2,337
Views
177
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Review Article

Striatocortical pathway dysfunction in addiction and obesity: differences and similarities

&
Pages 1-19 | Received 30 Jun 2012, Accepted 27 Sep 2012, Published online: 23 Nov 2012

References

  • Adcock RA, Thangavel A, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Knutson B, Gabrieli JD. 2006. Reward-motivated learning: mesolimbic activation precedes memory formation. Neuron 50:507–517.
  • Asensio S, Romero MJ, Romero FJ, Wong C, Alia-Klein N, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Telang F, Volkow ND, Goldstein RZ. 2010. Striatal dopamine D2 receptor availability predicts the thalamic and medial prefrontal responses to reward in cocaine abusers three years later. Synapse 64:397–402.
  • Atkinson TJ. 2008. Central and peripheral neuroendocrine peptides and signalling in appetite regulation: considerations for obesity pharmacotherapy. Obes Rev 9:108–120.
  • Avena NM, Rada P, Hoebel BG. 2008. Evidence for sugar addiction: behavioral and neurochemical effects of intermittent, excessive sugar intake. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 32:20–39.
  • Batterham RL, ffytche DH, Rosenthal JM, Zelaya FO, Barker GJ, Withers DJ, Williams SC. 2007. PYY modulation of cortical and hypothalamic brain areas predicts feeding behaviour in humans. Nature 450:106–109.
  • Belin D, Everitt BJ. 2008. Cocaine seeking habits depend upon dopamine-dependent serial connectivity linking the ventral with the dorsal striatum. Neuron 57:432–441.
  • Biswal BB, Mennes M, Zuo XN, Gohel S, Kelly C, Smith SM, Beckmann CF, Adelstein JS, Buckner RL, Colcombe S, Dogonowski AM, Ernst M, Fair D, Hampson M, Hoptman MJ, Hyde JS, Kiviniemi VJ, Kötter R, Li SJ, Lin CP, Lowe MJ, Mackay C, Madden DJ, Madsen KH, Margulies DS, Mayberg HS, McMahon K, Monk CS, Mostofsky SH, Nagel BJ, Pekar JJ, Peltier SJ, Petersen SE, Riedl V, Rombouts SA, Rypma B, Schlaggar BL, Schmidt S, Seidler RD, Siegle GJ, Sorg C, Teng GJ, Veijola J, Villringer A, Walter M, Wang L, Weng XC, Whitfield-Gabrieli S, Williamson P, Windischberger C, Zang YF, Zhang HY, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. 2010. Toward discovery science of human brain function. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:4734–4739.
  • Boileau I, Assaad JM, Pihl RO, Benkelfat C, Leyton M, Diksic M, Tremblay RE, Dagher A. 2003. Alcohol promotes dopamine release in the human nucleus accumbens. Synapse 49:226–231.
  • Bolla KI, Eldreth DA, London ED, Kiehl KA, Mouratidis M, Contoreggi C, Matochik JA, Kurian V, Cadet JL, Kimes AS, Funderburk FR, Ernst M. 2003. Orbitofrontal cortex dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers performing a decision-making task. Neuroimage 19:1085–1094.
  • Bolla K, Ernst M, Kiehl K, Mouratidis M, Eldreth D, Contoreggi C, Matochik J, Kurian V, Cadet J, Kimes A, Funderburk F, London E. 2004. Prefrontal cortical dysfunction in abstinent cocaine abusers. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 16:456–464.
  • Bossong MG, van Berckel BN, Boellaard R, Zuurman L, Schuit RC, Windhorst AD, van Gerven JM, Ramsey NF, Lammertsma AA, Kahn RS. 2009. Delta 9-tetrahydrocannabinol induces dopamine release in the human striatum. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:759–766.
  • Braskie MN, Landau SM, Wilcox CE, Taylor SD, O’Neil JP, Baker SL, Madison CM, Jagust WJ. 2011. Correlations of striatal dopamine synthesis with default network deactivations during working memory in younger adults. Hum Brain Mapp 32:947–961.
  • Brody AL, Mandelkern MA, Olmstead RE, Allen-Martinez Z, Scheibal D, Abrams AL, Costello MR, Farahi J, Saxena S, Monterosso J, London ED. 2009. Ventral striatal dopamine release in response to smoking a regular vs a denicotinized cigarette. Neuropsychopharmacology 34:282–289.
  • Cannon CM, Abdallah L, Tecott LH, During MJ, Palmiter RD. 2004. Dysregulation of striatal dopamine signaling by amphetamine inhibits feeding by hungry mice. Neuron 44:509–520.
  • Cason AM, Smith RJ, Tahsili-Fahadan P, Moorman DE, Sartor GC, Aston-Jones G. 2010. Role of orexin/hypocretin in reward-seeking and addiction: implications for obesity. Physiol Behav 100:419–428.
  • Chang L, Yakupov R, Cloak C, Ernst T. 2006. Marijuana use is associated with a reorganized visual-attention network and cerebellar hypoactivation. Brain 129:1096–1112.
  • Connolly CG, Foxe JJ, Nierenberg J, Shpaner M, Garavan H. 2012. The neurobiology of cognitive control in successful cocaine abstinence. Drug Alcohol Depend 121:45–53.
  • Cota D, Tschöp MH, Horvath TL, Levine AS. 2006. Cannabinoids, opioids and eating behavior: the molecular face of hedonism? Brain Res Rev 51:85–107.
  • de Araujo IE, Oliveira-Maia AJ, Sotnikova TD, Gainetdinov RR, Caron MG, Nicolelis MA, Simon SA. 2008. Food reward in the absence of taste receptor signaling. Neuron 57:930–941.
  • Di Chiara G, Imperato A. 1988. Drugs abused by humans preferentially increase synaptic dopamine concentrations in the mesolimbic system of freely moving rats. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 85:5274–5278.
  • Di Martino A, Scheres A, Margulies DS, Kelly AM, Uddin LQ, Shehzad Z, Biswal B, Walters JR, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. 2008. Functional connectivity of human striatum: a resting state FMRI study. Cereb Cortex 18:2735–2747.
  • Dimitropoulos A, Tkach J, Ho A, Kennedy J. 2012. Greater corticolimbic activation to high-calorie food cues after eating in obese vs. normal-weight adults. Appetite 58:303–312.
  • Drevets WC, Gautier C, Price JC, Kupfer DJ, Kinahan PE, Grace AA, Price JL, Mathis CA. 2001. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release in human ventral striatum correlates with euphoria. Biol Psychiatry 49:81–96.
  • Dunn JP, Kessler RM, Feurer ID, Volkow ND, Patterson BW, Ansari MS, Li R, Marks-Shulman P, Abumrad NN. 2012. Relationship of dopamine type 2 receptor binding potential with fasting neuroendocrine hormones and insulin sensitivity in human obesity. Diabetes Care 35:1105–1111.
  • Ersche KD, Jones PS, Williams GB, Turton AJ, Robbins TW, Bullmore ET. 2012. Abnormal brain structure implicated in stimulant drug addiction. Science 335:601–604.
  • Everitt BJ, Belin D, Economidou D, Pelloux Y, Dalley JW, Robbins TW. 2008. Review. Neural mechanisms underlying the vulnerability to develop compulsive drug-seeking habits and addiction. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci 363:3125–3135.
  • Ferry AT, Ongür D, An X, Price JL. 2000. Prefrontal cortical projections to the striatum in macaque monkeys: evidence for an organization related to prefrontal networks. J Comp Neurol 425:447–470.
  • Filbey FM, Claus E, Audette AR, Niculescu M, Banich MT, Tanabe J, Du YP, Hutchison KE. 2008. Exposure to the taste of alcohol elicits activation of the mesocorticolimbic neurocircuitry. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1391–1401.
  • Filbey FM, Schacht JP, Myers US, Chavez RS, Hutchison KE. 2009. Marijuana craving in the brain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:13016–13021.
  • Fox MD, Snyder AZ, Vincent JL, Corbetta M, Van Essen DC, Raichle ME. 2005. The human brain is intrinsically organized into dynamic, anticorrelated functional networks. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 102:9673–9678.
  • Frank GK, Bailer UF, Henry SE, Drevets W, Meltzer CC, Price JC, Mathis CA, Wagner A, Hoge J, Ziolko S, Barbarich-Marsteller N, Weissfeld L, Kaye WH. 2005. Increased dopamine D2/D3 receptor binding after recovery from anorexia nervosa measured by positron emission tomography and [11c]raclopride. Biol Psychiatry 58:908–912.
  • Freund G, Ballinger WE Jr. 1989. Neuroreceptor changes in the putamen of alcohol abusers. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 13:213–218.
  • García-García I, Jurado MA, Garolera M, Segura B, Sala-Llonch R, Marqués-Iturria I, Pueyo R, Sender-Palacios MJ, Vernet-Vernet M, Narberhaus A, Ariza M, Junqué C. 2012. Alterations of the salience network in obesity: A resting-state fMRI study. Hum Brain Mapp. DOI: 10.1002/hbm.22104.
  • George MS, Anton RF, Bloomer C, Teneback C, Drobes DJ, Lorberbaum JP, Nahas Z, Vincent DJ. 2001. Activation of prefrontal cortex and anterior thalamus in alcoholic subjects on exposure to alcohol-specific cues. Arch Gen Psychiatry 58:345–352.
  • Ghitza UE, Preston KL, Epstein DH, Kuwabara H, Endres CJ, Bencherif B, Boyd SJ, Copersino ML, Frost JJ, Gorelick DA. 2010. Brain mu-opioid receptor binding predicts treatment outcome in cocaine-abusing outpatients. Biol Psychiatry 68:697–703.
  • Gilman JM, Ramchandani VA, Crouss T, Hommer DW. 2012. Subjective and neural responses to intravenous alcohol in young adults with light and heavy drinking patterns. Neuropsychopharmacology 37:467–477.
  • Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. 2002. Drug addiction and its underlying neurobiological basis: neuroimaging evidence for the involvement of the frontal cortex. Am J Psychiatry 159:1642–1652.
  • Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Tomasi D, Zhang L, Cottone LA, Maloney T, Telang F, Caparelli EC, Chang L, Ernst T, Samaras D, Squires NK, Volkow ND. 2007a. Is decreased prefrontal cortical sensitivity to monetary reward associated with impaired motivation and self-control in cocaine addiction? Am J Psychiatry 164:43–51.
  • Goldstein RZ, Tomasi D, Rajaram S, Cottone LA, Zhang L, Maloney T, Telang F, Alia-Klein N, Volkow ND. 2007b. Role of the anterior cingulate and medial orbitofrontal cortex in processing drug cues in cocaine addiction. Neuroscience 144:1153–1159.
  • Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Tomasi D, Carrillo JH, Maloney T, Woicik PA, Wang R, Telang F, Volkow ND. 2009a. Anterior cingulate cortex hypoactivations to an emotionally salient task in cocaine addiction. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:9453–9458.
  • Goldstein RZ, Tomasi D, Alia-Klein N, Honorio Carrillo J, Maloney T, Woicik PA, Wang R, Telang F, Volkow ND. 2009b. Dopaminergic response to drug words in cocaine addiction. J Neurosci 29:6001–6006.
  • Goldstein RZ, Woicik PA, Maloney T, Tomasi D, Alia-Klein N, Shan J, Honorio J, Samaras D, Wang R, Telang F, Wang GJ, Volkow ND. 2010. Oral methylphenidate normalizes cingulate activity in cocaine addiction during a salient cognitive task. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:16667–16672.
  • Goldstein RZ, Volkow ND. 2011. Dysfunction of the prefrontal cortex in addiction: neuroimaging findings and clinical implications. Nat Rev Neurosci 12:652–669.
  • Gorelick DA, Kim YK, Bencherif B, Boyd SJ, Nelson R, Copersino M, Endres CJ, Dannals RF, Frost JJ. 2005. Imaging brain mu-opioid receptors in abstinent cocaine users: time course and relation to cocaine craving. Biol Psychiatry 57:1573–1582.
  • Grace AA. 2000. The tonic/phasic model of dopamine system regulation and its implications for understanding alcohol and psychostimulant craving. Addiction 95 Suppl 2:S119–S128.
  • Grüsser SM, Wrase J, Klein S, Hermann D, Smolka MN, Ruf M, Weber-Fahr W, Flor H, Mann K, Braus DF, Heinz A. 2004. Cue-induced activation of the striatum and medial prefrontal cortex is associated with subsequent relapse in abstinent alcoholics. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 175:296–302.
  • Gu H, Salmeron BJ, Ross TJ, Geng X, Zhan W, Stein EA, Yang Y. 2010. Mesocorticolimbic circuits are impaired in chronic cocaine users as demonstrated by resting-state functional connectivity. Neuroimage 53:593–601.
  • Guan XM, Yu H, Palyha OC, McKee KK, Feighner SD, Sirinathsinghji DJ, Smith RG, Van der Ploeg LH, Howard AD. 1997. Distribution of mRNA encoding the growth hormone secretagogue receptor in brain and peripheral tissues. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 48:23–29.
  • Gundersen H, Grüner R, Specht K, Hugdahl K. 2008. The effects of alcohol intoxication on neuronal activation at different levels of cognitive load. Open Neuroimag J 2:65–72.
  • Haase L, Cerf-Ducastel B, Murphy C. 2009. Cortical activation in response to pure taste stimuli during the physiological states of hunger and satiety. Neuroimage 44:1008–1021.
  • Haase L, Green E, Murphy C. 2011. Males and females show differential brain activation to taste when hungry and sated in gustatory and reward areas. Appetite 57:421–434.
  • Haber SN, Fudge JL, McFarland NR. 2000. Striatonigrostriatal pathways in primates form an ascending spiral from the shell to the dorsolateral striatum. J Neurosci 20:2369–2382.
  • Haber SN. 2003. The primate basal ganglia: parallel and integrative networks. J Neuroanat 26:317–330.
  • Haber SN, Kim KS, Mailly P, Calzavara R. 2006. Reward-related cortical inputs define a large striatal region in primates that interface with associative cortical connections, providing a substrate for incentive-based learning. J Neurosci 26:8368–8376.
  • Hanlon CA, Wesley MJ, Stapleton JR, Laurienti PJ, Porrino LJ. 2011. The association between frontal-striatal connectivity and sensorimotor control in cocaine users. Drug Alcohol Depend 115:240–243.
  • Heitzeg MM, Nigg JT, Yau WY, Zubieta JK, Zucker RA. 2008. Affective circuitry and risk for alcoholism in late adolescence: differences in frontostriatal responses between vulnerable and resilient children of alcoholic parents. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 32:414–426.
  • Heitzeg MM, Nigg JT, Yau WY, Zucker RA, Zubieta JK. 2010. Striatal dysfunction marks preexisting risk and medial prefrontal dysfunction is related to problem drinking in children of alcoholics. Biol Psychiatry 68:287–295.
  • Hester R, Garavan H. 2004. Executive dysfunction in cocaine addiction: evidence discordant frontal, cingulate, and cerebellar activity. J Neurosci 24:11017–11022.
  • Hester R, Garavan H. 2009. Neural mechanisms underlying drug-related cue distraction in active cocaine users. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 93:270–277.
  • Hoffman WF, Schwartz DL, Huckans MS, McFarland BH, Meiri G, Stevens AA, Mitchell SH. 2008. Cortical activation during delay discounting in abstinent methamphetamine dependent individuals. Psychopharmacology 201:183–193.
  • Ikemoto S. 2010. Brain reward circuitry beyond the mesolimbic dopamine system: a neurobiological theory. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 35:129–150.
  • Ilinsky IA, Jouandet ML, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1985. Organization of the nigrothalamocortical system in the rhesus monkey. J Comp Neurol 236:315–330.
  • Johnson PM, Kenny PJ. 2010. Dopamine D2 receptors in addiction-like reward dysfunction and compulsive eating in obese rats. Nat Neurosci 13:635–641.
  • Kalivas PW. 2004. Glutamate systems in cocaine addiction. Curr Opin Pharmacol 4:23–29.
  • Kalivas PW. 2009. The glutamate homeostasis hypothesis of addiction. Nat Rev Neurosci 10:561–572.
  • Kelly RM, Strick PL. 2004. Macro-architecture of basal ganglia loops with the cerebral cortex: use of rabies virus to reveal multisynaptic circuits. Prog Brain Res 143:449–459.
  • Kelly C, Zuo XN, Gotimer K, Cox CL, Lynch L, Brock D, Imperati D, Garavan H, Rotrosen J, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. 2011. Reduced interhemispheric resting state functional connectivity in cocaine addiction. Biol Psychiatry 69:684–692.
  • King GR, Ernst T, Deng W, Stenger A, Gonzales RM, Nakama H, Chang L. 2011. Altered brain activation during visuomotor integration in chronic active cannabis users: relationship to cortisol levels. J Neurosci 31:17923–17931.
  • Koob GF. 1992. Neural mechanisms of drug reinforcement. Ann N Y Acad Sci 654:171–191.
  • Koob GF, Le Moal M. 2008. Addiction and the brain antireward system. Annu Rev Psychol 59:29–53.
  • Kullmann S, Heni M, Veit R, Ketterer C, Schick F, Häring HU, Fritsche A, Preissl H. 2012. The obese brain: association of body mass index and insulin sensitivity with resting state network functional connectivity. Hum Brain Mapp 33:1052–1061.
  • Künzle H. 1975. Bilateral projections from precentral motor cortex to the putamen and other parts of the basal ganglia. An autoradiographic study in Macaca fascicularis. Brain Res 88:195–209.
  • Künzle H. 1977. Projections from the primary somatosensory cortex to basal ganglia and thalamus in the monkey. Exp Brain Res 30:481–492.
  • Künzle H, Akert K. 1977. Efferent connections of cortical, area 8 (frontal eye field) in Macaca fascicularis. A reinvestigation using the autoradiographic technique. J Comp Neurol 173:147–164.
  • Lee B, London ED, Poldrack RA, Farahi J, Nacca A, Monterosso JR, Mumford JA, Bokarius AV, Dahlbom M, Mukherjee J, Bilder RM, Brody AL, Mandelkern MA. 2009. Striatal dopamine d2/d3 receptor availability is reduced in methamphetamine dependence and is linked to impulsivity. J Neurosci 29:14734–14740.
  • Leland DS, Arce E, Miller DA, Paulus MP. 2008. Anterior cingulate cortex and benefit of predictive cueing on response inhibition in stimulant dependent individuals. Biol Psychiatry 63:184–190.
  • Lenoir M, Serre F, Cantin L, Ahmed SH. 2007. Intense sweetness surpasses cocaine reward. PLoS ONE 2:e698.
  • Li CS, Huang C, Yan P, Bhagwagar Z, Milivojevic V, Sinha R. 2008. Neural correlates of impulse control during stop signal inhibition in cocaine-dependent men. Neuropsychopharmacology 33:1798–1806.
  • Li CS, Morgan PT, Matuskey D, Abdelghany O, Luo X, Chang JL, Rounsaville BJ, Ding YS, Malison RT. 2010. Biological markers of the effects of intravenous methylphenidate on improving inhibitory control in cocaine-dependent patients. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:14455–14459.
  • Liu J, Liang J, Qin W, Tian J, Yuan K, Bai L, Zhang Y, Wang W, Wang Y, Li Q, Zhao L, Lu L, von Deneen KM, Liu Y, Gold MS. 2009. Dysfunctional connectivity patterns in chronic heroin users: an fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 460:72–77.
  • Lock J, Garrett A, Beenhakker J, Reiss AL. 2011. Aberrant brain activation during a response inhibition task in adolescent eating disorder subtypes. Am J Psychiatry 168:55–64.
  • Lüscher C, Malenka RC. 2011. Drug-evoked synaptic plasticity in addiction: from molecular changes to circuit remodeling. Neuron 69:650–663.
  • Ma N, Liu Y, Li N, Wang C, Zhang H, Jiang X, Xu H, Fu X, Hu X, Zhang D. 2010. Addiction related alteration in resting-state brain connectivity. Neuroimage 1:738–744.
  • Ma N, Liu Y, Fu XM, Li N, Wang CX, Zhang H, Qian RB, Xu HS, Hu X, Zhang DR. 2011. Abnormal brain default-mode network functional connectivity in drug addicts. PLoS ONE 6:e16560.
  • Margulies DS, Kelly AM, Uddin LQ, Biswal BB, Castellanos FX, Milham MP. 2007. Mapping the functional connectivity of anterior cingulate cortex. Neuroimage 37:579–588.
  • Martinez D, Gil R, Slifstein M, Hwang D, Huang Y, Perez A, Kegeles L, Talbot P, Evans S, Krystal J, Laruelle M, Abi-Dargham A. 2005. Alcohol dependence is associated with blunted dopamine transmission in the ventral striatum. Biol Psychiatry 58:779–786.
  • Martinez D, Narendran R, Foltin R, Slifstein M, Hwang D, Broft A, Huang Y, Cooper T, Fischman M, Kleber H, Laruelle M. 2007. Amphetamine-induced dopamine release: markedly blunted in cocaine dependence and predictive of the choice to self-administer cocaine. Am J Psychiatry 164:622–629.
  • Martinez D, Greene K, Broft A, Kumar D, Liu F, Narendran R, Slifstein M, Van Heertum R, Kleber H. 2009. Lower level of endogenous dopamine in patients with cocaine dependence: findings from PET imaging of D(2)/D(3) receptors following acute dopamine depletion. Am J Psychiatry 166:1170–1177.
  • Martinez D, Saccone P, Liu F, Slifstein M, Orlowska D, Grassetti A, Cook S, Broft A, Van, Heertum R, Comer S. 2012. Deficits in dopamine D(2) receptors and presynaptic dopamine in heroin dependence: commonalities and differences with other types of addiction. Biol Psychiatry 71:192–198.
  • Middleton FA, Strick PL. 2002. Basal-ganglia ‘projections’ to the prefrontal cortex of the primate. Cereb Cortex 12:926–935.
  • Minzenberg MJ, Yoon JH, Carter CS. 2011. Modafinil modulation of the default mode network. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 215:23–31.
  • Moeller FG, Steinberg JL, Schmitz JM, Ma L, Liu S, Kjome KL, Rathnayaka N, Kramer LA, Narayana PA. 2010. Working memory fMRI activation in cocaine-dependent subjects: association with treatment response. Psychiatry Res 181:174–182.
  • Monterosso JR, Ainslie G, Xu J, Cordova X, Domier CP, London ED. 2007. Frontoparietal cortical activity of methamphetamine-dependent and comparison subjects performing a delay discounting task. Hum Brain Mapp 28:383–393.
  • Norgren R, Hajnal A, Mungarndee SS. 2006. Gustatory reward and the nucleus accumbens. Physiol Behav 89:531–535.
  • Nummenmaa L, Hirvonen J, Hannukainen JC, Immonen H, Lindroos MM, Salminen P, Nuutila P. 2012. Dorsal striatum and its limbic connectivity mediate abnormal anticipatory reward processing in obesity. PLoS ONE 7:e31089.
  • Ogawa S, Lee TM, Kay AR, Tank DW. 1990. Brain magnetic resonance imaging with contrast dependent on blood oxygenation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 87:9868–9872.
  • Padula CB, Schweinsburg AD, Tapert SF. 2007. Spatial working memory performance and fMRI activation interaction in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychol Addict Behav 21:478–487.
  • Paulus MP, Hozack NE, Zauscher BE, Frank L, Brown GG, Braff DL, Schuckit MA. 2002. Behavioral and functional neuroimaging evidence for prefrontal dysfunction in methamphetamine-dependent subjects. Neuropsychopharmacology 26:53–63.
  • Paulus MP, Hozack N, Frank L, Brown GG, Schuckit MA. 2003. Decision making by methamphetamine-dependent subjects is associated with error-rate-independent decrease in prefrontal and parietal activation. Biol Psychiatry 53:65–74.
  • Paulus MP, Tapert SF, Schuckit MA. 2005. Neural activation patterns of methamphetamine-dependent subjects during decision making predict relapse. Arch Gen Psychiatry 62:761–768.
  • Paulus MP, Lovero KL, Wittmann M, Leland DS. 2008. Reduced behavioral and neural activation in stimulant users to different error rates during decision making. Biol Psychiatry 63:1054–1060.
  • Phan KL, Wager T, Taylor SF, Liberzon I. 2002. Functional neuroanatomy of emotion: a meta-analysis of emotion activation studies in PET and fMRI. Neuroimage 16:331–348.
  • Postuma RB, Dagher A. 2006. Basal ganglia functional connectivity based on a meta-analysis of 126 positron emission tomography and functional magnetic resonance imaging publications. Cereb Cortex 16:1508–1521.
  • Powell EW, Leman RB. 1976. Connections of the nucleus accumbens. Brain Res 105:389–403.
  • Roberts GM, Garavan H. 2010. Evidence of increased activation underlying cognitive control in ecstasy and cannabis users. Neuroimage 52:429–435.
  • Rolls ET. 2000. The orbitofrontal cortex and reward. Cereb Cortex 10:284–294.
  • Rothemund Y, Preuschhof C, Bohner G, Bauknecht HC, Klingebiel R, Flor H, Klapp BF. 2007. Differential activation of the dorsal striatum by high-calorie visual food stimuli in obese individuals. Neuroimage 37:410–421.
  • Rzepecki-Smith CI, Meda SA, Calhoun VD, Stevens MC, Jafri MJ, Astur RS, Pearlson GD. 2010. Disruptions in functional network connectivity during alcohol intoxicated driving. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34:479–487.
  • Salo R, Ursu S, Buonocore MH, Leamon MH, Carter C. 2009. Impaired prefrontal cortical function and disrupted adaptive cognitive control in methamphetamine abusers: a functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Biol Psychiatry 65:706–709.
  • Schienle A, Schäfer A, Hermann A, Vaitl D. 2009. Binge-eating disorder: reward sensitivity and brain activation to images of food. Biol Psychiatry 65:654–661.
  • Selemon LD, Goldman-Rakic PS. 1985. Longitudinal topography and interdigitation of corticostriatal projections in the rhesus monkey. J Neurosci 5:776–794.
  • Silveri MM, Rogowska J, McCaffrey A, Yurgelun-Todd DA. 2011. Adolescents at risk for alcohol abuse demonstrate altered frontal lobe activation during Stroop performance. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 35:218–228.
  • Sotak BN, Hnasko TS, Robinson S, Kremer EJ, Palmiter RD. 2005. Dysregulation of dopamine signaling in the dorsal striatum inhibits feeding. Brain Res 1061:88–96.
  • Stice E, Spoor S, Bohon C, Small DM. 2008. Relation between obesity and blunted striatal response to food is moderated by TaqIA A1 allele. Science 322:449–452.
  • Stice E, Yokum S, Burger KS, Epstein LH, Small DM. 2011. Youth at risk for obesity show greater activation of striatal and somatosensory regions to food. J Neurosci 31:4360–4366.
  • Stoeckel LE, Weller RE, Cook EW 3rd, Twieg DB, Knowlton RC, Cox JE. 2008. Widespread reward-system activation in obese women in response to pictures of high-calorie foods. Neuroimage 41:636–647.
  • Stokes PR, Egerton A, Watson B, Reid A, Lappin J, Howes OD, Nutt DJ, Lingford-Hughes AR. 2012. History of cannabis use is not associated with alterations in striatal dopamine D2/D3 receptor availability. J Psychopharmacol (Oxford) 26:144–149.
  • Tapert SF, Schweinsburg AD, Drummond SP, Paulus MP, Brown SA, Yang TT, Frank LR. 2007. Functional MRI of inhibitory processing in abstinent adolescent marijuana users. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 194:173–183.
  • Tomasi D, Ernst T, Caparelli EC, Chang L. 2006. Common deactivation patterns during working memory and visual attention tasks: an intra-subject fMRI study at 4 Tesla. Hum Brain Mapp 27:694–705.
  • Tomasi D, Goldstein RZ, Telang F, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, Caparelli EC, Volkow ND. 2007a. Widespread disruption in brain activation patterns to a working memory task during cocaine abstinence. Brain Res 1171:83–92.
  • Tomasi D, Goldstein RZ, Telang F, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, Caparelli EC, Volkow ND. 2007b. Thalamo-cortical dysfunction in cocaine abusers: implications in attention and perception. Psychiatry Res 155:189–201.
  • Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Wang R, Telang F, Wang GJ, Chang L, Ernst T, Fowler JS. 2009a. Dopamine transporters in striatum correlate with deactivation in the default mode network during visuospatial attention. PLoS ONE 4:e6102.
  • Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Wang R, Backus W, Geliebter A, Telang F, Jayne MC, Wong C, Fowler JS, Volkow ND. 2009b. Association of body mass and brain activation during gastric distention: implications for obesity. PLoS ONE 4:e6847.
  • Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Wang R, Carrillo JH, Maloney T, Alia-Klein N, Woicik PA, Telang F, Goldstein RZ. 2010. Disrupted functional connectivity with dopaminergic midbrain in cocaine abusers. PLoS ONE 5:e10815.
  • Tomasi D, Volkow ND. 2011. Association between functional connectivity hubs and brain networks. Cereb Cortex 21:2003–2013.
  • Tomasi D, Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Wang R, Telang F, Caparelli EC, Wong C, Jayne M, Fowler JS. 2011. Methylphenidate enhances brain activation and deactivation responses to visual attention and working memory tasks in healthy controls. Neuroimage 54:3101–3110.
  • Upadhyay J, Maleki N, Potter J, Elman I, Rudrauf D, Knudsen J, Wallin D, Pendse G, McDonald L, Griffin M, Anderson J, Nutile L, Renshaw P, Weiss R, Becerra L, Borsook D. 2010. Alterations in brain structure and functional connectivity in prescription opioid-dependent patients. Brain 133:2098–2114.
  • Urban NB, Slifstein M, Thompson JL, Xu X, Girgis RR, Raheja S, Haney M, Abi-Dargham A. 2012. Dopamine release in chronic cannabis users: a [11c]raclopride positron emission tomography study. Biol Psychiatry 71:677–683.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wolf AP, Schlyer D, Shiue CY, Alpert R, Dewey SL, Logan J, Bendriem B, Christman D, Hitzemann R, Henn F. 1990. Effects of chronic cocaine abuse on postsynaptic dopamine receptors. Am J Psychiatry 147:719–724.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Hitzemann R, Logan J, Schlyer DJ, Dewey SL, Wolf AP. 1993. Decreased dopamine D2 receptor availability is associated with reduced frontal metabolism in cocaine abusers. Synapse 14:169–177.
  • Volkow ND, Ding YS, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. 1996a. Cocaine addiction: hypothesis derived from imaging studies with PET. J Addict Dis 15:55–71.
  • Volkow ND, Gillespie H, Mullani N, Tancredi L, Grant C, Valentine A, Hollister L. 1996b. Brain glucose metabolism in chronic marijuana users at baseline and during marijuana intoxication. Psychiatry Res 67:29–38.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, MacGregor RR, Schlyer DJ, Hitzemann R, Wolf AP. 1996c. Measuring age-related changes in dopamine D2 receptors with 11C-raclopride and 18F-N-methylspiroperidol. Psychiatry Res 67:11–16.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Hitzemann R, Chen AD, Dewey SL, Pappas N. 1997a. Decreased striatal dopaminergic responsiveness in detoxified cocaine-dependent subjects. Nature 386:830–833.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fischman MW, Foltin RW, Fowler JS, Abumrad NN, Vitkun S, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Pappas N, Hitzemann R, Shea CE. 1997b. Relationship between subjective effects of cocaine and dopamine transporter occupancy. Nature 386:827–830.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Wong C, Hitzemann R, Pappas NR. 1999a. Reinforcing effects of psychostimulants in humans are associated with increases in brain dopamine and occupancy of D(2) receptors. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 291:409–415.
  • Volkow N, Chang L, Wang G, Fowler J, Francheschi D, Gatley J, Wong C, Hitzemann R, Pappas N. 1999b. In Society of Nuclear Medicine Meeting. Los Angeles, CA.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS. 2000. Addiction, a disease of compulsion and drive: involvement of the orbitofrontal cortex. Cereb Cortex 10:318–325.
  • Volkow N, Chang L, Wang G, Fowler J, Leonido-Yee M, Franceschi D, Sedler M, Gatley S, Hitzemann R, Ding Y, Logan J, Wong C, Miller E. 2001a. Association of dopamine transporter reduction with psychomotor impairment in methamphetamine abusers. Am J Psychiatry 158:377–382.
  • Volkow ND, Chang L, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Franceschi D, Sedler M, Gatley SJ, Miller E, Hitzemann R, Ding YS, Logan J. 2001b. Loss of dopamine transporters in methamphetamine abusers recovers with protracted abstinence. J Neurosci 21:9414–9418.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Logan J, Jayne M, Franceschi D, Wong C, Gatley SJ, Gifford AN, Ding YS, Pappas N. 2002a. “Nonhedonic” food motivation in humans involves dopamine in the dorsal striatum and methylphenidate amplifies this effect. Synapse 44:175–180.
  • Volkow N, Wang G, Maynard L, Fowler J, Jayne B, Telang F, Logan J, Ding Y, Gatley S, Hitzemann R, Wong C, Pappas N. 2002b. Effects of alcohol detoxification on dopamine D2 receptors in alcoholics: a preliminary study. Psychiatry Res 116:163–172.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ. 2003a. The addicted human brain: insights from imaging studies. J Clin Invest 111:1444–1451.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Maynard L, Jayne M, Fowler JS, Zhu W, Logan J, Gatley SJ, Ding YS, Wong C, Pappas N. 2003b. Brain dopamine is associated with eating behaviors in humans. Int J Eat Disord 33:136–142.
  • Volkow N, Li TK. 2005. The neuroscience of addiction. Nat Neurosci 8:1429–1430.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Ma Y, Fowler JS, Wong C, Ding YS, Hitzemann R, Swanson JM, Kalivas P. 2005. Activation of orbital and medial prefrontal cortex by methylphenidate in cocaine-addicted subjects but not in controls: relevance to addiction. J Neurosci 25:3932–3939.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Begleiter H, Porjesz B, Fowler JS, Telang F, Wong C, Ma Y, Logan J, Goldstein R, Alexoff D, Thanos PK. 2006. High levels of dopamine D2 receptors in unaffected members of alcoholic families: possible protective factors. Arch Gen Psychiatry 63:999–1008.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Logan J, Jayne M, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C. 2007. Profound decreases in dopamine release in striatum in detoxified alcoholics: possible orbitofrontal involvement. J Neurosci 27:12700–12706.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F. 2008a. Overlapping neuronal circuits in addiction and obesity: evidence of systems pathology. Philos Trans R Soc Lond, B, Biol Sci 363:3191–3200.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Telang F, Fowler JS, Thanos PK, Logan J, Alexoff D, Ding YS, Wong C, Ma Y, Pradhan K. 2008b. Low dopamine striatal D2 receptors are associated with prefrontal metabolism in obese subjects: possible contributing factors. Neuroimage 42:1537–1543.
  • Volkow ND, Fowler JS, Wang GJ, Telang F, Logan J, Jayne M, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Wong C, Swanson JM. 2010a. Cognitive control of drug craving inhibits brain reward regions in cocaine abusers. Neuroimage 49:2536–2543.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Tomasi D, Telang F, Fowler JS, Pradhan K, Jayne M, Logan J, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Wong C. 2010b. Methylphenidate attenuates limbic brain inhibition after cocaine-cues exposure in cocaine abusers. PLoS ONE 5:e11509.
  • Volkow ND, Tomasi D, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Telang F, Goldstein RZ, Alia-Klein N, Wong C. 2011a. Reduced metabolism in brain “control networks” following cocaine-cues exposure in female cocaine abusers. PLoS ONE 6:e16573.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Baler RD. 2011b. Reward, dopamine and the control of food intake: implications for obesity. Trends Cogn Sci (Regul Ed) 15:37–46.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D, Telang F. 2011c. Addiction: beyond dopamine reward circuitry. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 108:15037–15042.
  • Volkow ND, Baler RD. 2012. Neuroscience. To stop or not to stop? Science 335:546–548.
  • Volkow ND, Wang GJ, Fowler JS, Tomasi D. 2012a. Addiction circuitry in the human brain. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 52:321–336.
  • Volkow N, Wang G, Fowler J, Tomasi D, Baler R. 2012b. Food and drug reward: overlapping circuits in human obesity and addiction. Curr Top Behav Neurosci 11:1–24.
  • Vollstädt-Klein S, Hermann D, Rabinstein J, Wichert S, Klein O, Ende G, Mann K. 2010a. Increased activation of the ACC during a spatial working memory task in alcohol-dependence versus heavy social drinking. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 34:771–776.
  • Vollstädt-Klein S, Wichert S, Rabinstein J, Bühler M, Klein O, Ende G, Hermann D, Mann K. 2010b. Initial, habitual and compulsive alcohol use is characterized by a shift of cue processing from ventral to dorsal striatum. Addiction 105:1741–1749.
  • Wager TD, Jonides J, Reading S. 2004. Neuroimaging studies of shifting attention: a meta-analysis. Neuroimage 22:1679–1693.
  • Wallner-Liebmann S, Koschutnig K, Reishofer G, Sorantin E, Blaschitz B, Kruschitz R, Unterrainer HF, Gasser R, Freytag F, Bauer-Denk C, Schienle A, Schäfer A, Mangge H. 2010. Insulin and hippocampus activation in response to images of high-calorie food in normal weight and obese adolescents. Obesity (Silver Spring) 18:1552–1557.
  • Wanat MJ, Willuhn I, Clark JJ, Phillips PE. 2009. Phasic dopamine release in appetitive behaviors and drug addiction. Curr Drug Abuse Rev 2:195–213.
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Logan J, Pappas NR, Wong CT, Zhu W, Netusil N, Fowler JS. 2001. Brain dopamine and obesity. Lancet 357:354–357.
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Chang L, Miller E, Sedler M, Hitzemann R, Zhu W, Logan J, Ma Y, Fowler JS. 2004. Partial recovery of brain metabolism in methamphetamine abusers after protracted abstinence. Am J Psychiatry 161:242–248.
  • Wang GJ, Volkow ND, Telang F, Jayne M, Ma Y, Pradhan K, Zhu W, Wong CT, Thanos PK, Geliebter A, Biegon A, Fowler JS. 2009. Evidence of gender differences in the ability to inhibit brain activation elicited by food stimulation. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:1249–1254.
  • Wang GJ, Geliebter A, Volkow ND, Telang FW, Logan J, Jayne MC, Galanti K, Selig PA, Han H, Zhu W, Wong CT, Fowler JS. 2011a. Enhanced striatal dopamine release during food stimulation in binge eating disorder. Obesity (Silver Spring) 19:1601–1608.
  • Wang G, Smith L, Volkow N, Telang F, Logan J, Tomasi D, Wong C, Hoffman W, Jayne M, Alia-Klein N, Thanos P, Fowler J. 2011b. Decreased dopamine activity predicts relapse in methamphetamine abusers. Mol Psychiatry 17:918–925.
  • Wilcox CE, Teshiba TM, Merideth F, Ling J, Mayer AR. 2011. Enhanced cue reactivity and fronto-striatal functional connectivity in cocaine use disorders. Drug Alcohol Depend 115:137–144.
  • Wilczak N, De Bleser P, Luiten P, Geerts A, Teelken A, De Keyser J. 2000. Insulin-like growth factor II receptors in human brain and their absence in astrogliotic plaques in multiple sclerosis. Brain Res 863:282–288.
  • Williams LM, Adam CL, Mercer JG, Moar KM, Slater D, Hunter L, Findlay PA, Hoggard N. 1999. Leptin receptor and neuropeptide Y gene expression in the sheep brain. J Neuroendocrinol 11:165–169.
  • Wise RA. 2009. Roles for nigrostriatal–not just mesocorticolimbic–dopamine in reward and addiction. Trends Neurosci 32:517–524.
  • Wittmann BC, Schott BH, Guderian S, Frey JU, Heinze HJ, Düzel E. 2005. Reward-related FMRI activation of dopaminergic midbrain is associated with enhanced hippocampus-dependent long-term memory formation. Neuron 45:459–467.
  • Wrase J, Schlagenhauf F, Kienast T, Wüstenberg T, Bermpohl F, Kahnt T, Beck A, Ströhle A, Juckel G, Knutson B, Heinz A. 2007. Dysfunction of reward processing correlates with alcohol craving in detoxified alcoholics. Neuroimage 35:787–794.
  • Yeterian EH, Van Hoesen GW. 1978. Cortico-striate projections in the rhesus monkey: the organization of certain cortico-caudate connections. Brain Res 139:43–63.
  • Yoon HW, Chung JY, Oh JH, Min HK, Kim DJ, Cheon Y, Joe KH, Kim YB, Cho ZH. 2009. Differential activation of face memory encoding tasks in alcohol-dependent patients compared to healthy subjects: an fMRI study. Neurosci Lett 450:311–316.
  • Zweifel LS, Parker JG, Lobb CJ, Rainwater A, Wall VZ, Fadok JP, Darvas M, Kim MJ, Mizumori SJ, Paladini CA, Phillips PE, Palmiter RD. 2009. Disruption of NMDAR-dependent burst firing by dopamine neurons provides selective assessment of phasic dopamine-dependent behavior. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 106:7281–7288.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.