Crystalline silica and Lung cancer: A critical review of the occupational epidemiology literature of exposure-response studies testing this hypothesis

References

• Andjelkovich D, et al. (1994). Mortality of iron foundry workers. III. Lung cancer case-control study. J Occup Med 36:1301–1309.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Attfield M. (2004). Letter to the Editor: Re: Attfield MD, Costello J. Quantitative exposure-response for silica dust and lung cancer in Vermont granite workers. Am J Ind Med 46:90.
   Google Scholar
• Attfield M, Costello J. (2004). Quantitative exposure-response for silica dust and lung cancer in Vermont granite workers. Am J Ind Med 45:129–138.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Birk T, Guldner K, et al. (2010). Quantitative crystalline silica exposure assessment for a historical cohort epidemiologic study in the German Porcelain industry. JOEM 7:516–528.
   Google Scholar
• Birk T, Mundt K, et al. (2009). Mortality in the German Porcelain industry 1985-2005:First results of an epidemiological cohort study. JOEM 51(3):373–385.
   Google Scholar
• Brown T, Rushton L. (2003). Update of a study of workers in the silica sand industry. Stage 2: Re-analysis of mortality and an analysis of cancer incidence. Leicester, UK, Institute for Environment and Health, University of Leicester, 1–67.
   Google Scholar
• Brown T, Rushton L. (2005a). Mortality in the UK industrial silica sand industry: 1. Assessment of exposure to respirable crystalline silica. Occup Environ Med 62:442–445.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown T, Rushton L. (2005b). Mortality in the UK industrial silica sand industry: 2. A retrospective cohort study. Occup Environ Med 62:446–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burgess G, et al. (1997). Cohort mortality study of Staffordshire pottery workers: I radiographic validation of an exposure matrix for respirable crystalline silica. Ann Occup Hyg 41:(Suppl 1):403–407.
   Google Scholar
• Carta P, et al. (2001). Mortality from lung cancer among silicotic patients in Sardinia: An update study with 10 more years of follow up. Occup Environ Med 58:786–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cassidy A, et al. (2007). Occupational exposure to crystalline silica and risk of lung cancer: A multicenter case-control study in Europe. Epidemiology 18:36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkoway H, Franzblau A. (2000). Is silicosis required for silica-associated lung cancer? Am J Ind Med 37:252–259.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkoway H, et al. (1996). Re-analysis of lung cancer mortality among diatomaceous earth industry workers, with consideration of potential confounding by asbestos exposure. Occup Environ Med 53:645–647.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkoway H, et al. (1998). The authors reply. Am J Epidemiol 148:308–309.
   Google Scholar
• Checkoway H, et al. (1997). Dose-response associations of silica with nonmalignant respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in the diatomaceous earth industry. Am J Epidemiol 145:680–688.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Checkoway H, Waldman G. (1985). Assessing the possible extent of confounding in occupational case-referent studies. Scand J Work Environ Health 11:131–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen J, et al. (1992). Mortality among dust-exposed Chinese mine and pottery workers. J Occup Med 34:311–316.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen W, et al. (2007). Effects of work related confounders on the association between silica exposure and lung cancer: A nested case-control study among Chinese miners and pottery workers. Int Arch Occup Environ Health 80:320–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, Chen J. (2002). Nested case-control study of lung cancer in four Chinese tin mines. Occup Environ Med 59:113–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen W, et al. (2006). Exposures to silica mixed dust and cohort mortality study in tin mines: Exposure-response analysis and risk assessment of lung cancer. Am J Ind Med 49:67–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cherry N, et al. (1996). Cohort mortality study on Staffordshire pottery workers: Nested case referent analysis on lung cancer. In: Inhaled Particles VIII. Occupational and Environmental Implications for Human Health Revised Final Programme and Abstracts, Robinson College, Cambridge, UK. London: Elsevier Science. 26–30 August 1996.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry N, et al. (1997). Cohort study of Staffordshire pottery workers: (II). Nested case-referent analysis of lung cancer. Ann Occup Hyg 41(Suppl 1):408–411.
   Google Scholar
• Cherry N, et al. (1998). Crystalline silica and risk of lung cancer in the potteries. Occup Environ Med 55:779–785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello J, Graham W. (1988). Vermont granite worker’s mortality study. Am J Ind Med 13:483–497.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Costello J, et al. (1995). Mortality of a cohort of U.S. workers employed in the crushed stone industry, 1940–1980. Am J Ind Med 27:625–640.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Davis L, et al. (1983). Mortality experience of Vermont granite workers. Am J Ind Med 4:705–723.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Klerk N, Musk W. (1998). Silica, compensated silicosis, and lung cancer in western Australian goldminers. Occup Environ Med 55:243–248.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erren T, et al. (2007). Silica and lung cancer. Epidemiology 18:521–522.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Erren T, et al. (2008). Is silica exposure associated with lung cancer in the absence of silicosis? A meta-analytical approach to an important public health question. Int Arch Occup Environ Health Online version doi:10.1007/s00420--008-0387-0, published online:06 December 2008.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gibbs G. (1998). Re: Dose-response associations of silica with nonmalignant respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in the diatomaceous earth industry. Am J Epidemiol 148:307.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham W. (2004). Re: Attfield M, Costello J. Quantitative exposure-response for silica dust and lung cancer in Vermont granite workers. Am J Ind Med 46:89.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Graham W, et al. (1994). Longitudinal pulmonary function losses in Vermont granite workers: A reevaluation. Chest 106:125–130.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graham W, et al. (2004). Vermont granite mortality study: An update with an emphasis on lung cancer. J Occup Envion Med 46:459–466.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guenel P, et al. (1989). Cancer incidence among Danish stone workers. Scand J Work Environ Health 15:265–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessel P, et al. (1986). Case-control study of silicosis, silica exposure, and lung cancer in white South African gold miners. Am J Ind Med 10:57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hessel P, et al. (1990). Silica exposure, silicosis, and lung cancer: A necropsy study. Br J Ind Med 47:4–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hessel P, et al. (2000). Silica, silicosis, and lung cancer: A response to a recent working group report. J Occup Envion Med 42:704–720.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill A. (1965). The environment and disease: Association or causation? Proc R Soc Med 58:295–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hnizdo E, et al. (1991). Silica exposure, silicosis and lung cancer: A mortality study of South African gold miners. Br J Ind Med 48:53–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hnizdo E, et al. (1997). Lung cancer in relation to exposure to silica dust, silicosis and uranium production in South African gold miners. Thorax 52:271–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes J, et al. (2001). Cohort mortality study of North American industrial sand workers. II. Case-referent analysis of lung cancer and silicosis deaths. Ann Occup Hyg 45:201–207.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• IARC. (1987). Silica and Some Silicates. Lyon, France: IARC Press.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (1997). Silica. In: Silica, Some Silicates, Coal Dust and Para-aramid Fibrils. Volume 68. Lyon, France: IARC Press, 41–242.
   Google Scholar
• IARC. (2009). Metals, Particles and Fibres. IARC Monographs on the Evaluaton of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Volume 100C. Lyon, France.
   Google Scholar
• Koskela R, et al. (1994). Silica dust exposure and lung cancer. Scand J Work Environ Health 20:407–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurihara N, Wada O. (2004). Silicosis and smoking strongly increase lung cancer risk in silica-exposed workers. Ind Health 42:303–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannetje A, et al. (2002). Development of quantitative exposure data for a pooled exposure-response analysis of 10 silica cohorts. Am J Ind Med 42:73–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald A, et al. (2001). Cohort mortality study of North American Industrial Sand workers. I. Mortality from lung cancer, silicosis and other causes. Ann Occup Hyg 45:193–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald C (2000). Silica and lung cancer: Hazard or risk. Ann Occup Hyg 44:1–2.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McDonald J, et al. (1997). Cohort study of Staffordshire pottery workers. (III). Lung cancer radiographic changes, silica exposure and smoking habit. Ann Occup Hyg 41(Suppl 1):412–414.
   Google Scholar
• McDonald J, et al. (2005). Mortality from lung and kidney disease in a cohort of North American industrial sand workers: An update. Ann Occup Hyg 49:1–7.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• McLaughlin J, et al. (1992). A nested case-control study of lung cancer among silica exposed workers in China. Am J Ind Med 49:167–171.
   Google Scholar
• Mehnert M, et al. (1990). A mortality study of a cohort of slate quarry workers in the German Democratic Republic. IARC Sci Publ 97:55–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Merliss M. (1998). Re: Dose-response associations of silica with nonmalignant respiratory disease and lung cancer mortality in the diatomaceous industry. Am J Epidemiol 148:307–308.
   Google Scholar
• Merlo F, et al. (1991). Lung cancer risk among refractory brick workers exposed to crystalline silica: A retrospective cohort study. Epidemiology 2:299–305.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Miejjers J, et al. (1996). Mortality and lung cancer in ceramic workers in the Netherlands. Am J Ind Med 30:26–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller B, et al. (1997). The Effects of Exposure to Diesel Fumes, Low-Level Radiation, Respirable Dust and Quartz, on Cancer Mortality in Coalminers. Edinburgh, Institute of Occupational Medicine.
   Google Scholar
• Mundt K, Birk T, et al. (2011). Respirable crystalline silica exposure-response evaluation of silicosis morbidity and lung cancer mortality in the German porcelain industry cohort. JOEM 53(3).
   Google Scholar
• Pelucchi C, et al. (2006). Occupational silica exposure and lung cancer risk: A review of epidemiological studies 1996–2005. Ann Oncol xx:xx–xx.
   Google Scholar
• Peretz A, et al. (2006). Silica, silicosis, and lung cancer. Isr Med Assoc J 8:114–118.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rando R, et al. (2001). Cohort mortality study of North American industrial sand workers. III. Estimation of past and present exposures to respirable crystalline silica. Ann Occup Hyg 45:209–216.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reid P, Sluis-Cremer G. (1996). Mortality of white South African gold miners. Occup Environ Med 53:11–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rice F, et al. (2001). Crystalline silica exposure and lung cancer mortality in diatomaceous earth industry workers: A quantitative risk assessment. Occup Environ Med 58:38–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanderson W, et al. (2000). Historical respirable quartz exposures of industrial sand workers: 1946–1996. Am J Ind Med 38:389–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severns N. (1979). A Profile of Respirable Free Crystalline Silica in the Sand Industry. Pittsburg, PA: University of Pittsburgh.
   Google Scholar
• Sluis-Cremer G. (1986). Silica exposure and silicosis in Witwatersrand gold miners in South Africa. In: Goldsmith D, Winn D, Shy C, eds. Silica, Silicosis, and Cancer. New York, Praeger Scientific, 67–70.
   Google Scholar
• Soutar C, et al. (2000). Epidemiological evidence on the carcinogenicity of silica: Factors in scientific judgement. Ann Occup Hyg 44:3–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stayner L. (2007). Silica and lung cancer: When is enough evidence enough? Epidemiology 18:36–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K (2005). Silica: Deja vu all over again? Occup Environ Med 62:430–432.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Steenland K, Brown D. (1995a). Mortality study of gold miners exposed to silica and nonasbestiform amphibole minerals: An update with 14 more years of follow-up. Am J Ind Med 27:217–229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Brown D. (1995b). Silicosis among gold miners: Exposure-response analyses and risk assessment. Am J Public Health 85:1372–1377.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Greenland S. (2004). Monte Carlo sensitivity analysis and Bayesian analysis of smoking as an unmeasured confounder in a study of silica land lung cancer. Am J Epidemiol 160:384–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Sanderson W. (2001). Lung cancer among industrial sand workers exposed to crystalline silica. Am J Epidemiol 153:695–703.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Stayner L. (1997). Silica, asbestos, man-made mineral fibers, and cancer. Cancer Causes Control 8:491–503.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, et al. (1996). Review of occupational lung carcinogens. Am J Ind Med 29:474–490.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, et al. (2001). Pooled exposure-response analyses and risk assessment for lung cancer in 10 cohorts of silica-exposed workers: An IARC multicentre study. Cancer Causes Control 12:773–784.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ulm K, et al. (1999). Silica dust lung cancer in the German stone, quarrying, and ceramics industries: Results of a case-control study. Thorax 54:347–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vacek P, et al. (2009). A Study of the Relationship between Mortality and Silica Exposure in the Vermont Granite Industry. University of Vermont, Burlington, Vt, 30.
   Google Scholar
• Vacek P, et al. (2010). Mortality in Vermont granite workers and its association with silica exposure. Occup Environ Med doi: 10.1136/oem.2009.054452. Available at: oem.bmj.com. Accessed September 25, 2010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• WHO. (1997). Preamble. IARC Monographs on the Evaluation of Carcinogenic Risks to Humans. Lyon: World Health Organization International Agency for Research on Cancer, 68:9–30.
   Google Scholar
• Wiles F, Faure M. (1975). Chronic Obstructive Lung Disease in Gold Miners. Inhaled Particles IV, Part 2. Edinburgh: Pergamon Press.
   Google Scholar
• Winter P, et al. (1990). Mortality follow-up study of pottery workers: Preliminary findings on lung cancer. In: Simonato L, Fletcher A, Saracci R, Thomas T, eds. Occupational Exposure to Silica and Cancer Risk. IARC Scientific Publication No. 97. Lyon, France: IARC, 83–94.
   Google Scholar
• Wong D. (2002). The epidemiology of silica, silicosis and lung cancer; some recent findings and future challenges. Ann Epidemiol 12:285–287.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wyndham C, et al. (1986). Mortality of middle aged white South African gold miners. Br J Ind Med 43:377–684.
   Google Scholar
• Xu Z, et al. (1996). Cancer risk among iron and steel workers in Anshan, china, Part II. Case-control studies of lung and stomach cancer. Am J Ind Med 30:7–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhuang Z, et al. (2001). Estimating historical respirable crystalline silica exposure for Chinese pottery workers and iron/copper, tin, and tungsten miners. Ann Occup Hyg 45:631–642.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar