzaki H, Kawazu K, Kobayashi A. (1998). Nostofungicidine, an antifungal lipopeptide from the field-grown terrestrial blue-green alga, Nostoc commune. Tetrahedron Lett 39:3737–40
  • Kapuścik A, Hrouzek P, Kuzma M, et al. (2013). Novel Aeruginosin-865 from Nostoc sp. as a potent anti-inflammatory agent. Chem Biochem 14:2329–37
  • Kerbrat P, Dieras VNP, Ravaud A, et al. (2003). Phase II study of LU 103793 (dolastatin analogue) in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 39:317–20
  • Kernoff PBA, Willis AL, Stone KJ, et al. (1977). Antithrombotic potential of dihomo-gamma-linolenic acid in man. Br Med J 2:1441–4
  • Kim H, Lantvit D, Hwang C-H, et al. (2012). Indole alkaloids from two cultured cyanobacteria, Westiellopsis sp. and Fischerella muscicola. Bioorg Med Chem 20:5290–5
  • Koglin A, Walsh CT. (2009). Highlight: structural insights into nonribosomal peptide enzymatic assembly lines. Nat Prod Rep 26:987–1000
  • Kronick MN, Grossman PD. (1983). Immunoassay techniques with fluorescent phycobiliprotein conjugates. Clin Chem 29:1582–6
  • Ku CS, Pham TX, Park Y, et al. (2013). Edible blue-green algae reduce the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines by inhibiting NF-κB pathway in macrophages and splenocytes. Biochim Biophys Acta 1830:2981–8
  • Kushak R, VanCott E, Drapeau C, Winter H. (1999). Effect of algae, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae on digestive enzyme activity and polyunsaturated fatty acids level in blood plasma. Gastroenterology 116:A559
  • Kwan JC, Eksioglu EA, Liu C, et al. (2009). Grassystatins A-C from marine cyanobacteria, potent cathepsin E inhibitors that reduce antigen presentation. J Med Chem 52:5732–47
  • Kwan JC, Ratnayake R, Abboud KA, et al. (2010). Grassypeptolides A-C, cytotoxic bis-thiazoline containing marine cyclodepsipeptides. J Org Chem 75:8012–23
  • Leung P, Lee H, Kung Y, et al. (2013). Therapeutic effect of C-phycocyanin extracted from blue green algae in a rat model of acute lung injury induced by lipopolysaccharide. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 11:916590
  • Li B, Sher D, Kelly L, et al. (2010). Catalytic promiscuity in the biosynthesis of cyclic peptide secondary metabolites in planktonic marine cyanobacteria. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:10430–5
  • Liang J, Moore RE, Moher ED, et al. (2005). Cryptophycins-309, 249 and other cryptophycin analogs: preclinical efficacy studies with mouse and human tumors. Invest New Drugs 23:213–24
  • Liu Y, Law BK, Luesch H. (2009). Apratoxin A reversibly inhibits the secretory pathway by preventing cotranslational translocation. Mol Pharmacol 76:91–104
  • Luesch H, Chanda SK, Raya RM, et al. (2006). A functional genomics approach to the mode of action of apratoxin A. Nat Chem Biol 2:158–67
  • Luesch H, Yoshida WY, Moore RE, et al. (2001). Total structure determination of apratoxin A, a potent novel cytotoxin from the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula. J Am Chem Soc 123:5418–23
  • Matern U, Oberer L, Falchetto RA, et al. (2001). Scyptolin A and B, cyclic depsipeptides from axenic cultures of Scytonema hofmanni PCC 7110. Phytochemistry 58:1087–95
  • Mathew B, Sankaranarayanan R, Nair PP, et al. (1995). Evaluation of chemoprevention of oral cancer with Spirulina fusiformis. Nutr Cancer 24:197–202
  • Matthew S, Paul VJ, Luesch H. (2009a). Largamides A-C, tiglic acid-containing cyclodepsipeptides with elastase-inhibitory activity from the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya confervoides. Planta Med 75:528–33
  • Matthew S, Paul VJ, Luesch H. (2009b). Tiglicamides A-C, cyclodepsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides. Phytochemistry 70:2058–63
  • Matthew S, Ross C, Rocca JR, et al. (2007). Lyngbyastatin 4, a dolastatin 13 analogue with elastase and chymotrypsin inhibitory activity from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya confervoides. J Nat Prod 70:124–7
  • McPhail KL, Correa J, Linington RG, et al. (2007). Antimalarial linear lipopeptides from a Panamanian strain of the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 70:984–8
  • Mevers E, Haeckl FP, Boudreau PD, et al. (2014). Lipopeptides from the tropical marine cyanobacterium Symploca sp. J Nat Prod 77:969–75
  • Mevers E, Liu WT, Engene N, et al. (2011). Cytotoxic veraguamides, alkynyl bromide-containing cyclic depsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium cf. Oscillatoria margaritifera. J Nat Prod 74:928–36
  • Mita CA, Schwartz G, Mita MM, et al. (2006). A pilot, pharmacokinetic (PK), and pharmacodynamic (PD) study to determine the feasibility of intrapatient dose escalation to tolerable rash and the activity of maximal doses of erlotinib (E) in previously treated patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). J Clin Oncol 23:3045
  • Mo S, Krunic A, Santarsiero BD, et al. (2010). Hapalindole-related alkaloids from the cultured cyanobacterium Fischerella ambigua. Phytochemistry 71:2116–23
  • Moffitt MC, Louie GV, Bowman ME, et al. (2007). Discovery of two cyanobacterial phenylalanine ammonia lyases: kinetic and structural characterization. Biochemistry 46:1004–12
  • Montaser R, Abboud KA, Paul VJ, Luesch H. (2011b). Pitiprolamide, a proline-rich dolastatin 16 analogue from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Guam. J Nat Prod 74:109–12
  • Montaser R, Paul VJ, Luesch H. (2011a). Pitipeptolides C-F, antimycobacterial cyclodepsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula from Guam. Phytochemistry 72:2068–74
  • Moon SS, Chen J, Moore RE, Patterson GML. (1992). Calophycin, a fungicidal cyclic decapeptide from the terrestrial blue-green alga Calothrix fusca. J Org Chem 57:1097–103
  • Moore RE, Cheuk C, Patterson GML. (1984). Hapalindoles: new alkaloids from the blue-green alga Hapalosiphon fontinalis. J Am Chem Soc 106:6456–7
  • Moore RE, Cheuk C, Yang X-QG, et al. (1987). Hapalindoles, antibacterial and antimycotic alkaloids from the cyanophyte Hapalosiphon fontinalis. J Org Chem 52:1036–43
  • Murakami M, Okita Y, Matsuda H, et al. (1994). Aeruginosin 298-A, a thrombin and trypsin inhibitor from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa (NIES-298). Tetrahedron Lett 35:3129–32
  • Nazifi E, Wada N, Yamaba M, et al. (2013). Glycosylated porphyra-334 and palythine-threonine from the terrestrial cyanobacterium Nostoc commune. Mar Drugs 11:3124–54
  • O'Keefe BR, Smee DF, Turpin JA, et al. (2003). Potent anti-influenza activity of cyanovirin-N and interactions with viral hemagglutinin. Antimicrob Agents Chemother 47:2518–25
  • Okino T, Matsuda H, Murakami M, Yamaguchi K. (1993). Microginin, an angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitor from the blue-green alga, Microcystis aeruginosa. Tetrahedron Lett 34:501–4
  • O'Sullivan O, Begley M, Ross RP, et al. (2011). Further identification of novel lantibiotic operons using LanM-based genome mining. Prob Antimicrob Prot 3:27–40
  • Oyamada C, Kaneniwa M, Ebitani K, et al. (2008). Mycosporine like amino acids extracted from scallop (Patinopecten yessoensis) ovaries: UV protection and growth stimulation activities on human cells. Mar Biotechnol (NY) 10:141–50
  • Pabon MM, Jernberg JN, Morganti J, et al. (2012). A spirulina-enhanced diet provides neuroprotection in an alpha-synuclein model of Parkinson's disease. PLoS One 7:e45256
  • Paylik CM, Christina Y, Wong B, et al. (2013). Santacruzamate A, a potent and selective histone deacetylase inhibitor from the panamanian marine cyanobacterium cf. Symploca sp. J Nat Prod 76:2026–33
  • Pugh N, Ross SA, ElSohly HN, et al. (2001). Isolation of three high molecular weight poly-saccharide preparations with potent immunostimulatory activity from Spirulina platensis, Aphanizomenon flos-aquae, and Chlorella pyrenoidosa. Plant Med 67:737–42
  • Qiang H, Zhengyu H, Cohen Z, Richmond A. (1997). Enhancement of eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and gamma-linolenic acid (GLA) production by manipulating algal density of outdoor cultures of Monodus subterraneus (Eustigmatophyta) and Spirulina platensis (Cyanobacteria). Eur J Phycol 32:81–6
  • Qiu B, Liu J, Liu Z, Liu S. (2002). Distribution and ecology of the edible cyanobacterium GeXian-Mi (Nostoc) in rice fields of Hefeng County in China. J Appl Phycol 14:423–9
  • Rasmussen HE, Blobaum KR, Jesch ED, et al. (2009). Hypocholesterolemic effect of Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kutzing, an edible blue-green alga. Eur J Nutr 48:387–94
  • Rasmussen HE, Blobaum KR, Park Y-K, et al. (2008). Lipid extract of Nostoc commune var. sphaeroides Kutzing, a blue-green alga, inhibits the activation of sterol regulatory element binding proteins in hepG2 Cells. J Nutr 138:476–81
  • Rastogi RP, Incharoensakdi A. (2014a). UV radiation-induced biosynthesis, stability and antioxidant activity of mycosporine-like amino acids (MAAs) in a unicellular cyanobacterium Gloeocapsa sp. CU2556. J Photochem Photobiol B 5:287–92
  • Rastogi RP, Incharoensakdi A. (2014b). Characterization of UV-screening compounds, mycosporine-like amino acids, and scytonemin in the cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. CU2555. FEMS Microbiol Ecol 87:244–56
  • Rastogi RP, Sinha RP, Incharoensakdi A. (2013). Partial characterization, UV-induction and photoprotective function of sunscreen pigment, scytonemin from Rivularia sp. HKAR-4, Chemosphere 93:1874–8
  • Raveh A, Carmeli S. (2010). Aeruginazole A, a novel thiazole-containing cyclopeptide from the cyanobacterium Microcystis sp. Org Lett 12:3536–9
  • Ray A, Okouneva T, Manna T, et al. (2007). Mechanism of action of the microtubule-targeted antimitotic depsipeptide tasidotin (formerly ILX651) and its major metabolite tasidotin C-carboxylate. Cancer Res 67:3767–76
  • Reddy AS, Thomas TL. (1996). Expression of a cyanobacterial Δ6-desaturase gene results in γ-linolenic acid production in transgenic plants. Nat Biotechnol 14:639–42
  • Reddy CM, Bhat VB, Kiranmai G, et al. (2000). Selective inhibition of cyclooxygenase-2 by C-phycocyanin, a biliprotein from Spirulina platensis. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 277:599–603
  • Riely GJ, Gadgeel S, Rothman I, et al. (2007). A phase 2 study of TZT1027, administered weekly to patients with advanced non-small cell lung cancer following treatment with platinum-based chemotherapy. Lung Cancer 55:181–5
  • Rimbau V, Camins A, Pubill D, et al. (2001). C-phycocyanin protects cerebellar granule cells from low potassium/serum deprivation induced apoptosis. Arch Pharmacol 364:96–104
  • Romay Ch, González R, Ledón N, et al. (2003). C-phycocyanin: abiliprotein with antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and neuroprotective effects. Curr Protein Pept Sci 4:207–16
  • Salvador LA, Biggs JS, Paul VJ, Luesch H. (2011). Veraguamides A-G, cyclic hexadepsipeptides from a dolastatin 16-producing cyanobacterium Symploca cf. hydnoides from Guam. J Nat Prod 74:917–27
  • Sanchez LM, Lopez D, Vesely BA, et al. (2010). Almiramides A-C: discovery and development of a new class of leishmaniasis lead compounds. J Med Chem 53:4187–97
  • Schmidt EW, Nelson JT, Rasko DA, et al. (2005). Patellamide A and C biosynthesis by a microcin-like pathway in Prochloron didemni, the cyanobacterial symbiont of Lisso-clinum patella. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:7315–20
  • Schwartz RE, Hirsch CF, Sigmund JM, Pettibone DJ. (1989). Hapalindolinone compounds as vasopressin antagonists us patent 4803217. Official Gazette of The United States Patent & Trademark Office Patents, 1099:32
  • Seshadri CV. (1993). All India coordinated project on Spirulina. Chennai, India: Shri Amm Murugappa Chettiar Research Center (MCRC)
  • Shi Y, Yang X, Garg N, van der Donk WA. (2011). Production of lantipeptides in Escherichia coli. J Am Chem Soc 133:2338–41
  • Singh S, Kate BN, Banerjee UC. (2005). Bioactive compounds from cyanobacteria and microalgae: an overview. Crit Rev Biotechnol 25:73–95
  • Singh SP, Klisch M, Sinha RP, Häder DP. (2010). Genome mining of mycosporine-like amino acid (MAA) synthesizing and non-synthesizing cyanobacteria: a bioinformatics study. Genomics 2:120–8
  • Smith CD, Zilfou JT, Stratmann K, et al. (1995). Welwitindolinone analogues that reverse P-glycoprotein-mediated multiple drug resistance. Mol Pharmacol 47:241–7
  • Soule T, Palmer K, Gao Q, et al. (2009). A comparative genomics approach to understanding the biosynthesis of the sunscreen scytonemin in cyanobacteria. BMC Genomics 10:336
  • Soule T, Stout V, Swingley WD, et al. (2007). Molecular genetics and genomic analysis of scytonemin biosynthesis in Nostoc punctiforme ATCC 29133. J Bacteriol 189:4465–72
  • Staunton J, Weissman KJ. (2001). Polyketide biosynthesis: a millennium review. Nat Prod Rep 18:380–416
  • Stevenson CS, Capper EA, Roshak AK, et al. (2002a). The identification and characterization of the marine natural product scytonemin as a novel antiproliferative pharmacophore. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 303:858–66
  • Stevenson CS, Capper EA, Roshak AK, et al. (2002b). Scytonemin-a marine natural product inhibitor of kinases key in hyperproliferative inflammatory diseases. Inflamm Res 51:112–14
  • Sudek S, Haygood MG, Youssef DTA, Schmidt EW. (2006). Structure of trichamide, a cyclic peptide from the bloom-forming cyanobacterium Trichodesmium erythraeum, predicted from the genome sequence. Appl Environ Microbiol 72:4382–7
  • Supko J, Lynch T, Clark J, et al. (2000). A phase I clinical and pharmacokinetic study of the dolastatin analogue cemadotin administered as a 5-day continuous intrave- nous infusion. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 46:319–28
  • Tan LT, Okino T, Gerwick WH. (2013). Bouillonamide: a mixed polyketide-peptide cytotoxin from the marine cyanobacterium Moorea bouillonii. Mar Drugs 11:3015–24
  • Tan LT. (2010). Filamentous tropical marine cyanobacteria: a rich source of natural products for anticancer drug discovery. J Appl Phycol 22:659–76
  • Taori K, Matthew S, Rocca JR, et al. (2007). Lyngbyastatins 5-7, potent elastase inhibitors from Floridian marine cyanobacteria, Lyngbya sp. J Nat Prod 70:1593–600
  • Torres-Duran PV, Ferreira-Hermosillo A, Juarez-Oropeza MA. (2007). Antihyperlipemic and antihypertensive effects of Spirulina maxima in an open sample of Mexican population: a preliminary report. Lipids Health Dis 6:1–8
  • Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, et al. (2009). Hantupeptin A, a cytotoxic cyclic depsipeptide from a Singapore collection of Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 72:29–32
  • Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, et al. (2010). Lagunamides A and B: cytotoxic and antimalarial cyclodepsipeptides from the marine cyanobacterium, Lyngbya majuscula. J Nat Prod 73:1810–14
  • Tripathi A, Puddick J, Prinsep MR, et al. (2011). Lagunamide C, a cytotoxic cyclodepsipeptide from the marine cyanobacterium Lyngbya majuscula. Phytochemistry 72:2369–75
  • Valencia A, Walker J. (1999). A multi-axial treatment paradigm for mild traumatic brain injury to achieve reparative functional metaplasticity, 3rd World Congress on brain injury, IBIA, Quebec, Canada
  • Vasas G, Borbely G, Nánási P, Nánási PP. (2010). Alkaloids from cyanobacteria with diverse powerful bioactivities. Mini Rev Med Chem 10:946–55
  • Vestola J, Shishido TK, Jokela J, et al. (2014). Hassallidins, antifungal glycolipopeptides, are widespread among cyanobacteria and are the end-product of a nonribosomal pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 111:E1909–17
  • Volkmann M, Gorbushina AA, Kedar L, Oren A. (2006). Structure of euhalothece-362, a novel red-shifted mycosporine-like amino acid, from a halophilic cyanobacterium, (Euhalothece sp). Microbiol Lett 258:50–4
  • Vonshak A. (1997). Spirulina: growth, physiology and biochemistry. In: Vonshak A, ed. Spirulina platensis (Arthrospira): physiology, cell-biology and biotechnology. London, UK: Taylor & Francis, 43–66
  • Wang H, Fewer DP, Sivonen K. (2011). Genome mining demonstrates the widespread occurrence of gene clusters encoding bacteriocins in cyanobacteria. PLoS One 6:e22384
  • Watanabe F, Takenaka S, Kittaka-Katsura H, et al. (2002). Characterization and bioavailability of vitamin B12-compounds from edible algae. J Nutr Sci Vitaminol (Tokyo) 48:325–31
  • Watanabe J, Minami M, Kobayashi M. (2006). Antitumor activity of TZT-1027 (soblidotin). Anticancer Res 26:1973–81
  • Zainuddin EN, Jansen R, Nimtz M, et al. (2009). Lyngbyazothrins A-D, antimicrobial cyclic undecapeptides from the cultured Cyanobacterium Lyngbya sp. J Nat Prod 72:1373–8
  • Zhang L, Li L, Wu Q. (2007). Protective effects of mycosporine-like amino acids of Synechocystis sp. PCC 6803 and their partial characterization. J Photochem Photobiol B 86:240–5
  • Zhang X, Smith CD. (1996). Microtubule effects of welwistatin, a cyanobacterial indolinone that circumvents multiple drug resistance. Mol Pharm 49:288
  • Ziemert N, Ishida K, Quillardet P, et al. (2008). Microcyclamide biosynthesis in two strains of Microcystis aeruginosa: from structure to genes and vice versa. Appl Environ Microbiol 74:1791–7
  • Ziemert N, Ishida K, Weiz A, et al. (2010). Exploiting the natural diversity of microviridin gene clusters for discovery of novel tricyclic depsipeptides. Appl Environ Microbiol 76:3568–74

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.