1,272
Views
130
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Dried blood spots in toxicology: from the cradle to the grave?

, , &
Pages 230-243 | Received 13 Sep 2011, Accepted 13 Dec 2011, Published online: 21 Feb 2012

References

  • Abu-Rabie P. (2011). Direct analysis of DBS: emerging and desirable technologies. Bioanalysis 3:1675–1678.
  • Abu-Rabie P, Spooner N. (2010). Study to assess the effect of age of control human and animal blood on its suitability for use in quantitative bioanalytical DBS methods. Bioanalysis 2:1373–1384.
  • Ahamed M, Siddiqui MK. (2007). Environmental lead toxicity and nutritional factors. Clin Nutr 26:400–408.
  • Alfazil AA, Anderson RA. (2008). Stability of benzodiazepines and cocaine in blood spots stored on filter paper. J Anal Toxicol 32:511–515.
  • American Academy of Pediatrics; Committee on Environmental Health. (2005). Lead exposure in children: prevention, detection, and management. Pediatrics 116:1036–1046.
  • Aradóttir S, Moller K, Alling C. (2004). Phosphatidylethanol formation and degradation in human and rat blood. Alcohol Alcohol 39:8–13.
  • Augustinsson KB, Eriksson H, Faijersson Y. (1978). A new approach to determining cholinesterase activities in samples of whole blood. Clin Chim Acta 89:239–252.
  • Augustinsson KB, Heimburger G. (1953). The determination of cholinesterase activity in blood samples absorbed on filter paper. Acta Physiol Scand 30:45–54.
  • Augustinsson KB, Holmstedt B. (1965). Determination of cholinesterase in blood samples dried on filter-paper and its practical application. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 17:573–583.
  • Bang I. (1913). Der Blutzucker. Wiesbaden, Germany.
  • Barfield M, Ahmad S, Busz M. (2011). GlaxoSmithKline’s experience of incurred sample reanalysis for dried blood spot samples. Bioanalysis 3:1025–1030.
  • Barfield M, Wheller R. (2011). Use of dried plasma spots in the determination of pharmacokinetics in clinical studies: validation of a quantitative bioanalytical method. Anal Chem 83:118–124.
  • Beránková K, Mutnanská K, Balíková M. (2006). Gamma-hydroxybutyric acid stability and formation in blood and urine. Forensic Sci Int 161:158–162.
  • Bodamer OA, Hoffmann GF, Lindner M. (2007). Expanded newborn screening in Europe 2007. J Inherit Metab Dis 30:439–444.
  • Bosker WM, Huestis MA. (2009). Oral fluid testing for drugs of abuse. Clin Chem 55:1910–1931.
  • Bottein Dechraoui MY, Wang Z, Turquet J, Chinain M, Darius T, Cruchet P, Radwan FF, Dickey RW, Ramsdell JS. (2005). Biomonitoring of ciguatoxin exposure in mice using blood collection cards. Toxicon 46:243–251.
  • Bowen CL, Hemberger MD, Kehler JR, Evans CA. (2010). Utility of dried blood spot sampling and storage for increased stability of photosensitive compounds. Bioanalysis 2:1823–1828.
  • Burse VW, DeGuzman MR, Korver MP, Najam AR, Williams CC, Hannon WH, Therrell BL. (1997). Preliminary investigation of the use of dried-blood spots for the assessment of in utero exposure to environmental pollutants. Biochem Mol Med 61:236–239.
  • Cernik AA, Sayers MH. (1971). Determination of lead in capillary blood using a paper punched disc atomic absorption technique. Application to the supervision of lead workers. Br J Ind Med 28:392–398.
  • Chace DH. (2009). Mass spectrometry in newborn and metabolic screening: historical perspective and future directions. J Mass Spectrom 44:163–170.
  • Chace DH, DiPerna JC, Mitchell BL, Sgroi B, Hofman LF, Naylor EW. (2001). Electrospray tandem mass spectrometry for analysis of acylcarnitines in dried postmortem blood specimens collected at autopsy from infants with unexplained cause of death. Clin Chem 47:1166–1182.
  • Chandran L, Cataldo R. (2010). Lead poisoning: basics and new developments. Pediatr Rev 31:399–405; quiz 406.
  • Chaudhuri SN, Butala SJ, Ball RW, Braniff CT; Rocky Mountain Biomonitoring Consortium. (2009). Pilot study for utilization of dried blood spots for screening of lead, mercury and cadmium in newborns. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 19:298–316.
  • Cizdziel JV. (2007). Determination of lead in blood by laser ablation ICP-TOF-MS analysis of blood spotted and dried on filter paper: a feasibility study. Anal Bioanal Chem 388:603–611.
  • Clark GT, Haynes JJ, Bayliss MA, Burrows L. (2010). Utilization of DBS within drug discovery: development of a serial microsampling pharmacokinetic study in mice. Bioanalysis 2:1477–1488.
  • Clavijo CF, Hoffman KL, Thomas JJ, Carvalho B, Chu LF, Drover DR, Hammer GB, Christians U, Galinkin JL. (2011a). A sensitive assay for the quantification of morphine and its active metabolites in human plasma and dried blood spots using high-performance liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Bioanal Chem 400:715–728.
  • Clavijo CF, Thomas JJ, Cromie M, Schniedewind B, Hoffman KL, Christians U, Galinkin JL. (2011b). A low blood volume LC-MS/MS assay for the quantification of fentanyl and its major metabolites norfentanyl and despropionyl fentanyl in children. J Sep Sci 34:3568–3577.
  • Clavijo CF, Thomas JJ, Hammer GB, Christians U, Galinkin JL. (2010). A sensitive LC-MS/MS Assay for Quantification of Methadone and Its Metabolites in Dried Blood Spots. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). San Diego, CA.
  • Collombel C, Perrot L. (1970). [Determination of cholinesterase activity in whole blood obtained by capillary puncture and deposited on filter paper. Application to the detection of poisoning by organophosphorus insecticides]. Eur J Toxicol 3:368–372.
  • Crawford E, Gordon J, Wu JT, Musselman B, Liu R, Yu S. (2011). Direct analysis in real time coupled with dried spot sampling for bioanalysis in a drug-discovery setting. Bioanalysis 3:1217–1226.
  • D’Arienzo CJ, Ji QC, Discenza L, Cornelius G, Hynes J, Cornelius L, Santella JB, Olah T. (2010). DBS sampling can be used to stabilize prodrugs in drug discovery rodent studies without the addition of esterase inhibitors. Bioanalysis 2:1415–1422.
  • Déglon J, Thomas A, Daali Y, Lauer E, Samer C, Desmeules J, Dayer P, Mangin P, Staub C. (2011a). Automated system for on-line desorption of dried blood spots applied to LC/MS/MS pharmacokinetic study of flurbiprofen and its metabolite. J Pharm Biomed Anal 54:359–367.
  • Déglon J, Thomas A, Mangin P, Staub C. (2011b). Direct analysis of dried blood spots coupled with mass spectrometry: concepts and biomedical applications. Anal Bioanal Chem. doi:10.1007/s00216-011–5161-6.
  • Delves HT. (1970). A micro-sampling method for the rapid determination of lead in blood by atomic-absorption spectrophotometry. Analyst 95:431–438.
  • Denniff P, Spooner N. (2010a). The effect of hematocrit on assay bias when using DBS samples for the quantitative bioanalysis of drugs. Bioanalysis 2:1385–1395.
  • Denniff P, Spooner N. (2010b). Effect of storage conditions on the weight and appearance of dried blood spot samples on various cellulose-based substrates. Bioanalysis 2:1817–1822.
  • DRUID (2011). DRUID (Driving under the Influence of Drugs, Alcohol and Medicines), Work Package 1: Experimental Studies, Effects of stimulant drugs on actual and simulated driving. [Online] Available at: http://www.druid-project.eu/cln_031/nn_107534/sid_7A536E257F91FDEEACFADC69D72378AA/nsc_true/Druid/EN/deliverales-list/deliverables-list-node.html?__nnn=true. Accessed on 8 September, 2011
  • Dua VK, Pant CS, Sharma VP, Pathak GK. (1996). Determination of HCH and DDT in finger-prick whole blood dried on filter paper and its field application for monitoring concentrations in blood. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 56:50–57.
  • DuBey IS, Caplan YH. (1996). The storage of forensic urine drug specimens as dry stains: recovery and stability. J Forensic Sci 41:845–850.
  • Edelbroek PM, van der Heijden J, Stolk LM. (2009). Dried blood spot methods in therapeutic drug monitoring: methods, assays, and pitfalls. Ther Drug Monit 31:327–336.
  • El-Hajjar DF, Swanson KH, Landmark JD, Stickle DF. (2007). Validation of use of annular once-punched filter paper bloodspot samples for repeat lead testing. Clin Chim Acta 377:179–184.
  • Emmons G, Rowland M. (2010). Pharmacokinetic considerations as to when to use dried blood spot sampling. Bioanalysis 2:1791–1796.
  • Eriksson H, Faijersson Y. (1980). A reliable way of estimating cholinesterases from whole blood in the presence of anti-cholinesterases. Clin Chim Acta 100:165–171.
  • Fairey ER, Shuart NG, Busman M, Moeller PD, Ramsdell JS. (2001). Biomonitoring brevetoxin exposure in mammals using blood collection cards. Environ Health Perspect 109:717–720.
  • Faller A, Richter B, Kluge M, Koenig P, Seitz HK, Thierauf A, Gnann H, Winkler M, Mattern R, Skopp G. (2011). LC-MS/MS analysis of phosphatidylethanol in dried blood spots versus conventional blood specimens. Anal Bioanal Chem 401:1163–1166.
  • Fuller DC, Pisana P. (2009). A Preliminary Investigation into Retrospective Calculation of In-Vivo Drug Concentrations in Dried Crime Scene Blood. Proceedings of the 39th Annual Meeting of the Society of Forensic Toxicologists (SOFT). Oklahoma City, OK.
  • Funk WE, Waidyanatha S, Chaing SH, Rappaport SM. (2008). Hemoglobin adducts of benzene oxide in neonatal and adult dried blood spots. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:1896–1901.
  • Garcia Boy R, Henseler J, Mattern R, Skopp G. (2008). Determination of morphine and 6-acetylmorphine in blood with use of dried blood spots. Ther Drug Monit 30:733–739.
  • Garg U, Dasouki M. (2006). Expanded newborn screening of inherited metabolic disorders by tandem mass spectrometry: clinical and laboratory aspects. Clin Biochem 39:315–332.
  • Goullé JP, Saussereau E, Mahieu L, Bouige D, Guerbet M, Lacroix C. (2010). [A new medical concept: the metallic profile]. Rev Med Interne 31:128–134.
  • Guthrie R, Susi A. (1963). A Simple Phenylalanine Method For Detecting Phenylketonuria In Large Populations Of Newborn Infants. Pediatrics 32:338–343.
  • Havard G, Théberge M-C, Boudreau N, Lévesque A, Massé R. (2010). Development and Validation of a Dried Blood Spot Assay for the Determination of Midazolam in Human Whole Blood by LCMSMS. Proceedings of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) - Pharmaceutical Sciences World Congress. New Orleans, LA.
  • Heilbronn E. (1953). An electrometric method for the determination of cholinesterase activity. III. Cholinesterase activity in blood spots on filter paper. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 5:308–311.
  • Henderson LO, Powell MK, Hannon WH, Bernert JT Jr, Pass KA, Fernhoff P, Ferre CD, Martin L, Franko E, Rochat RW, Brantley MD, Sampson E. (1997). An evaluation of the use of dried blood spots from newborn screening for monitoring the prevalence of cocaine use among childbearing women. Biochem Mol Med 61:143–151.
  • Henderson LO, Powell MK, Hannon WH, Miller BB, Martin ML, Hanzlick RL, Vroon D, Sexson WR. (1993). Radioimmunoassay screening of dried blood spot materials for benzoylecgonine. J Anal Toxicol 17:42–47.
  • Hilborn ED, Padilla S. (2004). A dried blood spot method to evaluate cholinesterase activity in young children. Arch Environ Health 59:467–470.
  • Holmstedt B, Oudart JL. (1966). [Determination of plasma cholinesterase activity by means of a paper test]. Bull Soc Pathol Exot Filiales 59:411–426.
  • Holub M, Tuschl K, Ratschmann R, Strnadová KA, Mühl A, Heinze G, Sperl W, Bodamer OA. (2006). Influence of hematocrit and localisation of punch in dried blood spots on levels of amino acids and acylcarnitines measured by tandem mass spectrometry. Clin Chim Acta 373:27–31.
  • Hsieh HF, Chang WS, Hsieh YK, Wang CF. (2011). Using dried-droplet laser ablation inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry to quantify multiple elements in whole blood. Anal Chim Acta 699:6–10.
  • Hudson W, Yong B, Boguszewski P. (2011). Analysis of Clozapine, Nortriptyline, Paroxetine and Zolpidem Using Dried Blood Spots. [Online] Available at: http://www.chem.agilent.com/Library/applications/5990–8033EN.pdf. Accessed on 25 November, 2011.
  • Huestis MA, Verstraete A, Kwong TC, Morland J, Vincent MJ, de la Torre R. (2011). Oral fluid testing: promises and pitfalls. Clin Chem 57:805–810.
  • Ingels AS, De Paepe P, Anseeuw K, Van Sassenbroeck D, Neels H, Lambert W, Stove C. (2011). Dried blood spot punches for confirmation of suspected ?-hydroxybutyric acid intoxications: validation of an optimized GC-MS procedure. Bioanalysis 3:2271–2281.
  • Ingels AS, Lambert WE, Stove CP. (2010). Determination of gamma-hydroxybutyric acid in dried blood spots using a simple GC-MS method with direct “on spot” derivatization. Anal Bioanal Chem 398:2173–2182.
  • Jantos R, Schumacher M, Skopp G. (2011a). Comparison of Opioid Analysis in Whole Blood and Dried Blood Spots. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT). San Francisco, CA.
  • Jantos R, Skopp G. (2011). Comparison of drug analysis in whole blood and dried blood spots. Toxichem Krimtech 78:268–275.
  • Jantos R, Veldstra JL, Mattern R, Brookhuis KA, Skopp G. (2011b). Analysis of 3,4-methylenedioxymetamphetamine: whole blood versus dried blood spots. J Anal Toxicol 35:269–273.
  • Johannessen A. (2010). Dried blood spots in HIV monitoring: applications in resource-limited settings. Bioanalysis 2:1893–1908.
  • Jones J, Jones M, Plate C, Lewis D. (2011). The detection of 1-palmitoyl-2-oleoyl-sn-glycero-3-phosphoethanol in human dried blood spots. Anal Methods-Uk 3:1101–1106.
  • Kato K, Wanigatunga AA, Needham LL, Calafat AM. (2009). Analysis of blood spots for polyfluoroalkyl chemicals. Anal Chim Acta 656:51–55.
  • Langel K, Uusivirta H, Ariniemi K, Lillsunde P. (2011). Analysis of Drugs of Abuse by GC-MS in Dried Blood Spot Sample Matrix. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT). San Francisco, CA.
  • Langer EK, Johnson KJ, Shafer MM, Gorski P, Overdier J, Musselman J, Ross JA. (2010). Characterization of the elemental composition of newborn blood spots using sector-field inductively coupled plasma-mass spectrometry. J Expo Sci Environ Epidemiol 21:355–364.
  • Lauer E, Déglon J, Versace F, Thomas A, Mangin P, Staub C. (2011). Target Screening of Drugs from Dried Blood Spot Samples Based on LC-MS/MS and On-Line Desorption. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT). San Francisco, CA.
  • Leonard S, Moshin J, Wittrig R, Serreiber A. (2011). Quantitation of Bisphenol A in Dried Blood Spots Using Liquid Chromatography Tandem Mass Spectrometry. Proceedings of the American Association for Clinical Chemistry (AACC) Annual Meeting. Atlanta, GA.
  • Li W, Tse FL. (2010). Dried blood spot sampling in combination with LC-MS/MS for quantitative analysis of small molecules. Biomed Chromatogr 24:49–65.
  • Lombeck I, Papadaki-Papandreou O, Kamiri F, Laryea MD, Jiang YF, Leitzmann P. (1989). A screening method for the evaluation of selenium status. J Trace Elem Electrolytes Health Dis 3:175–178.
  • Lu D, Wang D, Barley F, Ramage B, She J. (2011). Determination of Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Polybrominated Diphenyl Ethers in Dried Blood Spots and Very Low Volume Blood Samples. Proceedings of Dioxin 2011. Brussels, Belgium.
  • Marin LJ, Tyrrel-Pawlowic CA, Moroney EC, Coopersmith BI, Shet MS. (2010). Comparative Analysis of Buprenorphine and Oxycodone in Human Dried Blood Spots (DBS) using LC/MS/MS. Proceedings of the American Association of Pharmaceutical Scientists (AAPS) - Pharmaceutical Sciences World Congress. New Orleans, LA.
  • Maucher JM, Briggs L, Podmore C, Ramsdell JS. (2007). Optimization of blood collection card method/enzyme-linked immunoassay for monitoring exposure of bottlenose dolphin to brevetoxin-producing red tides. Environ Sci Technol 41:563–567.
  • Maucher JM, Ramsdell JS. (2005). Ultrasensitive detection of domoic acid in mouse blood by competitive ELISA using blood collection cards. Toxicon 45:607–613.
  • Mercolini L, Mandrioli R, Gerra G, Raggi MA. (2010). Analysis of cocaine and two metabolites in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography with fluorescence detection: a novel test for cocaine and alcohol intake. J Chromatogr A 1217:7242–7248.
  • Mohammed BS, Cameron GA, Cameron L, Hawksworth GH, Helms PJ, McLay JS. (2010). Can finger-prick sampling replace venous sampling to determine the pharmacokinetic profile of oral paracetamol? Br J Clin Pharmacol 70:52–56.
  • Moll V, Clavijo C, Cohen M, Christians U, Galinkin J. (2009). A Analytical Method To Determine Ketamine and Norketamine Levels in Dried Blood Spots. Proceedings of the Annual Meeting of the American Society of Anesthesiologists (ASA). New Orleans, LA.
  • Moyer TP, Nixon DE, Ash OK. (2000). Filter paper-collected blood lead testing in children - Response. Clin Chem 46:1026–1028.
  • Moyer TP, Nixon DN, Ash KO. (1999). Filter paper lead testing. Clin Chem 45:2055–2056.
  • O’Mara M, Hudson-Curtis B, Olson K, Yueh Y, Dunn J, Spooner N. (2011). The effect of hematocrit and punch location on assay bias during quantitative bioanalysis of dried blood spot samples. Bioanalysis 3:2335–2347.
  • Otero-Santos SM, Delinsky AD, Valentin-Blasini L, Schiffer J, Blount BC. (2009). Analysis of perchlorate in dried blood spots using ion chromatography and tandem mass spectrometry. Anal Chem 81:1931–1936.
  • Oudart JL, Holmstedt B. (1970). Determination of plasma cholinesterase activity by means of a test paper and its use in the field. Arch Toxikol 27:1–12.
  • Peck HR, Timko DM, Landmark JD, Stickle DF. (2009). A survey of apparent blood volumes and sample geometries among filter paper bloodspot samples submitted for lead screening. Clin Chim Acta 400:103–106.
  • Quandt SA, Chen H, Grzywacz JG, Vallejos QM, Galvan L, Arcury TA. (2010). Cholinesterase depression and its association with pesticide exposure across the agricultural season among Latino farmworkers in North Carolina. Environ Health Perspect 118:635–639.
  • Redondo AH, Weinmann W, König S. (2011). Detection of Ethylglucuronide and Ethylsulfate in Dried Blood Spots. Proceedings of the 49th Annual Meeting of The International Association of Forensic Toxicologists (TIAFT). San Francisco, CA.
  • Resano M, Rello L, Garcia-Ruiz E, Belarra MA. (2007). Minimally-invasive filter paper test in combination with solid sampling-graphite furnace atomic absorption spectrometry for Pb determination in whole blood. J Anal At Spectrom 22:1250–1259.
  • Rhyänen R, Liesivuori J, Närhi M, Puhakainen E, Hänninen O. (1984). Blood cholinesterase activities of flower garden workers after exposure to organophosphates. Bull Environ Contam Toxicol 32:251–258.
  • SCDHEC (2011). Transporting and Shipping Infectious Substances A and B. [Online] Available at: http://www.scdhec.gov/health/lab/docs/labeling.pdf. Accessed on 23 November, 2011.
  • Schütz H, Gotta JC, Erdmann F, Risse M, Weiler G. (2002). Simultaneous screening and detection of drugs in small blood samples and bloodstains. Forensic Sci Int 126:191–196.
  • Schwacke LH, Twiner MJ, De Guise S, Balmer BC, Wells RS, Townsend FI, Rotstein DC, Varela RA, Hansen LJ, Zolman ES, Spradlin TR, Levin M, Leibrecht H, Wang Z, Rowles TK. (2010). Eosinophilia and biotoxin exposure in bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) from a coastal area impacted by repeated mortality events. Environ Res 110:548–555.
  • Searles Nielsen S, Mueller BA, De Roos AJ, Checkoway H. (2008). Newborn screening archives as a specimen source for epidemiologic studies: feasibility and potential for bias. Ann Epidemiol 18:58–64.
  • Seashore MR, Seashore CJ. (2005). Newborn screening and the pediatric practitioner. Semin Perinatol 29:182–188.
  • Shen X, Rosen JF, Guo D, Wu S. (1996). Childhood lead poisoning in China. Sci Total Environ 181:101–109.
  • Shen XM, Zhang YW, Wu SH, Yan CH, Ying JM, Li RQ. (2003). Applicability of a filter paper method to measure blood lead levels in large populations of Chinese children. Clin Chim Acta 328:99–104.
  • Shlosberg A, Rumbeiha WK, Lublin A, Kannan K. (2011a). A database of avian blood spot examinations for exposure of wild birds to environmental toxicants: the DABSE biomonitoring project. J Environ Monit 13:1547–1558.
  • Shlosberg A, Wu Q, Rumbeiha WK, Lehner A, Cuneah O, King R, Hatzofe O, Kannan K, Johnson M. (2011b). Examination of Eurasian Griffon Vultures (Gyps fulvus fulvus) in Israel for Exposure to Environmental Toxicants Using Dried Blood Spots. Arch Environ Contam Toxicol. doi:10.1007/s00244-011–9709-4.
  • Smith C, Skyes A, Robinson S, Thomas E. (2011). Evaluation of blood microsampling techniques and sampling sites for the analysis of drugs by HPLC-MS. Bioanalysis 3:145–156.
  • Sosnoff CS, Ann Q, Bernert JT Jr, Powell MK, Miller BB, Henderson LO, Hannon WH, Fernhoff P, Sampson EJ. (1996). Analysis of benzoylecgonine in dried blood spots by liquid chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization tandem mass spectrometry. J Anal Toxicol 20:179–184.
  • Spector LG, Hecht SS, Ognjanovic S, Carmella SG, Ross JA. (2007). Detection of cotinine in newborn dried blood spots. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 16:1902–1905.
  • Spliethoff HM, Tao L, Shaver SM, Aldous KM, Pass KA, Kannan K, Eadon GA. (2008). Use of newborn screening program blood spots for exposure assessment: declining levels of perluorinated compounds in New York State infants. Environ Sci Technol 42:5361–5367.
  • Spooner N, Lad R, Barfield M. (2009). Dried blood spots as a sample collection technique for the determination of pharmacokinetics in clinical studies: considerations for the validation of a quantitative bioanalytical method. Anal Chem 81:1557–1563.
  • Stanton N, Maney J, Jones R. (2000). More on filter paper lead testing. Clin Chem 46:1028–1029.
  • Stanton NV, Maney JM, Jones R. (1999). Evaluation of filter paper blood lead methods: results of a pilot proficiency testing program. Clin Chem 45:2229–2235.
  • Stokes AH, Moose TA, Parry SP, Barfield M, Lovatt CA, Dopson WJ, Melich D, Overvold CR, Gade SD, Spooner N. (2011). Determination of drug concentrations using dried blood spots: investigation of blood sampling and collection techniques in Crl:CD(SD) rats. Lab Anim 45:109–113.
  • Stolk LM, Edelbroek PM. (2010). Characteristics of new TDM assays, described in literature, based on dried blood spot methods. [Online] Available at: http://www.iatdmct.org/images/File/Update%20review%20TDM14072010.pdf. Accessed on 30 August, 2011.
  • Thomas A, Déglon J, Steimer T, Mangin P, Daali Y, Staub C. (2010). On-line desorption of dried blood spots coupled to hydrophilic interaction/reversed-phase LC/MS/MS system for the simultaneous analysis of drugs and their polar metabolites. J Sep Sci 33:873–879.
  • Timmerman P, White S, Globig S, Lüdtke S, Brunet L, Smeraglia J. (2011). EBF recommendation on the validation of bioanalytical methods for dried blood spots. Bioanalysis 3:1567–1575.
  • Trudeau S, Mineau P, Cartier GS, Fitzgerald G, Wilson L, Wheler C, Knopper LD. (2007). Using dried blood spots stored on filter paper to measure cholinesterase activity in wild avian species. Biomarkers 12:145–154.
  • Turpin PE, Burnett JE, Goodwin L, Foster A, Barfield M. (2010). Application of the DBS methodology to a toxicokinetic study in rats and transferability of analysis between bioanalytical laboratories. Bioanalysis 2:1489–1499.
  • Twiner MJ, Fire S, Schwacke L, Davidson L, Wang Z, Morton S, Roth S, Balmer B, Rowles TK, Wells RS. (2011). Concurrent exposure of bottlenose dolphins (Tursiops truncatus) to multiple algal toxins in Sarasota Bay, Florida, USA. PLoS ONE 6:e17394.
  • Verebey K. (2000). Filter paper-collected blood lead testing in children. Clin Chem 46:1024–1028.
  • Verebey K, Eng YM, Davidow B, Ramon A. (1991). Rapid, sensitive micro blood lead analysis: a mass screening technique for lead poisoning. J Anal Toxicol 15:237–240.
  • Wang DZ. (2008). Neurotoxins from marine dinoflagellates: a brief review. Mar Drugs 6:349–371.
  • Watson MS, Mann MY, Lloyd-Puryear MA, Rinaldo P, Rodney Howell R. (2006). Newborn screening: Toward a uniform screening panel and system – Executive summary. Pediatrics 117:S296–S307.
  • Winkler M, Kaufmann E, Thoma D, Thierauf A, Weinmann W, Skopp G, Alt A. (2011). Detection of ethyl glucuronide in blood spotted on different surfaces. Forensic Sci Int 210:243–246.
  • Wood DM, Nicolaou M, Dargan PI. (2009). Epidemiology of recreational drug toxicity in a nightclub environment. Subst Use Misuse 44:1495–1502.
  • Woodruff TJ, Zota AR, Schwartz JM. (2011). Environmental chemicals in pregnant women in the United States: NHANES 2003-2004. Environ Health Perspect 119:878–885.
  • Woofter R, Dechraoui MY, Garthwaite I, Towers NR, Gordon CJ, Córdova J, Ramsdell JS. (2003). Measurement of brevetoxin levels by radioimmunoassay of blood collection cards after acute, long-term, and low-dose exposure in mice. Environ Health Perspect 111:1595–1600.
  • Woofter RT, Brendtro K, Ramsdell JS. (2005). Uptake and elimination of brevetoxin in blood of striped mullet (Mugil cephalus) after aqueous exposure to Karenia brevis. Environ Health Perspect 113:11–16.
  • Zhang SM, Dai YH, Xie XH, Fan ZY, Tan ZW, Zhang YF. (2009). Surveillance of childhood blood lead levels in 14 cities of China in 2004-2006. Biomed Environ Sci 22:288–296.
  • Zörntlein SW, Kopp A, Becker J, Kaufmann TJ, Rohrich J, Urban R. (2012). In vitro production of GHB in blood and serum samples under various storage conditions. Forensic Sci Int 214:113–117.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.