Microbiome, holobiont and the net of life

References

• Abdalla M. (2006). La crisis latente del darwinismo. Asclepio 63:43–94
   Google Scholar
• Aggarwal J. (2013). Probiotics and their effects on metabolic diseases: an update. J Clin Diagn Res 7:5
   Google Scholar
• Aravind L, Anantharaman V, Zhang D, et al. (2012). Gene flow and biological conflict systems in the origin and evolution of eukaryotes. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:89
   Google Scholar
• Arumugam M, Raes J, Pelletier E, et al. (2011). Enterotypes of the human gut microbiome. Nature 473:174–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bakhtiar SM, LeBlanc JG, Salvucci E, et al. (2013). Implications of the human microbiome in inflammatory bowel diseases. FEMS Microbiol Lett 342:10–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baluska F. (2009). Cell-cell channels, viruses, and evolution: via infection, parasitism, and symbiosis toward higher levels of biological complexity. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1178:106–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Belyi VA, Levine AJ, Skalka AM. (2010). Unexpected inheritance: multiple integrations of ancient Bornavirus and Ebolavirus/Marburgvirus sequences in vertebrate genomes. PLoS Pathog 6:e1001030
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bertalanffy LV. (1950). An outline of general system theory. Br J Philos Sci I:134–65
   Google Scholar
• Bossdorf O, Richards CL, Pigliucci M. (2008). Epigenetics for ecologists. Ecol Lett 11:106–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchanan AV, Sholtis S, Richtsmeier J, Weiss KM. (2009). What are genes “for” or where are traits “from"? What is the question? BioEssays 31:198–208
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canguilhem G, Savage J. (2001). The living and its milieu. Grey Room 3:7–31
   Google Scholar
• Cani PD, Neyrinck AM, Fava F, et al. (2007). Selective increases of bifidobacteria in gut microflora improve high-fat-diet-induced diabetes in mice through a mechanism associated with endotoxaemia. Diabetol 50:2374–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Casjens S. (2003). Prophages and bacterial genomics: what have we learned so far? Mol Microbiol 49:277–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cervantes E. (2011). Charles Darwin, o el origen de la máquina incapaz de distinguir. Digital CSIC España: Digital CSIC. Available from: http://digital.csic.es/handle/10261/35958
   Google Scholar
• Chernoff YO. (2001). Mutation processes at the protein level: is Lamarck back? Mutat Res 488:39–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman WL. (1977). Biology in the nineteenth century: problems of form, function, and transformation. Cambridge: Cambridge University Press
   Google Scholar
• Colombel JF, Vernier-Massouille G, Cortot A, et al. (2007). Epidemiology and risk factors of inflammatory bowel diseases. Bull Acad Natl Med 191:1105–18; discussion, 1118–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Correale J, Farez M. (2007). Association between parasite infection and immune responses in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 61:97–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig JP, Bekal S, Niblack T, et al. (2009). Evidence for horizontally transferred genes involved in the biosynthesis of vitamin B1, B5, and B7 in Heterodera glycines. J Nematol 41:281–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cremonini F, Gasbarrini A. (2003). Atopy, Helicobacter pylori and the hygiene hypothesis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol 15:635–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daniels SB, Peterson KR, Strausbaugh LD, et al. (1990). Evidence for horizontal transmission of the P transposable element between Drosophila species. Genetics 124:339–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding D, Lipshitz HD. (1994). Spatially regulated expression of retrovirus-like transposons during Drosophila melanogaster embryogenesis. Gen Res 64:167–81
   Google Scholar
• Dobata S. (2012). Arms race between selfishness and policing: two-trait quantitative genetic model for caste fate conflict in eusocial Hymenoptera. Evolution 66:3754–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Bello MG, Blaser MJ. (2008). Do you have a probiotic in your future? Microbes Infect 10:1072–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dominguez-Bello MG, Costello EK, Contreras M, et al. (2010). Delivery mode shapes the acquisition and structure of the initial microbiota across multiple body habitats in newborns. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:11971–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckburg PB, Bik EM, Bernstein CN, et al. (2005). Diversity of the human intestinal microbial flora. Science (New York) 308:1635–38
   Google Scholar
• El Kaoutari A, Armougom F, Gordon JI, et al. (2013). The abundance and variety of carbohydrate-active enzymes in the human gut microbiota. Nat Rev Microbiol 11:497–504
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evans JM, Morris LS, Marchesi J. (2013). The gut microbiome: the role of a virtual organ in the endocrinology of the host. J Endocrinol 218:R37–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fallon PG, Mangan NE. (2007). Suppression of TH2-type allergic reactions by helminth infection. Nat Rev Immunol 7:220–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fenn K, Conlon C, Jones M, et al. (2006). Phylogenetic relationships of the Wolbachia of nematodes and arthropods. PLoS Pathogens 2:e94
   Google Scholar
• Feschotte C, Gilbert C. (2012). Endogenous viruses: insights into viral evolution and impact on host biology. Nat Rev Genet 13:283–96
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Forterre P. (2010). Giant viruses: conflicts in revisiting the virus concept. Intervirology 53:362–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foster J, McVey Neufeld K. (2013). Gut-brain axis: how the microbiome influences anxiety and depression. Trends Neurosci 36:305–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garn H, Renz H. (2007). Epidemiological and immunological evidence for the hygiene hypothesis. Immunobiology 212:441–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Georgiades K, Raoult D. (2012). How microbiology helps define the rhizome of life. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:60
   Google Scholar
• Gifford R, Tristem M. (2003). The evolution, distribution and diversity of endogenous retroviruses. Virus Gene 26:291–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gifford RJ, Katzourakis A, Tristem M, et al. (2008). A transitional endogenous lentivirus from the genome of a basal primate and implications for lentivirus evolution. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20362–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilbert SF, McDonald E, Boyle N, et al. (2010). Symbiosis as a source of selectable epigenetic variation: taking the heat for the big guy. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 365:671–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gluckman PD, Hanson MA, Cooper C, Thornburg KL. (2008). Effect of in utero and early-life conditions on adult health and disease. N Engl J Med 359:61–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamilton G. (2006). Virology: the gene weavers. Nature 441:683–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Handel AE, Ramagopalan SV. (2010). Is Lamarckian evolution relevant to medicine? BMC Med Genet 11:73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hattori M, Taylor TD. (2009). The human intestinal microbiome: a new frontier of human biology. DNA Res 16:1–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hecht MM, Nitz N, Araujo PF, et al. (2010). Inheritance of DNA transferred from American trypanosomes to human hosts. PLoS ONE 5: e9181
   Google Scholar
• Heredia Doval D. (2010). La antitesis neodarwinista y otros ensayos breves sobre evolución. Revista de evolución del GEB (UAM). Available from: www.uam.es/otros/geb/revista/Portada.htm
   Google Scholar
• Himmelfarb G. (1962). Darwin and the Darwinian revolution. New York: W.W. Norton
   Google Scholar
• Ho MW. (1998). Evolution. In: Greenberg G, Haraway MM, eds. Comparative psychology, a handbook. New York: Garland Publishing Co., 107–19
   Google Scholar
• Holmes EC. (2011). The evolution of endogenous viral elements. Cell Host Microbe 10:368–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hooper LV, Littman DR, Macpherson AJ. (2013). Interactions between the microbiota and the immune system. Science 336:1268–73
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotopp JC. (2011). Horizontal gene transfer between bacteria and animals. Trends Genet 27:157–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hotopp JC, Clark ME, Oliveira DCSG, et al. (2007). Widespread lateral gene transfer from intracellular bacteria to multicellular eukaryotes. Science 317:1753–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter M, McKay D. (2004). Review article: helminths as therapeutic agents for inflammatory bowel disease. Aliment Pharmacol Therapeut 19:167–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter P. (2008). Not so simple after all. A renaissance of research into prokaryotic evolution and cell structure. EMBO Rep 9:224–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jablonka E, Raz G. (2009). Transgenerational epigenetic inheritance: prevalence, mechanisms, and implications for the study of heredity and evolution. Q Rev Biol 84:131–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jamain S, Girondot M, Leroy P, et al. (2001). Transduction of the human gene FAM8A1 by endogenous retrovirus during primate evolution. Genomics 78:38–45
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jensen Pena C, Monk C, Champagne FA. (2012). Epigenetic effects of prenatal stress on 11beta-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase-2 in the placenta and fetal brain. PLoS ONE 7:e1001191
   Google Scholar
• Johnson C, Versalovic J. The human microbiome and its potential importance to pediatrics. Pediatrics 129:950–60
   Google Scholar
• Johnson W, Coffin J. (1999). Constructing primate phylogenies from ancient retrovirus sequences. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:10254–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson WE. (2008). A proviral puzzle with a prosimian twist. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:20051–52
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jones B. (2010). The human gut mobile metagenome: a metazoan perspective. Gut Microbes 1:415–31
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kaati G, Bygren L, Edvinsson S. (2002). Cardiovascular and diabetes mortality determined by nutrition during parents' and grandparents' slow growth period. Eur J Hum Genet 10:682–728
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Katzourakis A, Gifford RJ. (2010). Endogenous viral elements in animal genomes. PLoS Genet 6:e1001191
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kau AL, Ahern PP, Griffin NW, et al. (2011). Human nutrition, the gut microbiome and the immune system. Nature 474:327–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kerfeld CA, Sawaya MR, Tanaka S, et al. (2005). Protein structures forming the shell of primitive bacterial organelles. Science 309:936–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kikuchi T, Cotton JA, Dalzell JJ, et al. (2011). Genomic insights into the origin of parasitism in the emerging plant pathogen Bursaphelenchus xylophilus. PLoS Pathog 7:e1002219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JH, Yu CY, Bailey A, et al. (1989). Unique sequence organization and erythroid cell-specific nuclear factor-binding of mammalian theta 1 globin promoters. Nucleic Acids Res 17:5687–700
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinross JM, von Roon AC, Holmes E, et al. (2008). The human gut microbiome: implications for future health care. Curr Gastroenterol Rep 10:396–403
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lakhotia SC. (1997). What is gene? A question with variable answers. Resonance 2 (4):38–48
   Google Scholar
• Lakhotia SC. (2008). Perils of industrial gene and beanbag genetics. BioEssays 30:288
   Google Scholar
• Lamarck JB. (1809). Philosophie zoologique ou exposition des considérations relatives àl'histoire naturelle des animaux. Paris: Dentu
   Google Scholar
• Lamarck JB. (1816). Histoire naturelle des animaux sans vertèbres. Paris: Bailliére JB
   Google Scholar
• Langley-Evans SC. (2000). Critical differences between two low protein diet protocols in the programming of hypertension in the rat. Int J Food Sci Nutr 51:11–17
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Dantec F. (1911). La crisis del transformismo. Lecciones profesionales en la Facultad de Ciencias de París en noviembre y diciembre de 1908. Madrid: Libr. Gutenberg de José Ruiz
   Google Scholar
• Lederberg J, McCray AT. (2001). Ome sweet omics. A genealogical treasury of words. Scientist 15:8
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ley RE, Backhed F, Turnbaugh P, et al. (2005). Obesity alters gut microbial ecology. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:11070–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li W, Minohara M, Su JJ, et al. (2007). Helicobacter pylori infection is a potential protective factor against conventional multiple sclerosis in the Japanese population. J Neuroimmunol 184:227–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu Y. (2007). Like father like son. A fresh review of the inheritance of acquired characteristics. EMBO Rep 8:798–803
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mai V, Draganov PV. (2009). Recent advances and remaining gaps in our knowledge of associations between gut microbiota and human health. World J Gastroenterol 15:81–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malacinski GM. (1990). Cytoplasmic organization systems. Michigan, USA: McGraw-Hill Publishing Company
   Google Scholar
• Mallet F, Bouton O, Prudhomme S, et al. (2004). The endogenous retroviral locus ERVWE1 is a bona fide gene involved in hominoid placental physiology. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:1731–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margulis L, Chapman MJ. (1998). Endosymbioses: cyclical and permanent in evolution. Trends Microbiol 6:342–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margulis L, Fester R. (1991). Bellagio conference and book. symbiosis as source of evolutionary innovation: speciation and morphogenesis. Conference; 1989 Jun 25–30, Bellagio Conference Center, Italy. Symbiosis 11:93–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Margulis L, Sagan D. (1995). What is life? Berkeley (CA): University of California Press
   Google Scholar
• Marini E, Maldonado-Contreras AL, Cabras S, et al. (2007). Helicobacter pylori and intestinal parasites are not detrimental to the nutritional status of Amerindians. Am J Trop Med Hygiene 76:534–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mattick JS, Gagen MJ. (2001). The evolution of controlled multitasked gene networks: the role of introns and other noncoding RNAs in the development of complex organisms. Mol Biol Evol 18:1611–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maury CPJ. (2006). Molecular mechanism based on self-replicating protein conformation for the inheritance of acquired information in humans. Medical Hypoth 67:1164–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazmanian SK, Liu CH, Tzianabos AO, Kasper DL. (2005). An immunomodulatory molecule of symbiotic bacteria directs maturation of the host immune system. Cell 122:107–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald JF, Matyunina LV, Wilson S, et al. (1997). LTR retrotransposons and the evolution of eukaryotic enhancers. Genetica 100:3–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Medstrand P, Mager DL. (1998). Human-specific integrations of the HERV-K endogenous retrovirus family. J Virol 72:9782–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Merhej V, Raoult D. (2012). Rhizome of life, catastrophes, sequence exchanges, gene creations, and giant viruses: how microbial genomics challenges Darwin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:113
   Google Scholar
• Mi S, Lee X, Li X, et al. (2000). Syncytin is a captive retroviral envelope protein involved in human placental morphogenesis. Nature 403:785–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Molinier J, Ries G, Zipfel C, Hohn B. (2006). Transgeneration memory of stress in plants. Nature 442:1046–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan DK, Whitelaw E. (2008). The case for transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in humans. Mamm Genome 19:394–97
   Google Scholar
• Myles IA, Fontecilla NM, Janelsins BM, et al. (2013). Parental dietary fat intake alters offspring microbiome and immunity. J Immunol 191:3200–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nikoh N, McCutcheon JP, Kudo T, Miyagishima S-y, Moran NA, et al. (2010) Bacterial Genes in the Aphid Genome: Absence of Functional Gene Transfer fromBuchnera to Its Host. PLoS Genet 6(2): e1000827. doi:10.1371/journal.pgen.1000827
   Google Scholar
• Olarieta Alberdi JM. (2011). Lysenko. La teoría materialista de la evolución. Nomades 11:1–96
   Google Scholar
• Peters RH. (1976). Tautology in ecology and evolution. Am Nat 110:11–12
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Proal AD, Albert PJ, Marshall T. (2009). Autoimmune disease in the era of the metagenome. Autoimmun Rev 8:677–81
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raison CL, Lowry CA, Rook GA. (2010). Inflammation, sanitation, and consternation: loss of contact with coevolved, tolerogenic microorganisms and the pathophysiology and treatment of major depression. Arch Gen Psychiatr 67:1211–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramulu HG, Raoult D, Pontarotti P. (2012). The rhizome of life: what about metazoa? Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:50
   Google Scholar
• Raoult D, Koonin EV. (2012). Microbial genomics challenge Darwin. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:127
   Google Scholar
• Raoult D. (2010). The post-Darwinist rhizome of life. Lancet 375:104–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy A, Fried B. (2009). An update on the use of helminths to treat Crohn's and other autoimmunune diseases. Parasitol Res 104:217–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rödelsperger C, Sommer RJ. (2011). Computational archaeology of the Pristionchus pacificus genome reveals evidence of horizontal gene transfers from insects. BMC Evol Biol 11:239
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rogler G. (2010). The importance of gut microbiota in mediating the effect of NOD2 defects in inflammatory bowel disease. Gut 59:153–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rohwer F, Prangishvili D, Lindell D. (2009). Roles of viruses in the environment. Environ Microbiol 11:2771–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rook GA. (2009). Review series on helminths, immune modulation and the hygiene hypothesis: the broader implications of the hygiene hypothesis. Immunol 126:3–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosario K, Nilsson C, Lim YW, et al. (2009). Metagenomic analysis of viruses in reclaimed water. Environ Microbiol 11:2806–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rosenberg E, Zilber-Rosenberg I. (2011). Symbiosis and development: the hologenome concept. Birth Defects Res C Embryo Today 93:56–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruden DM, Lu X. (2008). Hsp90 affecting chromatin remodeling might explain transgenerational epigenetic inheritance in Drosophila. Curr Genomics 9:500–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salvucci E. (2012). Selfishness, warfare, and economics; or integration, cooperation, and biology. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2:54
   Google Scholar
• Salvucci E. (2013). Crohn's disease within the hologenome paradigm. In: Leblanc JG, De Moreno de Leblanc A. eds. Crohn's Disease: Etiology, Diagnosis and Treatment Options. New York, USA: Nova Science Publishers, Inc., Hauppauge, 19--31
   Google Scholar
• Sandín M. (1997). Synthetic theory: crisis and revolution. Arbor 158:623–24
   Google Scholar
• Sandin M. (2010). Lamarck y la venganza del imperio. Available from: https://www.uam.es/personal_pdi/ciencias/msandin/LAMARCK%20Y%20LA%20VENGANZA%20DEL%20IMPERIO.pdf. [last accessed 22 Sep 2012]
   Google Scholar
• Savinov AB. (2012). Autocenosis and democenosis as symbiotic systems and biological notions. Zh Obshch biol 73:284–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shorter J, Lindquist S. (2006). Destruction or potentiation of different prions catalyzed by similar Hsp104 remodeling activities. Mol Cell 23:425–38
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siefert JL. (2009). Defining the mobilome. Methods Mol Biol 532:13–27
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Stafleu F. (1971). Lamarck: the birth of biology. Taxon 20:397–442
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steele EJ, Lindley RA, Blanden RV. (1999). Lamarck's signature: how retrogenes are changing darwin's natural selection paradigm. Reading (MI): Perseus Books Group
   Google Scholar
• Steele RD, Barber TA, Lalich J, Benevenga NJ. (1979). Effects of dietary 3-methylthiopropionate on metabolism, growth and hematopoiesis in the rat. J Nutr 109:1739–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Syvanen M, Ducore J. (2010). Whole genome comparisons reveals a possible chimeric origin for a major metazoan assemblage. J Biol Syst 18:261–75
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• The International Aphid Genomics C. (2010). Genome sequence of the Pea Aphid Acyrthosiphon pisum. PLoS Biol 8:e1000313
   Google Scholar
• Tilg H, Kaser A. (2011). Gut microbiome, obesity, and metabolic dysfunction. J Clin Investig 121:2126–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tlaskalová-Hogenová H, Stepánková R, Hudcovic T, et al. (2004). Commensal bacteria (normal microflora), mucosal immunity and chronic inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Immunol Lett 93:97–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tristem M. (2000). Identification and characterization of novel human endogenous retrovirus families by phylogenetic screening of the human genome mapping project database. J Virol 74:3715–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• True HL, Lindquist SL. (2000). A yeast prion provides a mechanism for genetic variation and phenotypic diversity. Nature 407:477–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turnbaugh PJ, Ley RE, Mahowald MA, et al. (2006). An obesity-associated gut microbiome with increased capacity for energy harvest. Nature 444:1027–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vallejo F. (1992). La tautología darwinista y otros ensayos de biología. Mexico: Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México
   Google Scholar
• Vannier-Santos MA, Lenzi HL. (2011). Parasites or cohabitants: cruel omnipresent usurpers or creative “eminences crises”? J Parasitol Res 2011, Article ID 214174
   Google Scholar
• Varela FG, Maturana HR, Uribe R. (1974). Autopoiesis: the organization of living systems, its characterization and a model. Curr Mod Biol 5:187–96
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Villarreal LP, DeFilippis VR. (2000). A hypothesis for DNA viruses as the origin of eukaryotic replication proteins. J Virol 74:7079–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vitali P, Royo H, Seitz H, et al. (2003). Identification of 13 novel human modification guide RNAs. Nucleic Acids Res 31:6543–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willner D, Furlan M, Haynes M, et al. (2009). Metagenomic analysis of respiratory tract DNa viral communities in cystic fibrosis and non-cystic fibrosis individuals. PLoS ONE 4:e7370
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Windsor DA. (1997). The basic unit of evolution is the host-symbiont “biocartel”. Evol Theory 11:275
   Google Scholar
• Xu J, Mahowald MA, Ley RE, et al. (2007). Evolution of Symbiotic Bacteria in the Distal Human Intestine. PLoS Biol 5:e156. doi:10.1371/journal.pbio.0050156
   Google Scholar
• Yeates TO, Tsai Y, Tanaka S, et al. (2007). Self-assembly in the carboxysome: a viral capsid-like protein shell in bacterial cells. Biochem Soc Trans 35:508–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar