Molecular mechanisms of ETS transcription factor-mediated tumorigenesis

References

• Abaan OD, Levenson A, Khan O, et al. (2005). PTPL1 is a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1 and modulates Ewing's Sarcoma tumorigenesis. Oncogene 24:2715–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Agarkar VB, Babayeva ND, Wilder PJ, et al. (2010). Crystal structure of mouse Elf3 C-terminal DNA-binding domain in complex with type II TGF-beta receptor promoter DNA. J Mol Biol 397:278–89
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Albino D, Longoni N, Curti L, et al. (2012). ESE3/EHF controls epithelial cell differentiation and its loss leads to prostate tumors with mesenchymal and stem-like features. Cancer Res 72:2889–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alipov G, Nakayama T, Ito M, et al. (2005). Overexpression of Ets-1 proto-oncogene in latent and clinical prostatic carcinomas. Histopathology 46:202–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alvarez-Erviti L, Seow Y, Yin H, et al. (2011). Delivery of siRNA to the mouse brain by systemic injection of targeted exosomes. Nat Biotechnol 29:341–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderson JL, Denny CT, Tap WD, Federman N. (2012). Pediatric sarcomas: translating molecular pathogenesis of disease to novel therapeutic possibilities. Pediatr Res 72:112–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aryee DN, Niedan S, Kauer M, et al. (2010). Hypoxia modulates EWS-FLI1 transcriptional signature and enhances the malignant properties of Ewing's sarcoma cells in vitro. Cancer Res 70:4015–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Augustijn KD, Duval DL, Wechselberger R, et al. (2002). Structural characterization of the PIT-1/ETS-1 interaction: PIT-1 phosphorylation regulates PIT-1/ETS-1 binding. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 99:12657–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baert JL, Beaudoin C, Coutte L, De launoit Y. (2002). ERM transactivation is up-regulated by the repression of DNA binding after the PKA phosphorylation of a consensus site at the edge of the ETS domain. J Biol Chem 277:1002–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baker KM, Wei G, Schaffner AE, Ostrowski MC. (2003). Ets-2 and components of mammalian SWI/SNF form a repressor complex that negatively regulates the BRCA1 promoter. J Biol Chem 278:17876–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baldus CD, Liyanarachchi S, Mrozek K, et al. (2004). Acute myeloid leukemia with complex karyotypes and abnormal chromosome 21: amplification discloses overexpression of APP, ETS2, and ERG genes. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:3915–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ban J, Jug G, Mestdagh P, et al. (2011). Hsa-mir-145 is the top EWS-FLI1-repressed microRNA involved in a positive feedback loop in Ewing's sarcoma. Oncogene 30:2173–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barski A, Zhao K. (2009). Genomic location analysis by ChIP-Seq. J Cell Biochem 107:11–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartfeld D, Shimon L, Couture GC, et al. (2002). DNA recognition by the RUNX1 transcription factor is mediated by an allosteric transition in the RUNT domain and by DNA bending. Structure 10:1395–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bassuk AG, Anandappa RT, Leiden JM. (1997). Physical interactions between Ets and NF-kappaB/NFAT proteins play an important role in their cooperative activation of the human immunodeficiency virus enhancer in T cells. J Virol 71:3563–73
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beauchamp E, Bulut G, Abaan O, et al. (2009). GLI1 is a direct transcriptional target of EWS-FLI1 oncoprotein. J Biol Chem 284:9074–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrens P, Mathiak M, Mangold E, et al. (2003). Stromal expression of invasion-promoting, matrix-degrading proteases MMP-1 and -9 and the Ets 1 transcription factor in HNPCC carcinomas and sporadic colorectal cancers. Int J Cancer 107:183–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrens P, Rothe M, Wellmann A, et al. (2001). The Ets-1 transcription factor is up-regulated together with MMP 1 and MMP 9 in the stroma of pre-invasive breast cancer. J Pathol 194:43–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benz CC, O'Hagan RC, Richter B, et al. (1997). HER2/Neu and the Ets transcription activator PEA3 are coordinately upregulated in human breast cancer. Oncogene 15:1513–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieche I, Tozlu S, Girault I, et al. (2004). Expression of PEA3/E1AF/ETV4, an Ets-related transcription factor, in breast tumors: positive links to MMP2, NRG1 and CGB expression. Carcinogenesis 25:405–11
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosc DG, Goueli BS, Janknecht R. (2001). HER2/Neu-mediated activation of the ETS transcription factor ER81 and its target gene MMP-1. Oncogene 20:6215–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bosselut R, Levin J, Adjadj E, Ghysdael J. (1993). A single amino-acid substitution in the Ets domain alters core DNA binding specificity of Ets1 to that of the related transcription factors Elf1 and E74. Nucleic Acids Res 21:5184–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brass AL, Kehrli E, Eisenbeis CF, et al. (1996). Pip, a lymphoid-restricted IRF, contains a regulatory domain that is important for autoinhibition and ternary complex formation with the Ets factor PU.1. Genes Dev 10:2335–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buijs A, Van Rompaey L, Molijn AC, et al. (2000). The MN1-TEL fusion protein, encoded by the translocation (12;22)(p13;q11) in myeloid leukemia, is a transcription factor with transforming activity. Mol Cell Biol 20:9281–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burda P, Curik N, Kokavec J, et al. (2009). PU.1 activation relieves GATA-1-mediated repression of Cebpa and Cbfb during leukemia differentiation. Mol Cancer Res 7:1693–703
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cangemi R, Mensah A, Albertini V, et al. (2008). Reduced expression and tumor suppressor function of the ETS transcription factor ESE-3 in prostate cancer. Oncogene 27:2877–85
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chae H, Kim M, Lim J, et al. (2010). B lymphoblastic leukemia with ETV6 amplification. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 203:284–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chakrabarti SR, Nucifora G. (1999). The leukemia-associated gene TEL encodes a transcription repressor which associates with SMRT and mSin3A. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 264:871–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti SR, Sood R, Ganguly S, et al. (1999). Modulation of TEL transcription activity by interaction with the ubiquitin-conjugating enzyme UBC9. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 96:7467–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chakrabarti SR, Sood R, Nandi S, Nucifora G. (2000). Posttranslational modification of TEL and TEL/AML1 by SUMO-1 and cell-cycle-dependent assembly into nuclear bodies. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:13281–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen A, Xu J, Johnson AC. (2006). Curcumin inhibits human colon cancer cell growth by suppressing gene expression of epidermal growth factor receptor through reducing the activity of the transcription factor Egr-1. Oncogene 25:278–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowley DO, Graves BJ. (2000). Phosphorylation represses Ets-1 DNA binding by reinforcing autoinhibition. Genes Dev 14:366–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford HC, Fingleton B, Gustavson MD, et al. (2001). The PEA3 subfamily of Ets transcription factors synergizes with beta-catenin-LEF-1 to activate matrilysin transcription in intestinal tumors. Mol Cell Biol 21:1370–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Czuwara-Ladykowska J, Sementchenko VI, Watson DK, Trojanowska M. (2002). Ets1 is an effector of the transforming growth factor beta (TGF-beta) signaling pathway and an antagonist of the profibrotic effects of TGF-beta. J Biol Chem 277:20399–408
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Braekeleer E, Douet-Guilbert N, Morel F, et al. (2012). ETV6 fusion genes in hematological malignancies: a review. Leuk Res 36:945–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Launoit Y, Chotteau-Lelievre A, Beaudoin C, et al. (2000). The PEA3 group of ETS-related transcription factors. Role in breast cancer metastasis. Adv Exp Med Biol 480:107–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Vito C, Riggi N, Suva ML, et al. (2011). Let-7a is a direct EWS-FLI-1 target implicated in Ewing's sarcoma development. PLoS One 6:10
   Google Scholar
• Delannoy-Courdent A, Mattot V, Fafeur V, et al. (1998). The expression of an Ets1 transcription factor lacking its activation domain decreases uPA proteolytic activity and cell motility, and impairs normal tubulogenesis and cancerous scattering in mammary epithelial cells. J Cell Sci 111:1521–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deneen B, Denny CT. (2001). Loss of p16 pathways stabilizes EWS/FLI1 expression and complements EWS/FLI1 mediated transformation. Oncogene 20:6731–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diakos C, Zhong S, Xiao Y, et al. (2010). TEL-AML1 regulation of survivin and apoptosis via miRNA-494 and miRNA-320a. Blood 116:4885–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittmer J. (2003). The biology of the Ets1 proto-oncogene. Mol Cancer 2:29--49
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dittmer J, Vetter M, Blumenthal SG, et al. (2004). Importance of ets1 proto-oncogene for breast cancer progression. Zentralbl Gynakol 126:269–71
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Donaldson LW, Petersen JM, Graves BJ, Mcintosh LP. (1996). Solution structure of the ETS domain from murine Ets-1: a winged helix-turn-helix DNA binding motif. Embo J 15:125–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eckel KL, Tentler JJ, Cappetta GJ, et al. (2003). The epithelial-specific ETS transcription factor ESX/ESE-1/Elf-3 modulates breast cancer-associated gene expression. DNA Cell Biol 22:79–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eguchi M, Eguchi-Ishimae M, Tojo A, et al. (1999). Fusion of ETV6 to neurotrophin-3 receptor TRKC in acute myeloid leukemia with t(12;15)(p13;q25). Blood 93:1355–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elvert G, Kappel A, Heidenreich R, et al. (2003). Cooperative interaction of hypoxia-inducible factor-2alpha (HIF-2alpha) and Ets-1 in the transcriptional activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2 (Flk-1). J Biol Chem 278:7520–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erkizan HV, Uversky VN, Toretsky JA. (2010). Oncogenic partnerships: EWS-FLI1 protein interactions initiate key pathways of Ewing's sarcoma. Clin Cancer Res 16:4077–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farnham PJ. (2009). Insights from genomic profiling of transcription factors. Nat Rev Genet 10:605–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman RJ, Sementchenko VI, Watson DK. (2003). The epithelial-specific Ets factors occupy a unique position in defining epithelial proliferation, differentiation and carcinogenesis. Anticancer Res 23:2125–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Firlej V, Ladam F, Brysbaert G, et al. (2008). Reduced tumorigenesis in mouse mammary cancer cells following inhibition of Pea3- or Erm-dependent transcription. J Cell Sci 121:3393–402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fitzsimmons D, Lukin K, Lutz R, et al. (2009). Highly cooperative recruitment of Ets-1 and release of autoinhibition by Pax5. J Mol Biol 392:452–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fleming FJ, Myers E, Kelly G, et al. (2004). Expression of SRC-1, AIB1, and PEA3 in HER2 mediated endocrine resistant breast cancer; a predictive role for SRC-1. J Clin Pathol 57:1069–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ford AM, Palmi C, Bueno C, et al. (2009). The TEL-AML1 leukemia fusion gene dysregulates the TGF-beta pathway in early B lineage progenitor cells. J Clin Invest 119:826–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Foulds CE, Nelson ML, Blaszczak AG, Graves BJ. (2004). Ras/mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling activates Ets-1 and Ets-2 by CBP/p300 recruitment. Mol Cell Biol 24:10954–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuchs B, Inwards CY, Janknecht R. (2003). Upregulation of the matrix metalloproteinase-1 gene by the Ewing’s sarcoma associated EWS-ER81 and EWS-Fli-1 oncoproteins, c-Jun and p300. FEBS Lett 553:104–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fukuma M, Okita H, Hata J, Umezawa A. (2003). Upregulation of Id2, an oncogenic helix-loop-helix protein, is mediated by the chimeric EWS/ets protein in Ewing sarcoma. Oncogene 22:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galang CK, Muller WJ, Foos G, et al. (2004). Changes in the expression of many Ets family transcription factors and of potential target genes in normal mammary tissue and tumors. J Biol Chem 279:11281–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gangwal K, Sankar S, Hollenhorst PC, et al. (2008). Microsatellites as EWS/FLI response elements in Ewing's sarcoma. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 105:10149–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-aragoncillo E, Carrillo J, Lalli E, et al. (2008). DAX1, a direct target of EWS/FLI1 oncoprotein, is a principal regulator of cell-cycle progression in Ewing's tumor cells. Oncogene 27:6034–43
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvie CW, Hagman J, Wolberger C. (2001). Structural studies of Ets-1/Pax5 complex formation on DNA. Mol Cell 8:1267–76
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garvie CW, Pufall MA, Graves BJ, Wolberger C. (2002). Structural analysis of the autoinhibition of Ets-1 and its role in protein partnerships. J Biol Chem 277:45529–36
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gavrilov, D., Kenzior, O., Evans, M., et al. (2001). Expression of urokinase plasminogen activator and receptor in conjunction with the ets family and AP-1 complex transcription factors in high grade prostate cancers. Eur J Cancer 37:1033-40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ge Y, Lafiura KM, Dombkowski AA, et al. (2008). The role of the proto-oncogene ETS2 in acute megakaryocytic leukemia biology and therapy. Leukemia 22:521–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghosh S, Basu M, Roy SS. (2012). ETS-1 protein regulates vascular endothelial growth factor-induced matrix metalloproteinase-9 and matrix metalloproteinase-13 expression in human ovarian carcinoma cell line SKOV-3. J Biol Chem 287:15001–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilles C, Polette M, Birembaut P, et al. (1997). Expression of c-ets-1 mRNA is associated with an invasive, EMT-derived phenotype in breast carcinoma cell lines. Clin Exp Metastasis 15:519–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giovane A, Pintzas A, Maira SM, et al. (1994). Net, a new ets transcription factor that is activated by Ras. Genes Dev 8:1502–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goel A, Janknecht R. (2003). Acetylation-mediated transcriptional activation of the ETS protein ER81 by p300, P/CAF, and HER2/Neu. Mol Cell Biol 23:6243–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goetz TL, Gu TL, Speck NA, Graves BJ. (2000). Auto-inhibition of Ets-1 is counteracted by DNA binding cooperativity with core-binding factor alpha2. Mol Cell Biol 20:81–90
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub TR, Barker GF, Lovett M, Gilliland DG. (1994). Fusion of PDGF receptor beta to a novel ets-like gene, tel, in chronic myelomonocytic leukemia with t(5;12) chromosomal translocation. Cell 77:307–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Golub TR, Goga A, Barker GF, et al. (1996). Oligomerization of the ABL tyrosine kinase by the Ets protein TEL in human leukemia. Mol Cell Biol 16:4107–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graves BJ, Cowley DO, Goetz TL, et al. (1998). Autoinhibition as a transcriptional regulatory mechanism. Cold Spring Harb Symp Quant Biol 63:621–9
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greenall A, Willingham N, Cheung E, et al. (2001). DNA binding by the ETS-domain transcription factor PEA3 is regulated by intramolecular and intermolecular protein.protein interactions. J Biol Chem 276:16207–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu S, Chen L, Hong Q, et al. (2011). PEA3 activates CXCR4 transcription in MDA-MB-231 and MCF7 breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 43:771–8
   Google Scholar
• Gu TL, Goetz TL, Graves BJ, Speck NA. (2000). Auto-inhibition and partner proteins, core-binding factor beta (CBFbeta) and Ets-1, modulate DNA binding by CBFalpha2 (AML1). Mol Cell Biol 20:91–103
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu X, Zerbini LF, Otu HH, et al. (2007). Reduced PDEF expression increases invasion and expression of mesenchymal genes in prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 67:4219–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guidez F, Petrie K, Ford AM, et al. (2000). Recruitment of the nuclear receptor corepressor N-CoR by the TEL moiety of the childhood leukemia-associated TEL-AML1 oncoprotein. Blood 96:2557–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Duval DL, Bradford AP. (2007). ETS transcription factors in endocrine systems. Trends Endocrinol Metab 18:150–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagman J, Grosschedl R. (1992). An inhibitory carboxyl-terminal domain in Ets-1 and Ets-2 mediates differential binding of ETS family factors to promoter sequences of the mb-1 gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 89:8889–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamalainen M, Juvonen V, Haikio S, et al. (2010). ETS-related gene ERG expression in AML patients is significantly associated with NPM1 mutation status. Eur J Haematol 85:361–2
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heidenreich O, Krauter J, Riehle H, et al. (2003). AML1/MTG8 oncogene suppression by small interfering RNAs supports myeloid differentiation of t(8;21)-positive leukemic cells. Blood 101:3157–63
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hermkens MC, Van Den Heuvel-Eibrink MM, Arentsen-Peters ST, et al. (2013). The clinical relevance of BAALC and ERG expression levels in pediatric AML. Leukemia 27:735–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hiebert SW, Sun W, Davis JN, et al. (1996). The t(12;21) translocation converts AML-1B from an activator to a repressor of transcription. Mol Cell Biol 16:1349–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst PC, Chandler KJ, Poulsen RL, et al. (2009). DNA specificity determinants associate with distinct transcription factor functions. PLoS Genet 5:e1000778
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hollenhorst PC, Ferris MW, Hull MA, et al. (2011a). Oncogenic ETS proteins mimic activated RAS/MAPK signaling in prostate cells. Genes Dev 25:2147–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst PC, Jones DA, Graves BJ. (2004). Expression profiles frame the promoter specificity dilemma of the ETS family of transcription factors. Nucleic Acids Res 32:5693–702
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst PC, Mcintosh LP, Graves BJ. (2011b). Genomic and biochemical insights into the specificity of ETS transcription factors. Annu Rev Biochem 80:437–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollenhorst PC, Shah AA, Hopkins C, Graves BJ. (2007). Genome-wide analyses reveal properties of redundant and specific promoter occupancy within the ETS gene family. Genes Dev 21:1882–94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horn S, Figl A, Rachakonda PS, et al. (2013). TERT promoter mutations in familial and sporadic melanoma. Science 339:959–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsu T, Trojanowska M, Watson DK. (2004). Ets proteins in biological control and cancer. J Cell Biochem 91:896–903
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu Z, Gu X, Baraoidan K, et al. (2011). RUNX1 regulates corepressor interactions of PU.1. Blood 117:6498–508
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hua D, Chen B, Bai M, et al. (2009). PEA3 activates VEGF transcription in T47D and SKBR3 breast cancer cells. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin 41:63–8
   Google Scholar
• Huang FW, Hodis E, Xu MJ, et al. (2013). Highly recurrent TERT promoter mutations in human melanoma. Science 339:957–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang HY, Illei PB, Zhao Z, et al. (2005). Ewing sarcomas with p53 mutation or p16/p14ARF homozygous deletion: a highly lethal subset associated with poor chemoresponse. J Clin Oncol 23:548–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito T, Nakayama T, Ito M, et al. (1998). Expression of the ets-1 proto-oncogene in human pancreatic carcinoma. Mod Pathol 11:209–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ito Y, Takeda T, Okada M, Matsuura N. (2002). Expression of ets-1 and ets-2 in colonic neoplasms. Anticancer Res 22:1581–4
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janknecht R. (2001). Cell type-specific inhibition of the ETS transcription factor ER81 by mitogen-activated protein kinase-activated protein kinase 2. J Biol Chem 276:41856–61
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janknecht R. (2003). Regulation of the ER81 transcription factor and its coactivators by mitogen- and stress-activated protein kinase 1 (MSK1). Oncogene 22:746–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jedlicka P, Sui X, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. (2009). The Ets dominant repressor En/Erm enhances intestinal epithelial tumorigenesis in ApcMin mice. BMC Canc 9:1471–2407
   Google Scholar
• Jiang Y, Xu W, Lu J, et al. (2001). Invasiveness of hepatocellular carcinoma cell lines: contribution of hepatocyte growth factor, c-met, and transcription factor Ets-1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 286:1123–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Juang YT, Solomou EE, Rellahan B, Tsokos GC. (2002). Phosphorylation and O-linked glycosylation of Elf-1 leads to its translocation to the nucleus and binding to the promoter of the TCR zeta-chain. J Immunol 168:2865–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kalyuga M, Gallego-Ortega D, Lee HJ, et al. (2012). ELF5 suppresses estrogen sensitivity and underpins the acquisition of antiestrogen resistance in luminal breast cancer. PLoS Biol 10:27
   Google Scholar
• Kamesaki H, Nishizawa K, Michaud GY, et al. (1998). TGF-beta 1 induces the cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor p27Kip1 mRNA and protein in murine B cells. J Immunol 160:770–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawagoe H, Grosveld GC. (2005). MN1-TEL myeloid oncoprotein expressed in multipotent progenitors perturbs both myeloid and lymphoid growth and causes T-lymphoid tumors in mice. Blood 106:4278–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Killela PJ, Reitman ZJ, Jiao Y, et al. (2013). TERT promoter mutations occur frequently in gliomas and a subset of tumors derived from cells with low rates of self-renewal. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 110:6021–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim CA, Phillips ML, Kim W, et al. (2001). Polymerization of the SAM domain of TEL in leukemogenesis and transcriptional repression. EMBO J 20:4173–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim S, Denny CT, Wisdom R. (2006). Cooperative DNA binding with AP-1 proteins is required for transformation by EWS-Ets fusion proteins. Mol Cell Biol 26:2467–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim WY, Sieweke M, Ogawa E, et al. (1999). Mutual activation of Ets-1 and AML1 DNA binding by direct interaction of their autoinhibitory domains. EMBO J 18:1609–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinsey M, Smith R, Iyer AK, et al. (2009). EWS/FLI and its downstream target NR0B1 interact directly to modulate transcription and oncogenesis in Ewing's sarcoma. Cancer Res 69:9047–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitange G, Tsunoda K, Anda T, et al. (2000). Immunohistochemical expression of Ets-1 transcription factor and the urokinase-type plasminogen activator is correlated with the malignant and invasive potential in meningiomas. Cancer 89:2292–300
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knezevich SR, Mcfadden DE, Tao W, et al. (1998). A novel ETV6-NTRK3 gene fusion in congenital fibrosarcoma. Nat Genet 18:184–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knoop LL, Baker SJ. (2000). The splicing factor U1C represses EWS/FLI-mediated transactivation. J Biol Chem 275:24865–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Knowles HJ, Schaefer KL, Dirksen U, Athanasou NA. (2010). Hypoxia and hypoglycaemia in Ewing's sarcoma and osteosarcoma: regulation and phenotypic effects of hypoxia-inducible factor. BMC Cancer 10:372
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kovar H. (2012). The first European Interdisciplinary Ewing Sarcoma Research Summit. Front Oncol 2:2–10
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lacronique V, Boureux A, Valle VD, et al. (1997). A TEL-JAK2 fusion protein with constitutive kinase activity in human leukemia. Science 278:1309–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Latinkic BV, Zeremski M, Lau LF. (1996). Elk-1 can recruit srf to form a ternary complex upon the serum response element. Nucl Acid Res 24:1345–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee GM, Donaldson LW, Pufall MA, et al. (2005). The structural and dynamic basis of Ets-1 DNA binding autoinhibition. J Biol Chem 280:7088–99
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee HJ, Ormandy CJ. (2012). Elf5, hormones and cell fate. Trends Endocrinol Metab 23:292–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S-H. (2005). The HPV-18 E7 oncoprotein binds Elk-1 and regulates its transcriptional activity. AACR Meet Abstr 2005:1286-a-
   Google Scholar
• Lessnick SL, Dacwag CS, Golub TR. (2002). The Ewing's sarcoma oncoprotein EWS/FLI induces a p53-dependent growth arrest in primary human fibroblasts. Cancer Cell 1:393–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li B, Shimizu Y, Kobayashi T, et al. (2012b). Overexpression of ETS-1 is associated with malignant biological features of prostate cancer. Asian J Androl 14:860–3
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li QJ, Yang SH, Maeda Y, et al. (2003). MAP kinase phosphorylation-dependent activation of Elk-1 leads to activation of the co-activator p300. Embo J 22:281–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li R, Pei H, Watson DK. (2000). Regulation of Ets function by protein - protein interactions. Oncogene 19:6514–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Li X, Fan G, et al. (2012a). Impairment of p53 acetylation by EWS-Fli1 chimeric protein in Ewing family tumors. Cancer Lett 320:14–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez RG, Carron C, Oury C, et al. (1999). TEL is a sequence-specific transcriptional repressor. J Biol Chem 274:30132–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Luo W, Gangwal K, Sankar S, et al. (2009). GSTM4 is a microsatellite-containing EWS/FLI target involved in Ewing's sarcoma oncogenesis and therapeutic resistance. Oncogene 28:4126–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maki K, Arai H, Waga K, et al. (2004). Leukemia-related transcription factor TEL is negatively regulated through extracellular signal-regulated kinase-induced phosphorylation. Mol Cell Biol 24:3227–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Man AK, Young LJ, Tynan JA, et al. (2003). Ets2-dependent stromal regulation of mouse mammary tumors. Mol Cell Biol 23:8614–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manavathi B, Rayala SK, Kumar R. (2007). Phosphorylation-dependent regulation of stability and transforming potential of ETS transcriptional factor ESE-1 by p21-activated kinase 1. J Biol Chem 282:19820–30
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marcucci G, Baldus CD, Ruppert AS, et al. (2005). Overexpression of the ETS-related gene, ERG, predicts a worse outcome in acute myeloid leukemia with normal karyotype: a Cancer and Leukemia Group B study. J Clin Oncol 23:9234–42
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massague J, Blain SW, Lo RS. (2000). TGFbeta signaling in growth control, cancer, and heritable disorders. Cell 103:295–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massie CE, Adryan B, Barbosa-Morais NL, et al. (2007). New androgen receptor genomic targets show an interaction with the ETS1 transcription factor. EMBO Rep 8:871–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsumura I, Kitamura T, Wakao H, et al. (1999). Transcriptional regulation of the cyclin D1 promoter by STAT5: its involvement in cytokine-dependent growth of hematopoietic cells. Embo J 18:1367–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mavrothalassitis G, Ghysdael J. (2000). Proteins of the ETS family with transcriptional repressor activity. Oncogene 19:6524–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mckinsey EL, Parrish JK, Irwin AE, et al. (2011). A novel oncogenic mechanism in Ewing sarcoma involving IGF pathway targeting by EWS/Fli1-regulated microRNAs. Oncogene 30:4910–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meyers S, Lenny N, Hiebert SW. (1995). The t(8;21) fusion protein interferes with AML-1B-dependent transcriptional activation. Mol Cell Biol 15:1974–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra L, Derynck R, Mishra B. (2005). Transforming growth factor-beta signaling in stem cells and cancer. Science 310:68–71
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo Y, Vaessen B, Johnston K, Marmorstein R. (1998). Structures of SAP-1 bound to DNA targets from the E74 and c-fos promoters: insights into DNA sequence discrimination by Ets proteins. Mol Cell 2:201–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mo Y, Vaessen B, Johnston K, Marmorstein R. (2000). Structure of the elk-1-DNA complex reveals how DNA-distal residues affect ETS domain recognition of DNA. Nat Struct Biol 7:292–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mochmann LH, Bock J, Ortiz-Tanchez J, et al. (2011). Genome-wide screen reveals WNT11, a non-canonical WNT gene, as a direct target of ETS transcription factor ERG. Oncogene 30:2044–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naito S, Shimizu K, Nakashima M, et al. (2000). Overexpression of Ets-1 transcription factor in angiosarcoma of the skin. Pathol Res Pract 196:103–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama T, Ito M, Ohtsuru A, et al. (1999). Expression of the ets-1 proto-oncogene in human thyroid tumor. Mod Pathol 12:61–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama T, Ito M, Ohtsuru A, et al. (2001). Expression of the ets-1 proto-oncogene in human colorectal carcinoma. Mod Pathol 14:415–22
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson ML, Kang HS, Lee GM, et al. (2010). Ras signaling requires dynamic properties of Ets1 for phosphorylation-enhanced binding to coactivator CBP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:10026–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson ML, Kang HS, Lee GM, et al. (2010). Ras signaling requires dynamic properties of Ets1 for phosphorylation-enhanced binding to coactivator CBP. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 107:10026–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neznanov N, Man AK, Yamamoto H, et al. (1999). A single targeted Ets2 allele restricts development of mammary tumors in transgenic mice. Cancer Res 59:4242–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ng KP, Potikyan G, Savene RO, et al. (2007). Multiple aromatic side chains within a disordered structure are critical for transcription and transforming activity of EWS family oncoproteins. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 104:479–84
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nosaka T, Kawashima T, Misawa K, et al. (1999). STAT5 as a molecular regulator of proliferation, differentiation and apoptosis in hematopoietic cells. Embo J, 18:4754–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Brien P, Morin P Jr, Ouellette RJ, Robichaud GA. (2011). The Pax-5 gene: a pluripotent regulator of B-cell differentiation and cancer disease. Cancer Res 71:7345–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• O'Hagan RC, Hassell JA. (1998). The PEA3 Ets transcription factor is a downstream target of the HER2/Neu receptor tyrosine kinase. Oncogene 16:301–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oettgen P, Finger E, Sun Z, et al. (2000). PDEF, a novel prostate epithelium-specific ets transcription factor, interacts with the androgen receptor and activates prostate-specific antigen gene expression. J Biol Chem 275:1216–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oikawa T, Yamada T. (2003). Molecular biology of the Ets family of transcription factors. Gene 303:11–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Okuducu AF, Zils U, Michaelis SA, et al. (2006). Increased expression of avian erythroblastosis virus E26 oncogene homolog 1 in World Health Organization grade 1 meningiomas is associated with an elevated risk of recurrence and is correlated with the expression of its target genes matrix metalloproteinase-2 and MMP-9. Cancer 107:1365–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Otsubo K, Kanegane H, Eguchi M, et al. (2010). ETV6-ARNT fusion in a patient with childhood T lymphoblastic leukemia. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 202:22–6
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Papadopoulos P, Ridge SA, Boucher CA, et al. (1995). The novel activation of ABL by fusion to an ets-related gene, TEL. Cancer Res 55:34–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papas TS, Watson DK, Sacchi N, et al. (1986). Molecular evolution of ets genes from avians to mammals and their cytogenetic localization to regions involved in leukemia. Gene Amplif Anal 4:207–38
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Park S, Chen W, Cierpicki T, et al. (2009). Structure of the AML1-ETO eTAFH domain-HEB peptide complex and its contribution to AML1-ETO activity. Blood 113:3558–67
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peeters P, Wlodarska I, Baens M, et al. (1997). Fusion of ETV6 to MDS1/EVI1 as a result of t(3;12)(q26;p13) in myeloproliferative disorders. Cancer Res 57:564–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson LF, Boyapati A, Ahn EY, et al. (2007). Acute myeloid leukemia with the 8q22;21q22 translocation: secondary mutational events and alternative t(8;21) transcripts. Blood 110:799–805
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Plevin MJ, Zhang J, Guo C, et al. (2006). The acute myeloid leukemia fusion protein AML1-ETO targets E proteins via a paired amphipathic helix-like TBP-associated factor homology domain. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 103:10242–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott JD, Koto KS, Singh M, Gutierrez-hartmann A. (2004). The ETS transcription factor ESE-1 transforms MCF-12A human mammary epithelial cells via a novel cytoplasmic mechanism. Mol Cell Biol 24:5548–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prescott JD, Poczobutt JM, Tentler JJ, et al. (2011). Mapping of ESE-1 subdomains required to initiate mammary epithelial cell transformation via a cytoplasmic mechanism. Mol Cancer 10:103--17
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Riggi N, Stamenkovic I. (2007). The biology of Ewing sarcoma. Cancer Lett 254:1–10
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robin TP, Smith A, Mckinsey E, et al. (2012). EWS/FLI1 regulates EYA3 in Ewing sarcoma via modulation of miRNA-708, resulting in increased cell survival and chemoresistance. Mol Cancer Res 10:1098–108
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romana SP, Mauchauffe M, Le Coniat M, et al. (1995a). The t(12;21) of acute lymphoblastic leukemia results in a tel-AML1 gene fusion. Blood 85:3662–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romana SP, Poirel H, Leconiat M, et al. (1995b). High frequency of t(12;21) in childhood B-lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 86:4263–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rostad K, Mannelqvist M, Halvorsen OJ, et al. (2007). ERG upregulation and related ETS transcription factors in prostate cancer. Int J Oncol 30:19–32
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roudaia L, Cheney MD, Manuylova E, et al. (2009). CBFbeta is critical for AML1-ETO and TEL-AML1 activity. Blood 113:3070–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovigatti U, Watson DK, Yunis JJ. (1986). Amplification and rearrangement of Hu-ets-1 in leukemia and lymphoma with involvement of 11q23. Science 232:398–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salomon-Nguyen F, Della-Valle V, Mauchauffe M, et al. (2000). The t(1;12)(q21;p13) translocation of human acute myeloblastic leukemia results in a TEL-ARNT fusion. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 97:6757–62
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sasaki H, Kobayashi Y, Tanahashi M, et al. (2002). Ets-1 gene expression in patients with thymoma. Jpn J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 50:503–7
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sato Y, Abe M, Tanaka K, et al. (2000). Signal transduction and transcriptional regulation of angiogenesis. Adv Exp Med Biol 476:109–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schedin PJ, Eckel-mahan KL, Mcdaniel SM, et al. (2004). ESX induces transformation and functional epithelial to mesenchymal transition in MCF-12A mammary epithelial cells. Oncogene 23:1766–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherr M, Battmer K, Winkler T, et al. (2003). Specific inhibition of bcr-abl gene expression by small interfering RNA. Blood 101:1566–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlottmann S, Erkizan HV, Barber-Rotenberg JS, et al. (2012). Acetylation increases EWS-FLI1 DNA binding and transcriptional activity. Front Oncol 2:1–12
   Google Scholar
• Schroeder A, Heller DA, Winslow MM, et al. (2012). Treating metastatic cancer with nanotechnology. Nat Rev Cancer 12:39–50
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schwaller J, Parganas E, Wang D, et al. (2000). Stat5 is essential for the myelo- and lymphoproliferative disease induced by TEL/JAK2. Mol Cell 6:693–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scotlandi K, Manara MC, Serra M, et al. (2011). Expression of insulin-like growth factor system components in Ewing's sarcoma and their association with survival. Eur J Cancer 47:1258–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott GK, Daniel JC, Xiong X, et al. (1994). Binding of an ETS-related protein within the DNase I hypersensitive site of the HER2/neu promoter in human breast cancer cells. J Biol Chem 269:19848–58
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seidel JJ, Graves BJ. (2002). An ERK2 docking site in the Pointed domain distinguishes a subset of ETS transcription factors. Genes Dev 16:127–37
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Seth A, Watson DK. (2005). ETS transcription factors and their emerging roles in human cancer. Eur J Cancer 41:2462–78
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaikhibrahim Z, Lindstrot A, Langer B, et al. (2011). Differential expression of ETS family members in prostate cancer tissues and androgen-sensitive and insensitive prostate cancer cell lines. Int J Mol Med 28:89–93
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharrocks AD. (2002). Complexities in ETS-domain transcription factor function and regulation: lessons from the TCF (ternary complex factor) subfamily. The Colworth Medal Lecture. Biochem Soc Trans 30:1–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shepherd TG, Kockeritz L, Szrajber MR, et al. (2001). The pea3 subfamily ets genes are required for HER2/Neu-mediated mammary oncogenesis. Curr Biol 11:1739–48
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin S, Oh S, An S, Janknecht R. (2013). ETS variant 1 regulates matrix metalloproteinase-7 transcription in LNCaP prostate cancer cells. Oncol Rep 29:306–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shore P, Whitmarsh AJ, Bhaskaran R, et al. (1996). Determinants of DNA-binding specificity of ETS-domain transcription factors. Mol Cell Biol 16:3338–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siligan C, Ban J, Bachmaier R, et al. (2005). EWS-FLI1 target genes recovered from Ewing's sarcoma chromatin. Oncogene 24:2512–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slupsky CM, Gentile LN, Donaldson LW, et al. (1998). Structure of the Ets-1 pointed domain and mitogen-activated protein kinase phosphorylation site. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:12129–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stinson J, Inoue T, Yates P, et al. (2003). Regulation of TCF ETS-domain transcription factors by helix-loop-helix motifs. Nucleic Acids Res 31:4717–28
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strahl T, Gille H, Shaw PE. (1996). Selective response of ternary complex factor Sap1a to different mitogen-activated protein kinase subgroups. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 93:11563–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbaramaiah K, Norton L, Gerald W, Dannenberg AJ. (2002). Cyclooxygenase-2 is overexpressed in HER-2/neu-positive breast cancer: evidence for involvement of AP-1 and PEA3. J Biol Chem 277:18649–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun C, Dobi A, Mohamed A, et al. (2008). TMPRSS2-ERG fusion, a common genomic alteration in prostate cancer activates C-MYC and abrogates prostate epithelial differentiation. Oncogene 27:5348–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sussan TE, Yang A, Li F, et al. (2008). Trisomy represses Apc(Min)-mediated tumours in mouse models of Down's syndrome. Nature 451:73–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svensson S, Jirstrom K, Ryden L, et al. (2005). ERK phosphorylation is linked to VEGFR2 expression and Ets-2 phosphorylation in breast cancer and is associated with tamoxifen treatment resistance and small tumours with good prognosis. Oncogene 24:4370–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szymczyna BR, Arrowsmith CH. (2000). DNA binding specificity studies of four ETS proteins support an indirect read-out mechanism of protein-DNA recognition. J Biol Chem 275:28363–70
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takai N, Miyazaki T, Nishida M, et al. (2003). The significance of Elf-1 expression in epithelial ovarian carcinoma. Int J Mol Med 12:349–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamir A, Howard J, Higgins RR, et al. (1999). Fli-1, an Ets-related transcription factor, regulates erythropoietin-induced erythroid proliferation and differentiation: evidence for direct transcriptional repression of the Rb gene during differentiation. Mol Cell Biol 19:4452–64
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ter Haar WM, Meester-Smoor MA, Van Wely KH, et al. (2012a). The leukemia-associated fusion protein MN1-TEL blocks TEL-specific recognition sequences. PLoS One 7:26
   Google Scholar
• Ter Haar WM, Meester-Smoor MA, Van Wely KHM, et al. (2012b). The leukemia-associated fusion protein MN1-TEL blocks TEL-specific recognition sequences. PLoS One 7:e46085
   Google Scholar
• Tian J, Karin M. (1999). Stimulation of Elk1 transcriptional activity by mitogen-activated protein kinases is negatively regulated by protein phosphatase 2B (calcineurin). J Biol Chem 274:15173–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA, Laxman B, Varambally S, et al. (2008). Role of the TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusion in prostate cancer. Neoplasia 10:177–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA, Palanisamy N, Brenner JC, et al. (2013). Usefulness of a monoclonal ERG/FLI1 antibody for immunohistochemical discrimination of Ewing family tumors. Am J Clin Pathol 139:771–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomlins SA, Rhodes DR, Perner S, et al. (2005). Recurrent fusion of TMPRSS2 and ETS transcription factor genes in prostate cancer. Science 310:644–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tootle TL, Rebay I. (2005). Post-translational modifications influence transcription factor activity: a view from the ETS superfamily. BioEssays 27:285–98
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Toretsky JA, Kalebic T, Blakesley V, et al. (1997). The insulin-like growth factor-I receptor is required for EWS/FLI-1 transformation of fibroblasts. J Biol Chem 272:30822–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trimboli AJ, Cantemir-Stone CZ, Li F, et al. (2009). Pten in stromal fibroblasts suppresses mammary epithelial tumours. Nature 461:1084–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turner DP, Findlay VJ, Moussa O, Watson DK. (2007). Defining ETS transcription regulatory networks and their contribution to breast cancer progression. J Cell Biochem 102:549–59
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tynan JA, Wen F, Muller WJ, Oshima RG. (2005). Ets2-dependent microenvironmental support of mouse mammary tumors. Oncogene 24:6870–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van den boorn JG, Schlee M, Coch C, Hartmann G. (2011). SiRNA delivery with exosome nanoparticles. Nat Biotechnol 29:325–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wely KH, Meester-Smoor MA, Janssen MJ, et al. (2007). The MN1-TEL myeloid leukemia-associated fusion protein has a dominant-negative effect on RAR-RXR-mediated transcription. Oncogene 26:5733–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Wely KH, Molijn AC, Buijs A, et al. (2003). The MN1 oncoprotein synergizes with coactivators RAC3 and p300 in RAR-RXR-mediated transcription. Oncogene 22:699–709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Walker DM, Gonzales MS, Horita H, Gutierrez-Hartmann A. (2010). ESE-1 is required to maintain the transformed phenotype of MCF-7 and ZR-75-1 human breast cancer cells. Open Cancer J 3:77–88
   Google Scholar
• Wang CY, Petryniak B, Ho IC, et al. (1992). Evolutionarily conserved Ets family members display distinct DNA binding specificities. J Exp Med 175:1391–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang CY, Petryniak B, Thompson CB, et al. (1993). Regulation of the Ets-related transcription factor Elf-1 by binding to the retinoblastoma protein. Science 260:1330–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J, Hoshino T, Redner RL, et al. (1998). ETO, fusion partner in t(8;21) acute myeloid leukemia, represses transcription by interaction with the human N-CoR/mSin3/HDAC1 complex. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 95:10860–5
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, Wang L, Chen Y, et al. (2011). ER81 expression in breast cancers and hyperplasia. Patholog Res Int 2011:980513
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wasylyk B, Hagman J, Gutierrez-hartmann A. (1998). Ets transcription factors: nuclear effectors of the Ras-MAP-kinase signaling pathway. Trends Biochem Sci 23:213–16
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasylyk C, Bradford AP, Gutierrez-Hartmann A, Wasylyk B. (1997). Conserved mechanisms of Ras regulation of evolutionary related transcription factors, Ets1 and Pointed P2. Oncogene 14:899–913
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasylyk C, Criqui-filipe P, Wasylyk B. (2005). Sumoylation of the net inhibitory domain (NID) is stimulated by PIAS1 and has a negative effect on the transcriptional activity of Net. Oncogene 24:820–8
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasylyk C, Kerckaert JP, Wasylyk B. (1992). A novel modulator domain of Ets transcription factors. Genes Dev 6:965–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Watson DK, Robinson L, Hodge DR, et al. (1997). FLI1 and EWS-FLI1 function as ternary complex factors and ELK1 and SAP1a function as ternary and quaternary complex factors on the Egr1 promoter serum response elements. Oncogene 14:213–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei GH, Badis G, Berger MF, et al. (2010). Genome-wide analysis of ETS-family DNA-binding in vitro and in vivo. Embo J 29:2147–60
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wheat W, Fitzsimmons D, Lennox H, et al. (1999). The highly conserved beta-hairpin of the paired DNA-binding domain is required for assembly of Pax-Ets ternary complexes. Mol Cell Biol 19:2231–41
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wildonger J, Mann RS. (2005). The t(8;21) translocation converts AML1 into a constitutive transcriptional repressor. Development 132:2263–72
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia WY, Lien HC, Wang SC, et al. (2006). Expression of PEA3 and lack of correlation between PEA3 and HER-2/neu expression in breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res Treat 98:295–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D, Dwyer J, Li H, et al. (2008). Ets2 maintains hTERT gene expression and breast cancer cell proliferation by interacting with c-Myc. J Biol Chem 283:23567–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamada T, Abe M, Higashi T, et al. (2001). Lineage switch induced by overexpression of Ets family transcription factor PU.1 in murine erythroleukemia cells. Blood 97:2300–7
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan M, Burel SA, Peterson LF, et al. (2004). Deletion of an AML1-ETO C-terminal NcoR/SMRT-interacting region strongly induces leukemia development. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 101:17186–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan M, Kanbe E, Peterson LF, et al. (2006). A previously unidentified alternatively spliced isoform of t(8;21) transcript promotes leukemogenesis. Nat Med 12:945–9
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang BS, Hauser CA, Henkel G, et al. (1996). Ras-mediated phosphorylation of a conserved threonine residue enhances the transactivation activities of c-Ets1 and c-Ets2. Mol Cell Biol 16:538–47
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SH, Jaffray E, Hay RT, Sharrocks AD. (2003). Dynamic interplay of the SUMO and ERK pathways in regulating Elk-1 transcriptional activity. Mol Cell 12:63–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SH, Shore P, Willingham N, et al. (1999). The mechanism of phosphorylation-inducible activation of the ETS-domain transcription factor Elk-1. Embo J 18:5666–74
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang SH, Vickers E, Brehm A, et al. (2001). Temporal recruitment of the mSin3A-histone deacetylase corepressor complex to the ETS domain transcription factor Elk-1. Mol Cell Biol 21:2802–14
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu J, Mani RS, Cao Q, et al. (2010). An integrated network of androgen receptor, polycomb, and TMPRSS2-ERG gene fusions in prostate cancer progression. Cancer Cell 17:443–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu Z, Xia W, Wang HY, et al. (2006). Antitumor activity of an Ets protein, PEA3, in breast cancer cell lines MDA-MB-361DYT2 and BT474M1. Mol Carcinog 45:667–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan Y, Zhou L, Miyamoto T, et al. (2001). AML1-ETO expression is directly involved in the development of acute myeloid leukemia in the presence of additional mutations. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 98:10398–403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zelent A, Greaves M, Enver T. (2004). Role of the TEL-AML1 fusion gene in the molecular pathogenesis of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Oncogene 23:4275–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang M, Maass N, Magit D, Sager R. (1997). Transactivation through Ets and Ap1 transcription sites determines the expression of the tumor-suppressing gene maspin. Cell Growth Differ 8:179–86
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zou D, Yang X, Tan Y, et al. (2012). Regulation of the hematopoietic cell kinase (HCK) by PML/RARalpha and PU.1 in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leuk Res 36:219–23
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar