20
Views
43
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Critical Review and Evaluation of the Neurological and Behavioral Sequelae of Inorganic Lead Absorption

, &
Pages 135-187 | Published online: 26 Sep 2008

References

  • Alexander F. W., Delves H. T., Clayton B. E. The Uptake and Excretion by Children of Lead and Other Contaminants. Proc. of an Int. Symp. on the Environmental Health Aspects of Lead, Luxembourg, May, 1973, 319
  • Alpert J. L. Prevention, diagnosis, and treatment of lead poisoning in children American Academy of Pediatrics subcommittee on accidental poisoning. Pediatrics 1971; 47: 950
  • AMA. Diagnosis of Inorganic Lead Poisoning, Committee on Occupational Toxicology. American Medical Association, Chicago 1971
  • Atchabarov B. A., Aldanazarov A. T., Nikulicheva V. S., Romakhov A. A., Sabdenova Sh. S. Some data of a complex study of lead intoxication. Vestn. Akad. Nauk Kaz. SSR 1955; 6: 89
  • Atchabarov B. A., Moshkevich V. S., Pyataev G. E. Changes in the auditory and vestibular analyser during lead poisoning. Zh. Ushn. Nos. Gorl. Bolezn. 1967; 27: 42
  • Avery D. D., Cross H. A., Schroeder T. The effects of tetraethyl lead on behavior in the rat. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1974; 2: 473
  • Baloh R. W. Neurological and behavioral toxicology of increased lead absorption. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 51, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Baghdassarian S. A. Optic neuropathy due to lead poisoning. Report of a case. Archives Ophthalmol. 1968; 80(6)721
  • Baloh R. W. Laboratory diagnosis of increased lead absorption. Archives Environ. Health 1974; 28: 198
  • Baloh R. W. The effects of chronic increased lead absorption on the nervous system — a review article. Bull. Los Angeles Neurol. Soc. 1973; 38: 91
  • Baloh R. W., Sturm R., Green B., Gleser G. Neuropsychological effects of chronic asymptomatic increased lead absorption. Arch. Neurol. (Chicago) 1975; 32: 326
  • Balzano I. Chronic lead poisoning and changes in the internal ear. Rass. Med. Ind. 1952; 21: 320
  • Barocas R., Weiss B. Behavioral assessment of lead intoxication. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 47
  • Beattie A. D., Briggs J. D., Canavan J. S. F., Doyle D., Mullin P. J., Watson A. A. Acute lead poisoning. Q. J. Med. 1975; 174: 275
  • Beattie A. D., Moore M. R., Goldberg A., Finlayson M. J. W., Mackie E. M., Graham J. F., Main J. C., McLaren D. A., Murdoch R. M., Stewart G. T. Role of chronic low-level lead exposure in the aetiology of mental retardation. Lancet 1975; 1: 589
  • Becker G. Lead contamination as viewed by the workers. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 19, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Berg J. M., Zappella M. Lead poisoning in childhood with particular reference to pica and mental sequelae. J. Ment. Defic. Res. 1964; 8: 44
  • Beritic T. Lead concentration found in human blood in association with lead colic. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 289
  • Beritic T. Lead concentration found in human blood in association with lead colic. Arch. Environ. Health 1969; 23: 289
  • Berman E. Symposium on lead intoxication. III. Biochemistry of lead. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 1966; 5: 287
  • Bertinuson J. K., Clark C. S. The contribution of lead content of soils from urban housing. Interface 1973; 6: 1073
  • Blejer H. Report of the NIOSH Health Hazard Evaluation of a Lead Smelter in Kellog, Idaho. American Occupational Medical Association, Cincinnati, Ohio April 26 to 29, 1976
  • Blejer H. Inorganic lead: Biological indices of absorption-biological threshold limit values. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 165, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Blejer H. P., Baginsky E. Blood Lead Concentrations and Occupational Medical Standards for Inorganic Lead, Study No. B0312–015–75S. Occupational Health Section, California State Department of Health, Los Angeles 1974
  • Bonsignore D., Calissano P., Cartasegna C. A simple method for determining delta-aminolevulinic-dehydrates in the blood. Med. Lav. 1968; 56: 199
  • Boothby J. A., DeJesus P. V., Rowland L. P. Reversible forms of motor neuron disease. Arch. Neurol. 1974; 31: 18
  • Boyadzhiev V., Stoev V., Petkov G. The diagnostic importance of the higher nervous system in case of lead intoxications. Nauchni Tr. na Vissh. Med. Inst. Sofia 1962; 5: 99
  • Brady K., Herrera Y., Zenick H. Influence of parental lead exposure on subsequent learning ability of offspring. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1975; 3: 561
  • Brown D. R. Long Term Effects of Lead on Learning and Organ Development in the Growing Rat. Abstract of Papers: Society of Toxicology 12th Annual Meeting, New York, March 18 to 22, 1973
  • Brown S., Dragann N., Vogel W. H. Effects of lead acetate on learning and memory in rats. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 22: 370
  • Bryce-Smith D. Behavioral effects of lead and other heavy metal pollutants. Chem. Br. 1972; 8: 240
  • Bryce-Smith D., Waldron H. A. Lead, behaviour and criminality. Ecologist 1974; 4(10)367
  • Bryce-Smith D., Waldron H. A. Lead in food — are today's regulations sufficient. Chem. Br. 1974; 10(6)202
  • Bryce-Smith D., Waldron H. A. Letter: blood-lead levels, behavior, and intelligence. Lancet 1974; 1: 1166
  • Bryce-Smith D., Waldron H. A. Letter: blood-lead levels, behavior, and intelligence. Lancet 1974; 2: 44
  • Bryce-Smith D., Smith S., Waldron H. A. Letter: lead and intelligence. Br. Med. J. 1974; 4: 165
  • Buckup H., Mappes R. Comparative tests concerning the excretion of S-Aminolevulinic acid and other symptoms of increased lead absorption. Zentralbl. Arbeitsmed. Arbeitsschutz 1962; 12: 293
  • Byers R. K. Lead poisoning. Review of the literature and report on 45 cases. Pediatrics 1959; 23: 585
  • Byers R. K., Lord E. E. Late effects of Pb poisoning on mental development. Am. J. Disturbed Child. 1943; 66: 471
  • Calandra J. C. Status Summaries, the Effects of Chronic Plumbism on Neurophysiological Behavior in the Rhesus Monkey. Industrial Bio-Test Laboratories. 1969, IBT No. T6502, 1970, 1971
  • Calandra J. C. Review of EPA's position on the health implications of airborne lead dated. November 28, 1973. Houston Chemical Company, Nalco Chemical Company, Report dated May 2, 1974
  • California Department of Public Health. Lead in the Environment and Its Effect on Humans. Berkeley 1967
  • Campbell A. M. G., Williams E. R., Barltrop D. Motor neurone disease and exposure to lead. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1970; 33: 877
  • Campbell I. E., Mergard E. G. Biological Aspects of Lead: An Annotated Bibliography. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency. May, 1972, No. AP-104
  • Caplan P. Monitoring of workplace for lead and problems involved. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 10, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Caprio R. J., Margulis H. L., Joselow M. M. Lead absorption in children and its relationship to urban traffic densities. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 28: 195
  • Carducci A., De Judicibus C. Clinical and functional O.R.L. findings in subjects exposed to lead poisoning. Folia Med. (Naples) 1961; 44: 1061
  • Carlin C. E., Ferrandiz J. J. Some considerations of lead poisoning among workers in a foundry. Rev. Med. Exp. 1956; 10: 43
  • Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Carnow B. W., Carnow B., Rosenblum B. F. Unsuspected Community Lead Intoxication From an Airborne Source, the El Paso Story. Paper presented at the Air Pollution Control Association, 66th Annual Meeting, Chicago, Illinois, June 26, 1973
  • Catton M. J., Harrison M. J. G., Fullerton P. M., Kazantzis G. Subclinical neuropathy in lead workers. Br. Med. J. 1970; 2: 80
  • Center for Disease Control. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report 1973; 22: 405
  • Chatterjee B. B., Williams M. K., Walford I., King E. The location of personal sampler filter heads. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1969; 30: 643
  • Chisolm J. J., Jr. Disturbances in the biosynthesis of heme in lead intoxication. J. Pediatr. 1964; 64: 174
  • Chisolm J. J., Jr. Lead poisoning (plumbism). Pediatrics, 14th ed., H. L. Barnett. Appleton-Century-Crofts, New York 1968; 313
  • Chisolm J. J., Jr. Lead poisoning. Sci. Am. 1971; 224: 15
  • Chisolm J. J., Jr., Barrett M. B., Mellitis E. D. Dose-effect and dose-response relationships for lead in children. J. Pediatr. 1975; 87(6)1152
  • Chisolm J. J., Jr., Harrison H. E. The exposure of children to lead. Pediatrics 1956; 18: 943
  • Chisolm J. J., Jr., Mellits E. D., Keil J. E., Barrett M. B. Variations in hematologic responses to increased lead absorption in young children. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 7
  • Choie D. D., Richter G. W. Lead poisoning: rapid formation of intranuclear inclusions. Science 1972; 177: 1194
  • Chow T. J., Earl J. L. Lead aerosols in the atmosphere: increasing concentrations. Science 1970; 169: 577
  • Chow T. J., Earl J. L., Snyder C. B. Lead aerosol baseline: concentration at White Mountain and Laguna Mountain, California. Science 1972; 178: 401
  • Cole J. Occupational health standard for lead. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 179, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Cole J., Samuels S. W. Organized labor recommendations. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 80
  • Collier M. Accommodation paralysis due to lead poisoning: oculodigestive sympathesis. Rev. Oto Neuro Ophthalmol. (Paris) 1952; 24: 446
  • Cox C. R. Operation and control of water treatment processes, WHO, Geneva, 1964; as quoted in Bryce-Smith, D. and Waldron, H. A., Lead in food — Are todays regulations sufficient. Chem. Br. 1974; 10: 202
  • Cradel D. C., Adam W. M., Guss S. B. Lead poisoning and eosinophilic meningocephalitis in cattle — a case report. Vet. Med. J. 1965; 60: 1045
  • Craig P. P., Berlin E. The air of poverty. Environment 1971; 13: 2
  • Cramer K., Selander S. Studies in lead poisoning. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1965; 22: 311
  • Cramer K., Goyer R. A., Jagenburg R., Wilson M. H. Renal ultrastructure, renal function, and parameters of lead toxicity in workers with different periods of lead exposure. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1974; 31: 113
  • Culver D. Epidemiology considerations of occupational lead exposure. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 132, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Cupcea S., Raucher C., Derevenco P., Deleanu M., Pop M., Gross E. Examination of reactivity in plumbism. Rev. Sci. Med. Bucharest 1954; 2: 106
  • Danielson L. Gasoline containing lead. Report of the 1964 Committee on Natural Resources, Swedish Natural Science Research Committee. December 19, 1967, Bull. No. 6
  • David O. J. Association between lower level lead concentrations and hyperactivity in children. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 17
  • David O. J., Clark J., Voeller K. Lead and hyperactivity. Lancet 1972; 1: 900
  • DeBruin A. Certain biological effects of lead upon the animal organism. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 249
  • DeBruin A., Hoolboom H. Early signs of lead exposure: a comparative study of laboratory tests. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1967; 23: 203
  • De la Burde B. Dental lead, blood lead, and pica in urban children. Arch. Enviorn. Health 1975; 30: 281
  • De la Burdé B., Choate M. S. Does asymptomatic lead exposure in children have latent sequelae. J. Pediatr. 1972; 81: 1088
  • DeJesus P. V., Hausmanowa-Petrusewicz I., Barchi R. L. The effect of cold on nerve conduction of human slow and fast nerve fibers. Neurology 1973; 23: 1182
  • DeRosa E., Gobbato F. Epidemia di saturnismo non professionale per inquinamento da effluenti industriali. Ig. Mod. 1970; 63: 472
  • DeTrevill R. T. P. Natural occurrence of lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 212
  • Dingwall-Fordyce I., Lane R. E. A follow up study of lead workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1963; 20: 313
  • Djuric D., Kerin Z., Graovac-Leposavic L., Novak L., Kop M. Environmental contamination by lead from a mine and smelter. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 275
  • Dyck P. J. Peripheral neuropathy changing concepts, differential diagnosis, and classification. Med. Clin. North Am. 1968; 52: 895
  • Eisler L., Bartousek V. Neurological and psychiatric disorders in lead poisoning. Prac. Lek. 1960; 12: 362
  • Eolian S. S., Eramian S. G. On changes in the excitability of the olfactory analyzed during the action of various toxic substances. J. Vestib. Oto-Laryngol. 1960; 22: 40
  • EPA. Position on the Health Implications of Airborne, Lead. U.S. Environmental Protection Agency, Washington, D.C. November 28, 1973
  • Emmerson B. T. Chronic lead nephropathy: the diagnositic use of calcium EDTA and the association with gout. J. Aust. Med. 1963; 12: 310
  • Epstein S. A Comment. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 105, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Fairey F. S., Gray J. W. Soil lead and periatric lead poisoning in Charleston, S. C. J. S. C. Med. Assoc. 1970; 66: 79
  • Feldman R. G., Haddow J., Kopito L., Schwachman H. Altered peripheral nerve conduction velocity. Am. J. Disturbed Child. 1973; 125: 39
  • Ferrand E. F. Assistant Commissioner for Scientific Affairs, New York City Department of Air Resources. Testimony submitted to the Environmental Protection Agency. April 11, 1972
  • Fowler B. Lead levels in dover sole collected from southern California waters. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 141, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Francois J., Evans A. Ocular manifestations of occupational poisoning. Belg. Tijdschr. Geneeskd. 1963; 43: 1
  • Freed C. C. Lead poisoning. Proc. Mine Med. Officers' Assoc. 1963; 43: 1
  • Freeman R. Chronic lead poisoning in children: a review of 90 children diagnosed in Sydney, 1948–1967. II. Clinical features and investigations. Med. J. Aust. 1970; 1: 648
  • Fullerton P. M. Chronic peripheral neuropathy produced by lead poisoning in guinea pigs. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1966; 25: 214
  • Fullerton P. M. Toxic chemicals and peripheral neuropathy: clinical and epidemiological features. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1969; 62: 201
  • Fullerton P. M., Harrison M. Subclinical lead neuropathy in man. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophysiol. 1969; 27: 718
  • Gammarrota M., Bartoli E. Considerations on relations between lead intoxication and cochlear defect. Clin. Otorinolaringoiatrica 1964; 16: 136
  • Gasner D. B. The perils of lead. World 1972; 1: 53
  • Georgia Medical College, Department of Medicine. Chronic lead poisoning. Medical grand rounds. J. Med. Assoc. Gs. 1959; 48: 468
  • Goldberg A., Chisolm J. J., Jr. Lead poisoning. Sci. Am. 1971; 224: 15
  • Goldberg A. Drinking water as a source of lead pollution. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 103
  • Goldsmith J. R. Epidemiological bases of possible air quality criteria for lead. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc., 19: 714
  • Goldsmith J. R. The body burden and air quality standards. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 39
  • Goldstein D. H., Kneip T. J., Rulon V. P., Cohen N. Erythrocyte aminolevulinic acid dehydratase (ALA-D) activity as a biologic parameter for determining exposures to lead. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 157
  • Goodman L. S., Gilman A. The Pharmacological Basis of Therapeutics, 5th ed. Macmillan, New York 1975
  • Goyer R. Toxicology of lead on kidney and other organs. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 86, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Goyer R. A., Leonard D. L., Moore J. F., Rhyne B., Krigman M. R. Lead dosage and the role of the intranuclear inclusion body. Arch. Environ. Health 1970; 20: 705
  • Goyer R. A., Mahaffey K. R. Susceptibility to lead toxicity. Environ. Health Perspectives 1972; 1: 73
  • Gozdzik-Zolnierkiewicz T., Moszynski B. VIII nerve in experimental lead poisoning. Acta OtoLaryngol. 1969; 68: 85
  • Grandjean P., Fjerdingstad E., Nielsen O. V. Lead content in Brains from Various Periods of Time. Int. Conf. on Heavy Metals in the Environment, Toronto, October 27 to 31, 1975
  • Greengard J. Symposium on lead intoxication. I. Clinical features. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 1966; 5: 269
  • Haeger-Aronsen B. An assessment of the laboratory tests used to monitor exposure of lead workers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1971; 28: 52
  • Haeger-Aronsen B. Studies on urinary excretion of delta-aminolevulinic acid and other haem precursors in lead workers and lead-intoxicated rabbits. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1960; 12: 1, (Suppl. 47)
  • Haeger-Aronsen B., Abdulla M., Fristedt B. I. Effect of lead on -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity in red blood cells. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 29: 150
  • Haley T. J. A Review of the Toxicology of Lead, Monograph No. 69—7. Division of Environmental Affairs, American Petroleum Institute. 1969
  • Hall S. K. Lead pollution and poisoning. Environ. Sci. Technol. 1972; 6: 31
  • Hammer D. I., Finklea J. F., Hendricks R. H., Shy C. M., Horton R. J. Hair trace metal levels and environmental exposure. Am. J. Epidemiol. 1971; 93: 84
  • Hammond P. B., Aronson A. L. Lead poisoning in cattle and horses in the vicinity of a smelter. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1964; 111: 595
  • Hardy H. L. Lead and health. Environment 1968; 10: 80
  • Hardy H. L. Lead, Symp. on Environmental Lead Contamination. U.S. Public Health Service. 1966, Publication No. 1440
  • Hardy H. L., Chamberlain R. I., Maloof C. C., Boylen G. W., Jr., Howell M. C. Lead as an environmental poison: a review. Clin. Pharmacol. Ther. 1971; 12: 982
  • Hasan J., Hernberg S. Interactions of inorganic lead with human red blood cells. With special reference to membrane-functions. A selective review supplemented by new observations. Work Environ. Health 1966; 2: 26
  • Hausmanowa-Petrusewica I I, Emeryk B., Sobkowicz H., Wasoxicz B., Turn J. Electromyographic examination in lead poisoning. Pol. Tyg. Lek. 1962; 17: 1405
  • Hay W. Lead encephalopathy in a cooperage. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1950; 7: 177
  • Hebb D. C. Organization of Behavior. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1949
  • Hernberg S., Nikkanen J., Mellin G., Lilius H. -Aminolevulinic acid dehydrase as a measure of lead exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 1970; 21: 140
  • Herberg S., Nurminen M., Hasan J. Nonrandom shortening of red cell survival times in men exposed to lead. Environ. Res. 1967; 1: 247
  • Hernberg S., Tola S., Nikkanen J., Valkonen S. Erythrocyte -aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in new lead exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 1972; 25: 109
  • Holzheu W. Oral and dental diseases of occupational origin. Dtsch. Stomatol. 1967; 4: 272
  • Horiuchi K. H., Horiguchi S., Suekane M. Studies on the industrial lead poisoning. I. Absorption, transportation, deposition and excretion of lead. VI. The lead contents in organ-tissues of the normal Japanese. Osaka City Med. J. 1959; 5: 41
  • Horiuchi K. H., Noma H., Asano I., Hashimoto K. Studies on the industrial lead poisoning. An experimental study of lead intake in human beings through the respiratory tract. Osaka City Med. J. 1962; 18: 151
  • Ilic C. Toxic deafness. Med. Glas. 1963; 17: 71
  • Criteria for a Recommended Standard… Occupational Exposure to Inorganic Lead, K. H. Jacobson, R. E. Seiter. Office of Research and Standards Development, National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health. 1972, HSM 73—11010
  • Jandl J. H., Inman J. K., Simmons K. L., Allen D. W. Transfer of iron from serum iron binding protein to human reticulocytes. J. Clin. Invest. 1959; 38: 161
  • Jenkins C. D., Mellins R. B. Lead poisoning in children. Archives of Neurology and Psychiatry 1957; 77: 70
  • Jensen W. N., Moreno G. D., Bessis M. C. An electron microscopic description of basophilic stippling in red cells. Blood 1965; 25: 933
  • Johnstone R. T. Clinical inorganic lead intoxication. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 250
  • Joselow M. Biological monitoring — Problems of blood lead levels. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 27, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Kaplan M. L., Jones A. G., Davis M. A., Kopito L. Inhibitory effect of iron on the uptake of lead by erythrocytes. Life Sci. 1975; 16: 1545
  • Katsunuma H., Negishi T. On the treatment of radialisparalysis from lead poisoning with adenoisine-triphosphate. Jpn. J. Exp. Med. 1962; 62: 148
  • Keenan R. G., Byers D. H., Saltzman B. E., Hyslop F. L. The “USPHS” method for determining lead in air and in biological materials. Am. Ind. Hyg. Assoc. J. 1963; 24: 481
  • Kehoe R. A. The metabolism of lead in man in health and disease, the Harben Lectures, 1960. J. R. Inst. Public Health 1961
  • Kehoe R. A. Normal metabolism of lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 232
  • Kehoe R. A. Metabolism of lead under abnormal conditions. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 235
  • Kehoe R. A. Comments made during seminar discussions. Symp. on Environmental Lead Contamination. U.S. Public Health Service. 1966, Publication No. 1440
  • Kehoe R. A. Toxicological appraisal of lead in relation to the tolerable concentration in the ambient air. J. Air Pollut. Control Assoc. 1969; 19(9)690
  • Kehoe R. A. Standards for prevention of occupational lead poisoning. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 245
  • Kehoe R. A. Occupational lead poisoning, I. Clinical types. J. Occup. Med. 1972; 14: 298
  • Kehoe R. A. Occupational lead poisoning. II. Chemical signs of absorption of lead. J. Occup. Med. 1972; 14: 390
  • Kettering Laboratory, Division of Bibliographic Research, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati. Abstracts of the available literature on the biological and related aspects of lead and its compounds. Lead Industries Association, Incorporated, New York 1965–1972, Annual reports
  • Kiryakov K. On chronic neuro-intoxication with tetraethyl lead in commercial aviation. Suvrem. Med. 1959; 8: 42
  • Klopp H. W. Reversed vision after transient blindness. Nervenarzt 1955; 26: 438
  • Klyuchnikova E. A., Atchabarov B. A. Condition of the taste analyzer and its modification by balneologic treatment of patients with lead poisoning. Tr. Inst. Kraev. Patol. Acad. Nauk Kaz. SSR 1962; 10: 153
  • Krigman M. R., Druse M. J., Traylor T. D., Wilson M. H., Newell L. R., Hogan E. L. Lead encephalopathy in the developing rat: effect upon myelination. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1974; 33: 58
  • Koch C., Serra M. The effects of tetraethyl lead poisoning on hearing and vestibular systems. Acta Med. Ital. Med. Trop. Subtrop. Gastroenterol. 1962; 17: 77
  • Kotok D. Development of children with elevated blood lead levels: a controlled study. J. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 1972; 80: 57
  • Kubasik M. P., Volosin M. T. Heavy metal poisoning: clinical aspects and laboratory analysis. Am. J. Med. Technol. 1973; 38: 443
  • Lamola A. A., Joselow M., Yamane T. Zinc protoporphyrin (ZPP): a simple, sensitive, fluorometric screening test for lead poisoning. Clin. Chem. (Winston Salem N.) 1975; 21(1)93
  • Landrigan P. J. The exposure of children to lead from industry — epidemiology and health consequences. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 147, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Landrigan P. J., Baloh R. W., Barthel W. F., Whitworth R. H., Staehling N. W., Rosenblum B. F. Neuropsychological dysfunction in children with chronic low-level lead absorption. Lancet 1975; 1: 708
  • Landrigan P. J., Whitworth R. H., Baloh R. W. Letter: blood-lead levels, behavior, and intelligence. Lancet 1974; 1: 1167
  • Lane R. E. The care of the lead worker. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1949; 6: 125
  • Lane R. E. Health control in inorganic lead industries. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 243
  • Lane R. E. Health hazards from metals in industry. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1965; 8: 5
  • Lane R. E. Clinical aspects of poisoning by inorganic lead compounds. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1965; 8: 31
  • Lane R. E., Hunter D., Malcolm D., Williams M. K., Hudson T. G. F., Browne R. C., McCallum R. I., Thompson A. R., DeKretser A. J., Zielhuis R. L., Cramer K., Barry P. S. I., Goldberg A., Beritic T., Vigliani E. C., Truhaut R., Kehoe R. A., King E. Diagnosis of inorganic lead poisoning: a statement. Br. Med. J. 1968; 4: 501
  • Lange J. Chemical injury to the eye in industrial medicine. Ophthalmologica 1969; 158(1–3)95
  • Lansdown R. G., Clayton B. E., Graham P. J., Shepherd J., Delves H. T., Turner W. C. Blood-lead levels, behaviour, and intelligence. A population study. Lancet 1974; 1: 538
  • Lead Industries Association, Inc. Comments, objections and a summary of evidence by the Lead Industries Association in response to the proposed standard for exposure to lead. Debevois, Plimpton, Lyons, & Gates, Attorneys for the Lead Industries Association, Inc., New York 1976
  • Lepow M. L., Bruckman L., Rubino R. A., Markowitz S., Gillette M., Kapish J. Role of airborne lead in increased body burden of lead in Hartford children. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 99
  • Lerner S. Blood lead analysis — precision and stability. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 153
  • Levine R. J., Moore R. M., McLaren G. D., Barthel W. F., Landrigan P. J. Occupational Lead Poisoning: Animal Deaths and Environmental Contamination at a Scrap Smelter. Bureau of Epidemiology, Center for Disease Control, U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare, in press
  • Lichtman H. C., Feldman F. In vitro pyrrole and porphyrin synthesis in lead poisoning and iron deficiency. J. Clin. Invest. 1963; 42: 830
  • Lilis R., Gavrilescu N., Nestorescu B., Dumitriu C., Roventa A. Nephropathy in chronic lead poisoning. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1968; 25: 196
  • Lin-Fu J. S. Childhood lead poisoning… an eradicable disease. Children 1970; 17: 2
  • Lin-Fu J. S. Undue Absorption of Lead Among Children. U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. 1972, Publication No. HSM 73–5109
  • Lin-Fu J. S. Vulnerability of children to lead exposure and toxicity. I. N. Engl. J. Med. 1973; 289: 1229
  • Lin-Fu J. S. Vulnerability of children to lead exposure and toxicity. II. N. Engl J. Med. 1973; 289: 1289
  • Liversedge L. A. Metals and the central nervous system. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1965; 8: 13
  • Livesly B., Sissons C. E. Chronic lead intoxication mimicking motor neuron disease. Br. Med. J. 1968; 4: 387
  • London I. M. The metabolism of the erythrocyte. Harvey Lect. 1961; 56: 151
  • Longley E. O. Myth about milk. Fact. Plant 1967; 5: 55
  • Lynam D. R. Lead industries association position. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17(2)84
  • Mahaffey K. R. Nutritional factors and susceptibility to lead toxicity. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 107
  • Malcolm D. Prevention of long-term sequelae following the absorption of lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 292
  • Malcolm D. Industrial control of personnel. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1965; 8: 35
  • Mann T. S. Lead intoxication in the surgical wards. Scott. Med. J. 1962; 7: 36
  • McCabe E. B. Letter: blood-lead levels, behavior, and intelligence. Lancet 1974; 2: 896
  • McCabe E. B. Letter: blood-lead levels, behavior, and intelligence. Lancet 1975; 1: 751
  • McCallum R. I., Sanderson J. T., Richards A. E. The lead hazard — shipbreaking and the prevalance of anaemia in burners. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1968; 11: 101
  • McNeil J. L., Ptasnik J. Q. Evaluation of Long-Term Effects of Elevated Blood Lead Concentrations in Asymptomatic Children. Paper presented at the CEC-EPA-WHO Int. Symp. on Environment and Health, ParisFrance, June, 1974
  • Mehani S. Lead retention by the lungs of lead exposed workers. Ann. Occup. Hyg. 1966; 9: 165
  • Mel'nikova N. D. The status of the organ of vision in workers exposed to tetraethyl lead according to dynamic observations. Gig. Tr. Prof. Zabol. 1964; 8: 41
  • Mentesana G. A case of saturnine encephalopathy. Sicil. Sanit. 1953; 6: 829
  • Michaelson I. A., Sauerhoff M. W. Animal models of human disease: severe and mild lead encephalopathy in the neonatal rate. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 201
  • Millichap J. G. Neuropsychological manifestations of lead poisoning. III. Med. J. 1975; 147: 170
  • Milner P. M. Physiological Psychology. Holt, Rinehart, & Winston, New York 1970
  • Mitchell D. G., Aldous K. M. Lead content of foodstuffs. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 59
  • Moore J. F., Goyer R. A. Lead-induced inclusion bodies: composition and probable role in lead metabolism. Environ. Health Perspectives 1974; 7: 121
  • Mosci L. Occulusion of the central retinal artery in a lead worker. (A clinical contribution and general considerations.). Annal Ottalmo C. Clinical Occulist 1956; 82: 397
  • Moruzumi M., Chow T. J., Patterson C. Chemical concentrations of pollutent lead aerosols, terrestrial dusts, and sea salts in Greenland and Antarctic snow strata. Geochim. Cosmochim. Acta 1969; 33: 1247
  • NAS. Airborne Lead in Perspective. Report prepared by the Committee on Biologic Effects of Atmospheric Pollutants. National Academy of Sciences, Washington, D.C. 1972; 50
  • Needleman H. L. Lead-paint poisoning prevention: an opportunity forfeited. N. Engl. J. Med. 1975; 292: 588
  • Needleman H. L., Davidson I., Sewell E. M., Shapiro I. M. Subclinical lead exposure in Philadelphia schoolchildren. N. Engl. J. Med. 1974; 290: 245
  • Needleman H. L., Shapiro I. M. Dentine lead levels in asymptomatic Philadelphia school children: subclinical exposure in high and low risk groups. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7
  • Needleman H. L., Epstein S., Carnow B. W., Scanlon J., Parkinson D., Samuels S., Mazzochi A., David O. Letter: blood-lead levels, behavior, and intelligence. Lancet 1975; 1: 751
  • Nelson K. Industrial hygiene of lead production — a brief review. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 6, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76–134
  • Nelson K. W. Usefulness of biologic and air standards for lead. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 113
  • Nikkanen J., Hernberg S., Tola S. Modifications of the delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase test and their significance for assessing different intensities of lead exposure. Work, Environ, and Health 1972; 46: 9
  • Nordman C. H. Environmental Lead Exposure in Finland: a Study on Selected Population Groups. Institute of Occupational Health, HelsinkiFinland 1975, No. ISBN 851–99053–6–7
  • Nordman C. H., Hernberg S., Nikkanen J., Ryhanen A. Blood lead levels and erythrocyte δ-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase in popele living around a secondary lead smelter. Work, Environ. Health 1973; 10: 19
  • Nozaki K. Method for studies on inhaled particles in human respiratory systems and retention of lead fumes. Ind. Health 1966; 4: 118
  • Nusbaum R. E., Butt E. M., Gilmour T. C., DiDio S. L. Relation of air pollutants to trace metals in bone. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 10: 221
  • U.S. Department of Labor. Proposed lead-in-air standard. Fed. Regist. October 3, 1975; 40(193)
  • Ohnyanskaya L. G. Olfactometry in mercury and lead poisoning. Tr. Acad. Med. Nauk SSSR 1954; 31: 28
  • Oyanguren H., Perez E. (translated by R. A. Kehoe), Poisoning of industrial origin in a community. Arch. Environ. Health 1966; 13: 185
  • Passow H., Rothstein A., Clarkson T. W. The general pharmacology of metals. Pharmacol. Rev. 1961; 13: 185
  • Patterson C. C. Contaminated and natural lead environments of man. Arch. Environ. Health 1965; 11: 344
  • Patterson C. C., Salvia J. Lead in the modern environment: how much is natural. Sci. Citizen 1968; 10: 66
  • Pedraza M. A., Ansinger F. Lead encephalopathy. Ohio State Med. J. 1974; 70: 319
  • Pentschew A. Morphology and morphogenesis of lead encephalopathy. Acta Neuropathol. 1965; 5: 133
  • Perlstein M. A., Attala R. Neurologic sequelae of plumbism in children. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 1966; 5: 292
  • Pinizzoto G. About a case of arthropathy due to lead poisoning. Rass. Med. Ind. 1959; 28: 1
  • Piomelli S. A micromethod for free erythrocyte porphyrins: the FEP test. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1973; 81: 932
  • Preston A. Heavy metals in British waters. Nature (London) 1973; 242: 95
  • Pringle B. H., Hissong D. E., Katz E. L., Mulawka S. T. Trace metal accumulation by estuarine mollusks. J. Sanit. Eng. Div. Proc. Am. Soc. Civil Eng. 1968; 94: 455
  • Pueschel S. M. Neurological and psychomotor functions in children with an increased lead burden. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 13
  • Pueschel S. M., Kopito L., Schwachman H. Children with an increased lead burden: a screening and follow-up study. 1972; 222: 462
  • Radosevic A., Saric M., Beritic T., Knezevic J. The kideny in lead poisoning. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1961; 18: 222-–230
  • Rageth S. Lead poisoning after blast injury. Z. Unfallmed. Berufskr. 1953; 46: 207
  • Ravasini C. Clinical and electroencephalographic observations in some cases of occupational lead poisoning. Riv. Sper. Freniatr. Med. Leg. Alienazioni Mentai 1961; 85: 1447
  • Rennert O. M., Weiner P., Madden J. Asymptomatic lead poisoning — 85 Chicago children. Clin. Pediatr. (Philadelphia) 1970; 9: 9
  • Repko J. D. Behavioral toxicology of inorganic lead exposure. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposoium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 59, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Repko J. D., Morgan B. B., Jr., Nicholson J. A. Behavioral effects of occupational exposure to lead. NIOSH Research Report. HEW. 1975, Publication No. (NIOSH) 75—164
  • Rothschild E. O. Lead poisoning — The silent epidemic. N. Engl. J. Med. 1970; 283: 704
  • Rubino G. F. The role of lead in porphyrin metabolism. Panminerva Med. 1972; 4: 340
  • Rubino G. F., Crosetti L., Rasetti L. Early diagnosis of lead poisoning. Securitias 1965; 50: 69
  • Rubino G. F., Pagliardi E., Prato V., Giangrandi E. Erythrocyte copper and porphyrins in lead poisoning. Br. J. Haematol. 1958; 4: 103
  • Ryazanov V. A. Sensory physiology as basis for air quality standards. The approach used in the Soviet Union. Arch. Environ. Health 1962; 5: 480
  • Sachs H. K. Effect of a screening program on changing patterns of lead poisoning. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 41
  • Sachs H. K., Blanksma L. A., Murray E. F., O'Connell M. J. Ambulatory treatment of lead poisoning: report of 1155 cases. Pediatrics 1970; 46: 389
  • Saito K. Electroencephalographic studies on petrol intoxication: comparison between nonleaded and leaded white petrol. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1973; 30: 352
  • Sakurai H., Sugita M., Tsuchiya K. Biological response and subjective symptoms in low level lead exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 29: 157
  • Samuels S. W. Organized labor recommendations. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 80
  • Sano S. The effect of mitochondria on porphyrin and heme biosynthesis in red blood cells. Acta Haematol. Japonica Suppl. 1958; 2: 337
  • Sassa S., Granick J. L., Granick S., Kappas A., Levere R. D. Studies in lead poisoning. I. Microanalysis of erythrocyte protoporphyrin levels by spectrofluorometry in the detection of chronic lead intoxication in the subclinical range. Biochem. Med. 1973; 8: 135
  • Sauer R. M., Zook B. C., Garner F. M. Demyelinating encephalomyelopathy associated with lead poisoning in nonhuman primates. Science 1970; 169: 1091
  • Sauerhoff M. W., Michaelson I. A. Hyperactivity and brain catecholamines in lead-exposed developing rats. Science 1973; 182: 1022
  • Sayre J. W., Charney E., Vostal J., Pless I. B. House and hand dust as a potential source of childhood lead exposure. Am. J. Disturbed Children 1974; 127: 167
  • Sbertoli C. Extensive paralyses of the upper extremities after brief exposure to lead. Med. Lav. 1963; 54: 201
  • Schlaepfer W. W. Experimental lead neuropathy: a disease of the supporting cells in the peripheral nervous system. J. Neuropathol. Exp. Neurol. 1969; 28: 401
  • Schlenska G. D., Hokendorf H., Spalke G. Evidence of electromyographic findings in early diagnosis of lead polyneuropathy. Electroencephalogr. Clin. Neurophys. 1975; 39: 534
  • Schroeder H. A., Tipton I. H. The human body burden of lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1968; 17: 965
  • Secchi G. D., Alessio L. Laboratory results of some biological measures in workers exposed to lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 29: 351
  • Secchi G. D., Erba L., Cambiaghi G. Delta-aminolevulinic acid dehydratase activity of erythrocytes and liver tissue in man. Arch. Environ. Health 1974; 28: 130
  • Segal I., Saffer D., Segal F. Diverse neurological manifestations of lead encephalopathy. S. Afr. Med. J. 1974; 1721
  • Selander S., Cramer K. Interrelationships between lead in blood, lead in urine, and ALA in urine during lead work. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1970; 27: 28
  • Selander S., Cramer K., Hallberg L. Studies in lead poisoning: oral therapy with penicillamine: relationship between lead in blood and other laboratory tests. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 282
  • Seppäläinen A. M. Applications of neurophysiological methods in occupational medicine. Work Environ. Health 1975; 1: 1
  • Seppäläinen A. M. The conduction velocity of slower fibers of the ulnar nerve in adults. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1971; 27: 70
  • Seppäläinen A. M., Hernberg S. Peripheral neuropathy in lead workers. Scand. J. Clin. Lab. Invest. 1971; 17: 70
  • Seppäläinen A. M., Hernberg S. Sensitive technique for detecting subclinical lead neuropathy. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1972; 29: 443
  • Seppäläinen A. M., Tola S., Hernberg S., Kock B. Subclinical neuropathy at “safe” levels of lead exposure. Arch. Environ. Health 1975; 30: 180
  • Sessa T., Ferrari E., D'Amato C. Nerve conduction velocity in patients with lead poisoning. Folia Med. (Naples) 1965; 48: 658
  • Silbergeld E. K. Neurochemical and pharmacological studies of central nervous system — Lead toxicology. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symp, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 74, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Silbergeld E. K., Goldberg A. M. Hyperactivity: a lead-induced behavior disorder. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 227
  • Silbergeld E. K., Goldberg A. M. Lead-induced behavioral dysfunction: an animal model of hyperactivity. Exp. Neurol. 1974; 42: 146
  • Silbergeld E. K., Goldberg A. M. Pharmacological and neurochemical investigations of lead-induced hyperactivity. Neuropharmacology 1975; 14: 431
  • Silbergeld E. K., Fales J. T., Goldberg A. M. Evidence for a junctional effect of lead on neuromuscular function. Nature (London) 1974; 247: 49
  • Simpson J. A., Seaton D. A., Adams J. F. Response to treatment with chelating agents of anaemia, chronic encephalopathy and myelopathy due to lead poisoining. J. Neurol. Neurosurg. Psychiatry 1964; 27: 536
  • Six K. M., Goyer R. A. Experimental enhancement of lead toxicity by low dietary calcium. J. Lab. Clin. Med. 1970; 76: 933
  • Smith R. G. Air quality standards for lead, Air Quality. American Petroleum Institute, New York 1969, Monograph No. 69–11
  • Snowdon C. T. Learning deficits in lead-injected rats. Pharmacol. Biochem. Behav. 1973; 1: 599
  • Sobotka T. J., Brodie R. E., Cook M. P. Psychophysiologic effects of early lead exposure. Toxicology 1975; 5: 175
  • Sonkin N. Stippling of the retina a new physical sign in the early diagnosis of lead poisoning. N. Engl. J. Med. 1963; 269: 779
  • Stankovic M. K. Biochemical tests for the appraisal of exposure to lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 265
  • Stofen D. Soviet toxicology and their standards. Naturwissenschaften 1968; 12: 93
  • Stokinger H. E. Usefulness of biologic and air standards for lead. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17(2)108
  • Takcichi M., Noda Y. Electron microscopy of experimental lead encephalopathy — considerations on the development mechanism of brain lesions. Folia Psychiatr. Neurol. Jpn. 1974; 28(3)217
  • Teisinger J. Biochemical responses to provocative chelation by edetate disodium calcium. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 280
  • Teisinger J., Xintaras C., Pfitzer E. Prague International Lead Panel: effects of atmospheric lead on biological systems. Science 1973; 179: 197
  • Tepper L. G., Levin L. S. A Survey of Air and Population Lead Levels in Selected American Communities. Department of Environmental Health, College of Medicine, University of Cincinnati, December 1972; 73
  • Ter Haar G., Aronow R. New information on lead in dirt and dust as related to the childhood lead problem. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 83
  • Thomas J. A., Thomas I. M. The pathogenesis of lead encephalopathy. Ind. J. Med. Res. 1974; 62(1)36
  • Thompason J. A. Balance between intake and output of lead in normal individuals. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1971; 28: 189
  • Thurston D. L., Middlekamp J. N., Mason E. Late effects of lead poisoning. J. Pediatr. 1955; 47: 413
  • Timofeev N. N., Spivak L. I., Deinichenko I. M. Disorders of the higher nervous function in tetraethyl-lead poisoning. Zh. Nevropatol. Psikhiatr. im S. S. Korsakova 1955; 55: 781
  • Tipton I. H. The distribution of trace metals in the human body. Metal-Binding in Medicine, Proc. Symp. Hahnemann Medical College Hospital, M. J. Seven, L. A. Johnson. Lippin-cott, New York 1960
  • Tola S., Hernberg S., Asp S., Nikkanen J. Parameters indicative of absorption and biological effect in new lead exposure: prospective study. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1973; 30: 134
  • Tsuchiya K., Harashima S. Lead exposure and the derivation of maximum allowable concentrations and threshold limit values. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1965; 22: 181
  • Drugs and behavior, L. Uhr, J. G. Miller. John Wiley & Sons, New York 1962
  • Unseld D. W. Lesions of the optic nerve from lead. Med. Welt 1966; 9: 444
  • U.S. Department of Health, Education, and Welfare. Survey of Lead in the Atmosphere of Three Urban Communities. U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati 1965, Publication No. 999-AP-12, Division of Air Pollution
  • U.S. Public Health Service. Symposium on Environmental Lead Contamination. U.S. Public Health Service, Cincinnati 1966, Publication No. 1440
  • Valcie I., Manojlovic C. Results Obtained in Examination of a Group of Workers in the Chemical Industry in Regard to the Effects of Hearing. XVI Int. Congress on Occupational Health, Tokyo, September 22 to 27, 1969
  • Vigliani E. C., Zurlo N. Effects of BAL on metabolism of lead and symptomatology in lead intoxication. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1951; 8: 218
  • Vitale L. F., Joselow M. M., Wedeen R. P., Pawlow M. Blood lead — An inadequate measure of occupational exposure. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17: 155
  • Vostal J. J., Taves E., Sayre J. W., Charney E. Lead analysis of the house dust: a method for the detection of another source of lead exposure in inner city children. Environ. Health Perspect. 1974; 7: 91
  • Waldron H. A. Anaemia of lead poisoning: a review. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 83
  • Waldron H. A. Correlation between some paramters of lead absorption and lead intoxication. J. Ind. Med. 1971; 18: 195
  • Waldron H. A. The blood lead threshold. Arch. Environ. Health. 1974; 29: 271
  • Westerman M. P., Pfizzer E., Ellis L., Jensen W. N. Concentrations of lead in bone in plumbism. N. Engl. J. Med. 1965; 273: 1246
  • Evaluation of Certain Food Additives and the Contaminants Mercury, Lead and Cadmium. W. H. O. Tech. Rep. Ser. 1972; 505
  • Wiener G. Varying psychological sequelae of lead ingestion in children. Public Health Rep. 1970; 85: 19
  • Williams M. K. Justification for NIOSH recommended air standard. J. Occup. Med. 1975; 17(2)93
  • Williams M. K. Blood lead and haemoglobin in lead absorption. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1966; 23: 105
  • Williams M. K., King E., Walford J. An investigation of lead absorption in an electric accumulator factory with the use of personal samplers. Br. J. Ind. Med. 1969; 26: 202
  • Wilpizeski C. Effects of lead on the vestibular system: preliminary findings. Laryngoscope 1974; 84(5)821
  • Zalusky J. The design of the lead standard — focus of more attention on worker needs. Health Effects of Occupational Lead and Arsenic Exposure: A Symposium, B. W. Carnow. HEW. 1976; 192, Publication No. (NIOSH) 76—134
  • Zarkowsky H. Letter: chronic low-level lead exposure and mental retardation. Lancet 1975; 1: 1087
  • Zavon M. R. Problems in recognition of lead intoxication. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 262
  • Ziegfeld R. L. Importance and uses of lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1964; 8: 202
  • Zielhuis R. L. Interrelationship of biochemical responses to the absorption of inorganic lead. Arch. Environ. Health 1971; 23: 299

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.