389
Views
100
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Activity of the Retinoblastoma Family Proteins, pRB, p107, and p130, during Cellular Proliferation and Differentiation

, , , , , , & show all
Pages 237-271 | Published online: 26 Sep 2008

References

  • Bagchi S., Weinmann R., Raychaudhuri P. The retinoblastoma protein copurifies with E2F-1, an E1A-regulated inhibitor of the transcription factor E2F. Cell 1991; 65: 1063
  • Bates S., Bonetta L., MacAllan D., Parry D., Holder A., Dickson C., Peters G. CDK6 (PLSTIRE) and CDK4 (PSK-J3) are a distinct subset of the cyclin-dependent kinases that associate with cyclin Dl. Oncogene 1994; 9: 71
  • Beijersbergen R. L., Carlée L., Kerk-Hoven R. M., Bernards R. Regulation of the retinoblastoma protein-related pi 07 by Gl cyclin complexes. Genes Dev. 1995; 9: 1340
  • Beijersbergen R. L., Kerkhoven R. M., Zhu L., Carlée L., Voorhoeve P. M., Bernards R. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F gene family, has oncogenic activity and associates with pi07 in vivo. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 2680
  • Bernards R., Schackleford G. M., Gerber M. R. H., Friend S. H., Schartl M., Bogenmann E., Rapaport J. M., McGee T., Dryja T. P., Weinberg R. A. Structure and expression of the murine retinoblastoma gene and characterization of its encoded protein. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989; 86: 6474
  • Bishop M. Molecular themes in onco-genesis. Cell 1991; 64: 235
  • Blake M. C., Azizkhan J. C. Transcription factor E2F is required for efficient expression of the hamster dihydro-folate reductase gene in vitro and in vivo. Mol. Cell. Biol 1989; 9: 4994
  • Bremner R., Cohen B. L., Sopta M., Hamel P. A., Ingles C. J., Gallie B. L., Phillips R. A. Direct transcriptional repression by pRB and its reversal by specific cyclins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 3256
  • Buchkovich K., Duffy L. A., Harlow E. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphorylated during specific phases of the cell cycle. Cell 1989; 58: 1097
  • Buck V., Allen E. K., Sørensen T., Bybee A., Hijmans E. M., Voorhoeve P. M., Bernards R., La Thangue N. B. Molecular and functional characterization of E2F-5, a new member of the E2F family. Oncogene 1995; 11: 31
  • Cao L., Faha B., Dembski M., Tsai L. H., Harlow E., Dyson N. Independent binding of the retinoblastoma protein and pi07 to the transcription factor E2F. Nature 1992; 355: 176
  • Chang M. W., Barr E., Seltzer J., Jiang Y.-Q., Nabel G. J., Nabel E., Parmacek M. S., Leiden J. M. Cytostatic gene therapy for vascular prolif-erative disorders with a constitutively active form of the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 1995; 267: 518
  • Chen P. L., Scully P., Shew J. Y., Wang J. Y., Lee W. H. Phosphory-lation of the retinoblastoma gene product is modulated during the cell cycle and cellular differentiation. Cell 1989; 58: 1193
  • Chittenden T., Livingston D. M., DeCaprio J. A. Cell cycle analysis of E2F in primary human T cells reveals novel E2F complexes and biochemically distinct forms of free E2F. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 3975
  • Claudio P. P., Howard C. M., Baldi A., De Luca A., Fu Y., Conorelli G., Sun Y., Colburn N., Calabretta B., Giordano A. p 130/pRb2 has growth-suppressive properties similar to yet distinctive from those of retinoblastoma family members pRb and pi07. Cancer Res. 1994; 54: 5556
  • Cobrinik D., Whyte P., Peeper D. S., Jacks T., Weinberg R. A. Cell cycle-specific association of E2F with the pi30 ElA-binding protein. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 2392
  • Corbeil H. B., Whyte P., Branton P. E. Characterization of transcription factor E2F complexes during muscle and neuronal differentiation. Oncogene 1995; 11: 909
  • Cross H. E., Hansen R. C., Morrow G. D., Davis J. R. Retinoblastoma in a patient with a 13qXp translocation. Am. J. Ophthalmol 1977; 84: 548
  • Dalton S. Cell cycle regulation of the human cdc2 gene. EMBO J. 1992; 11: 1797
  • DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Figge J., Shew J. Y., Huang C. M., Lee W. H., Marsilio E., Paucha E., Livingston D. M. SV40 large tumor antigen forms a specific complex with the product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene. Cell 1988; 54: 275
  • DeCaprio J. A., Ludlow J. W., Lynch D., Furukawa Y., Griffin J., Piwnica W. H., Huang C. M., Livingston D. M. The product of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene has properties of a cell cycle regulatory element. Cell 1989; 58: 1085
  • DeGregori J., Kowalik T., Nevins J. R. Cellular targets for activation by the E2F1 transcription factor include DNA synthesis and Gl/S regulatory genes. Mol. Cell. BioL 1995; 15: 4215
  • Dowdy S. F., Hinds P. W., Louie K., Reed S. I., Arnold A., Weinberg R. A. Physical interaction of the retinoblastoma protein with human D cyclins. Cell 1993; 73: 499
  • Dulic V., Lees E., Reed S.L. Association of human cyclin E with a periodic Gl-S phase protein kinase. Science 1958; 257: 1992
  • Duronio R. J., O'Farrell P. H., Xie J.-E., Brook A., Dyson N. The transcription factor E2F is required for S phase duringDrosophilaembryogenesis. Genes Dev. 1995; 9: 1445
  • Dynlacht B. D., Brook A., Dembski M., Yenush L., Dyson N. DNA-binding and trans-activation properties ofDrosophilaE2F and DP proteins. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1994; 91: 6359
  • Dynlacht B. D., Flores O., Lees J. A., Harlow E. Differential regulation of E2F frans-activation by cyclin/cdk2 complexes. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 1772
  • Dyson N., Howley P. M., Miinger K., Harlow E. The human papilloma virus-16 E7 oncoprotein is able to bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Science 1989; 242: 934
  • Endo T., Goto S. Retinoblastoma gene product Rb accumulates during myo-genic differentiation and is deinduced by the expression of SV40 large T antigen. J. Biochem. (Tokyo) 1992; 112: 427
  • Evans T., Rosenthal E. T., Youngblom J., Distel D., Hunt T. Cyclin: a protein specified by maternal mRNA in sea urchin eggs is destroyed at each cleavage division. Cell 1983; 33: 389
  • Ewen M. E., Faha B., Harlow E., Livingston D. M. Interaction of p107 with cyclin A independent of complex formation with viral oncoproteins. Science 1992; 255: 85
  • Ewen M. E., Sluss H. K., Sherr C. J., Matsushime H., Kato J., Livingston D. M. Functional interactions of the retinoblastoma protein with mammalian D-type cyclins. Cell 1993; 73: 487
  • Ewen M. E., Xing Y. G., Lawrence J. B., Livingston D. M. Molecular cloning, chromosomal mapping, and expression of the cDNA for p107, a retinoblastoma gene product-related protein. Cell 1991; 66: 1155
  • Faha B., Ewen M. E., Tsai L.-H., Livingston D. M., Harlow E. Interaction between human cyclin A and ad-enovirus El A-associated p1 07 protein. Sci-ence 1992; 255: 87
  • Figge J., Webster T., Smith T. F., Paucha E. Prediction of similar transforming regions in simian virus 40 large T, adenovirus E1A and myc oncogenes. J. Virol 1988; 62: 1814
  • Flemington E. K., Speck S. H., Kaelin W. G., Jr. E2F-1-mediated transactivation is inhibited by complex formation with the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1993; 90: 6914
  • Francke U. Retinoblastoma and chromosome 13. Cytogenet. Cell. Genet. 1976; 16: 131
  • Francke U., Kung F. Sporadic bilateral retinoblastoma and 13q-chromo-somal deletion. Med. Pediatr. Oncol. 1976; 2: 379
  • Friend S. H., Bernards R., Rogelj S., Weinberg R. A., Rapaport J. M., Albert D. M., Dryja T. P. A human DNA segment with properties of the gene that predisposes to retinoblastoma and osteosarcoma. Nature 1986; 323: 643
  • Gallie B. L. Retinoblastoma, molecular genetics. Encyclop. Hum. Biol 1991; 6: 633
  • Gallie B. L., Dunn J. M., Chan H. S., Hamel P. A., Phillips R. A. The genetics of retinoblastoma. Relevance to the patient. Pediatr. Clin. North Am. 1991; 38: 299
  • Gardner H. A., Gallie B. L., Knight L. A., Phillips R. A. Multiple karyo-typic changes in retinoblastoma tumor cells: presence of normal chromosome 13 in most tumors. J. Cancer Genet. Cytogenet 1982; 6: 201
  • Gill R. M., Kiess M., Hamel P. A. Full-length pRB decreases the affinity of E2F complexes for DNA. J. Biol. Chem. (submitted) 1995
  • Ginsberg D., Vairo G., Chittenden T., Xiao Z.-X., Xu G., Wydner K. L., DeCaprio J. A., Lawrence J. B., Livingston D. M. E2F-4, a new member of the E2F transcription factor family, interacts with p107. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 2665
  • Girard F., Strausfeld U., Fernandez A., Lamb N. J. C. Cyclin A is required for the onset of DNA replication in mammalian fibroblasts. Cell 1991; 67: 1169
  • Girling R., Bandara L. R., Ormondroyd E., Lam E. W.-F., Kotecha S., Mohun T., La Thangue N. B. Molecular characterization ofXenopus laevisDP proteins. Mol. Biol. Cell 1994; 5: 1081
  • Girling R., Partridge J. F., Bandara L. R., Burden N., Totty N. F., Hsuan J. J., La Thangue N. B. A new component of the transcription factor DRTF1/E2F. Nature 1993; 362: 83
  • Grabowski E. F., Abramson D. H. Intraocular and extraocular retinoblastoma. Hematol. Oncol. Clin. North Am. 1987; 1: 721
  • Hadwiger J. A., Wittenberg C, Richardson H. E., de Barros Lopes M., Reed S. L. A family of cyclin ho-mologs that control the Gl phase in yeast. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1989; 86: 6255
  • Hamel P. A., Gill M., Phillips R. A., Gallie B. L. Regions controlling hyper-phosphorylation and conformation of the retinoblastoma gene product are independent of domains required for tran-scriptional repression. Oncogene 1992; 7: 693
  • Hamel P. A., Gill R. M., Phillips R. A., Gallie B. L. Transcriptional repression of the E2-containing promoters EIIaE,c-mycandRBIby the product of theRBIgene. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 3431
  • Hamel P. A., Phillips R. A., Muncaster M., Gallie B. L. Speculations on the roles ofRBIin tissue-specific differentiation, tumor initiation and tumor progression. FASEB J. 1993; 7: 846
  • Hanna Z., Jankowski M., Tremblay P., Jiang X., Milatovitch A., Francke U., Jolicoeur P. Thevin-1 gene, identified by provirus insertional muta-genesis, is the cyclin D2. Oncogene 1993; 8: 1661
  • Hannon G. J., Demetrick D., Beach D. Isolation of the Rb-related p 130 through its interaction with cdk2 and cyclins. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 2378
  • Hansen M. F., Cavenee W. K. Retinoblastoma and the progression of tumor genetics. Trends Genet. 1988; 4: 125
  • Harlow E. Retinoblastoma. For our eyes only. Nature 1992; 359: 270
  • Harlow E., Whyte P., Franza B. R., Schley C. Association of Adenovi-rus early-region 1A proteins with cellular polypeptides. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1986; 6: 1579
  • Hartwell L. H., Weinert T. A. Checkpoints: Controls that ensure order of cell cycle events. Science 1989; 246: 639
  • Hatakeyama M., Brill J. A., Fink G. R., Weinberg R. A. Collaboration of Gl cyclins in the functional inactivation of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 1994; 8: 1759
  • Helin K., Harlow E., Fattaey A. Inhibition of E2F-1 transactivation by direct binding of the retinoblastoma protein. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 6501
  • Helin K., Lees J. A., Vidal M., Dyson N., Harlow E., Fattaey A. A cDNA encoding a pRB-binding protein with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Cell 1992; 70: 337
  • Helin K., Wu C, Fattaey A. R., Lees J. A., Dynlacht B. D., Ngwu C., Harlow E. Heterodimerization of the transcription factors E2F-1 and DP-1 leads to cooperative frans-activation. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 1850
  • Hiebert S. W., Blake M., Azizkhan J., Nevins J. R. Role of E2F transcription factor in ElA-mediated trans activation of cellular genes. J. Virol 1991; 65: 3547
  • Hiebert S. W., Chellappan S. P., Horowitz J. M., Nevins J. R. The interaction of RB with E2F coincides with an inhibition of the transcriptional activity of E2F. Genes Dev 1992; 6: 111
  • Hijmans E. M., Voorhoeve P. M., Beijersbergen R. L., Van't Veer L. J., Bernards R. E2F-5, a new E2F family member that interacts with pi30 in vivo. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995; 15: 3082
  • Hinds P. W., Mittnacht S., Dulic V., Arnold A., Reed S. I., Weinberg R. A. Regulation of retinoblastoma functions by ectopic expression of human cyclins. Cell 1992; 70: 993
  • Hu Q. J., Dyson N., Harlow E. The regions of the retinoblastoma protein needed for binding to adeno virus El A or SV40 large T antigen are common sites for mutations. EMBO J. 1990; 9: 1147
  • Huang H. J., Yee J. K., Shew J. Y., Chen P. L., Bookstein R., Friedmann T., Lee E. Y., Lee W. H. Suppression of the neoplastic phenotype by replacement of the RB gene in human cancer cells. Science 1988; 242: 1563
  • Hunter T. Oncogenes and the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1993; 3: 1
  • Hunter T., Pines J. Cyclins and cancer. II. Cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell 1994; 4: 573
  • Ivey-Hoyle M., Conroy R., Huber H., Goodhart P. J., Oliff A., Heim-Brook D. C. Cloning and characterization of E2F-2, a novel protein with the biochemical properties of transcription factor E2F. Mol. Cell Biol. 1993; 13: 7802
  • Jacks T., Fazeli A., Schmitt E. M., Bronson R. T., Goodell M. A., Weinberg R. A. Effects of an Rb mutation in the mouse. Nature 1992; 359: 295
  • Johnson D. G., Schwarz J. K., Cress W. D., Nevins J. R. Expression of transcription factor E2F1 induces quiescent cells to enter S phase. Nature 1993; 365: 349
  • Kaelin W. G., Jr, Ewen M. E., Livingston D. M. Definition of the minimal simian virus 40 large T antigen- and adenovirus ElA-binding domain in the retinoblastoma gene product. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1990; 10: 3761
  • Kaelin W. G., Jr, Krek W., Sellers W. R., DeCaprio J. A., Ajchenbaum R., Fuchs C. S., Chittenden T., Li Y., Farnham P. J., Blanar M. A., Livingston D. M., Flemington E. K. Expression cloning of a cDNA encoding a retinoblastoma-binding protein with E2F-like properties. Cell 1992; 70: 351
  • Karlseder J., Rotheneder H., Wintersberger E. Interaction of Spl with the growth- and cell cycle-regulated transcription factor E2F. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1996; 16: 1659
  • Kato J., Matsushime EL, Hiebert S. W., Ewen M. E., Sherr C. J. Direct binding of cyclin D to the retinoblastoma gene product (pRB) and pRB phosphory-lation by the cyclin D-dependent kinase CDK4. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 331
  • Kiess M., Gill R. M., Hamel P. A. Expression and activity of the retinoblastoma protein (pRB)-family proteins, pi07 and pi30, during L6myoblast differentiation. Cell Growth Differ. 1995; 6: 1287
  • Kipreos E. T., Wang J. Y. Cell cycle-regulated binding of c-Abl tyrosine kinase to DNA. Science 1992; 256: 382
  • Kitagawa M., Higashi H., Suzuki-Takahashi I., Segawa K., Hanks S. K., Taya Y., Nishimura S., Okuyama A. Phosphorylation of E2F-1 by cyclin A-cdk2. Oncogene 1995; 10: 229
  • Knoblich J. A., Sauer K., Jones L., Richardson H., Saint R., Lehner C. F. Cyclin E controls S phase progression and its down-regulation duringDroso-philaembryogenesis is required for the arrest of cell proliferation. Cell 1994; 77: 107
  • Knudson A. G. J. Mutation and cancer: statistical study of retinoblastoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1971; 68: 820
  • Knudson A. G. J., Hethcote H. W., Brown B. W. Mutation and childhood cancer: a probabilistic model for the incidence of retinoblastoma. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1975; 72: 5116
  • Knudson A. G. J., Meadows A. T., Nichols W. W., Hill R. Chromosomal deletion and retinoblastoma. N. Engl. J. Med. 1976; 295: 1120
  • Koff A., Cross F., Fisher A., Schumacher J., LeGuellec K., Phillippe M., Roberts J. Human cyclin E: a new cyclin that interacts with two members of theCDC2gene family. Cell 1991; 66: 1217
  • Koff A., Giordano A., Desai D., Yamashita K., Harper J. W., Elledge S., Nishimoto T., Morgan D. O., Franza B. R., Roberts J. M. Formation and activation of a cyclin E-cdk2 complex during the Gl phase of the human cell cycle. Science 1992; 257: 1689
  • Kovesdi I., Reichel R., Nevins J. R. Identification of a cellular transcription factor involved in El A trans-activation. Cell 1986; 45: 219
  • Krek W., Ewen M. E., Shirodkar S., Arany Z., Kaelin W. G., Jr, Livingston D. M. Negative regulation of the growth-promoting transcription factor E2F-1 by a stably bound cyclin A-depen-dent protein kinase. Cell 1994; 78: 161
  • Krek W., Gangfeng X., Livingston D. M. Cyclin A-kinase regulation of E2F-1 DNA binding function underlies suppression of an S phase checkpoint. Cell 1995; 83: 1149
  • Laskey R. A., Fairman M. P., Blow J. J. S phase of the cell cycle. Science 1989; 246: 609
  • Lee E. Y., Huang S., Shew J. Y., Donoso L. A., Lee W. H. Diverse mutations lead to inactivation of the retinoblastomagene. Prog. Clin. Biol. Res. 1991; 362: 221
  • Lee E. Y.H.P., Chang C. Y., Hu N., Wang Y. C. J., Lai C. C., Herrup K., Lee W. H., Bradley A. Mice deficient for Rb are nonviable and show defects in neurogenesis and haematopoiesis. Nature 1992; 359: 288
  • Lee W. H., Shew J. Y., Hong F. D., Sery T. W., Donoso L. A., Young L. J., Bookstein R., Lee E. Y. The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene encodes a nuclear phosphoprotein associated with DNA binding activity. Nature 1987; 329: 642
  • Lees E., Faha B., Dulic V., Reed S. I., Harlow E. Cyclin E/cdk2 and cyclin A/cdk2 kinases associate with p107 and E2F in a temporally distinct manner. Genes Dev. 1992; 6: 1874
  • Lees E. M., Harlow E. Sequences within the conserved cyclin box of human cyclin A are sufficient for binding to and activation of cdc2 kinase. Mol Cell. Biol. 1993; 13: 1194
  • Lees J. A., Buchkovich K. J., Marshak D. R., Anderson C. W., Harlow E. The retinoblastoma protein is phosphory-lated on multiple sites by human cdc2. EMBO J. 1991; 10: 4279
  • Lees J. A., Saito M., Vidal M., Valentine M., Look T., Harlow E., Dyson N., Helin K. The retinoblastoma protein binds to a family of E2F transcription factors. Mol. Cell. Biol 1993; 13: 7813
  • Lew D. J., Dulic V., Reed S. I. Isolation of three novel human cyclins by rescue of Gl cyclin (Cln) function in yeast. Cell 1991; 66: 1197
  • Lewin B. Driving the cell cycle: M phase kinase, its partners, and substrates. Cell 1990; 61: 743
  • Li Y., Graham C, Lacy S., Duncan A. M. V., Whyte P. The adenovirus Ela-associated 130-kDaprotein is encoded by a member of the retinoblastoma gene family and physically interacts with cyclins A and E. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 2366
  • Lillie J. W., Green M., Green M. R. An adenovirus Ela protein region required for transformation and transcriptional repression. Cell 1986; 46: 1043
  • Lillie J. W., Loewenstein P. M., Green M. R. Functional domains of adenovirus type 5 El A proteins. Cell 1987; 50: 1091
  • Lin B. T., Gruenwald S., Morla A. O., Lee W. H., Wang J. Y. Retinoblastoma cancer suppressor gene product is a substrate of the cell cycle regulator cdc2 kinase. EMBO J. 1991; 10: 857
  • Lin S.-Y., Black A. R., Kostic D., Pajovic S., Hoover C. N., Azizkhan J. C. Cell cycle-regulated association of E2F1 and Spl is related to their functional interaction. Mol Cell Biol. 1996; 16: 1668
  • Loeken M. R., Brady J. The adenovirus EIIA enhancer. Biol. Chem. 1989; 264: 6572
  • Logan T. J., Evans D. L., Mercer W. E., Bjornsti M. A., Hall D. J. Expression of a deletion mutant of the E2F1 transcription factor in fibroblasts lengthens S phase and increases sensitivity to S phase-specific toxins. Cancer Res. 1995; 55: 2883
  • Ludlow J. W., DeCaprio J. A., Huang C. M., Lee W.-H., Paucha E., Livingston D. M. SV40 large T antigen binds preferentially to an underphos-phorylated member of the retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product family. Cell 1989; 56: 57
  • Ludlow J. W., Shon J., Pipas J. M., Livingston D. M., DeCaprio J. A. The retinoblastoma susceptibility gene product undergoes cell cycle-dependent dephosphorylation and binding to and release from SV40 large T. Cell 1990; 60: 387
  • Matsushime H., Ewen M. E., Strom D. K., Kato J. Y., Hanks S. K., Roussel M. F., Sherr C. J. Identification and properties of an atypical catalytic sub-unit (p34PSK-J3/cdk4) for mammalian D type Gl cyclins. Cell 1992; 71: 323
  • Matsushime H., Roussel M. F., Ashmun R. A., Sherr C. J. Colony-stimulating factor 1 regulates novel cyclins during the Gl phase of the cell cycle. Cell 1991; 65: 701
  • Mayol X., Garriga J., Grafia X. Cell cycle-dependent phosphorylation of the retinoblastoma-related protein p130. Oncogene 1995; 11: 801
  • Mayol X., Gratia X., Baldi A., Sang N., Hu Q., Giordano A. Cloning of a new member of the retinoblastoma gene family (pRB2) that binds to the Ela transforming domain. Oncogene 1993; 8: 2561
  • McCormick F., Clark R., Harlow E., Tjian R. SV40 T antigen binds specifically to a 53 K protein. in vitro, Nature 1981; 292: 63
  • McIntosh J. R., Koonce M. P. Mitosis. Science 1989; 246: 622
  • Means A. L., Slansky J. E., McMahon S. L., Knuth M. W., Farnham P. J. The HIP1 binding site is required for growth regulation of the dihydrofolate re-ductase gene promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 1054
  • Meyerson M., Harlow E. Identification of Gl kinase activity for cdk6, a novel cyclin D partner. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 2077
  • Mihara K., Cao X. R., Yen A., Chandler S., Driscoll B., Murphree A. L., Tang A., Fung Y. K. Cell cycle-dependent regulation of phosphorylation of the human retinoblastoma gene product. Science 1989; 246: 1300
  • Mittnacht S., Lees J. A., Desai D., Harlow E., Morgan D. O., Wein-Berg R. A. Distinct sub-populations of the retinoblastoma protein show a distinct pattern of phosphorylation. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 118
  • Moberg K., Starz M. A., Lees J. A. E2F-4 switches from pi30 to pi07 and pRB in response to cell cycle entry. Mol. Cell. Biol 1996; 16: 1436
  • Moberg K. H., Logan T.T.D. J.J. Three distinct elements within the murine c-myc promoter are required for transcription. Oncogene 1992; 7: 411
  • Moran E. A region of SV40 large T antigen can substitute for a transforming domain of the adenovirus E1A products. Nature 1988; 334: 168
  • Moran E. DNA tumor virus transforming proteins and the cell cycle. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev. 1993; 3: 63
  • Moreno S., Nurse P. Substrates for p34cbc2: in vivo veritas. Cell 1990; 61: 549
  • Motokura T., Bloom T., Kim H. G., Jiippner H., Ruderman J. V., Kronen-Berg H. M., Arnold A. A novel cyclin encolded by abell-linked candidate oncogene. Nature 1991; 350: 512
  • Motokura T., Keyomarsi K., Kronen-Berg H. M., Arnold A. Cloning and characterization of human cyclin D3, a cDNA closely related in sequence to the PRADl/cyclin Dl proto-oncogene. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 20412
  • Mudryj M., Devoto S. H., Hiebert S. W., Hunter T., Pines J., Nevins J. R. Cell cycle regulation of the E2F transcription factor involves an interaction with cyclin A. Cell 1991; 65: 1243
  • Mudryj M., Hiebert S. W., Nevins J. R. A role for the adenovirus inducible E2F transcription factor in a proliferation dependent signal transduction pathway. EMBO J. 1990; 9: 2179
  • Muncaster M., Cohen B., Phillips R. A., Gallie B. L. Failure of RBI to reverse the malignant phenotype of human tumors cell lines. Cancer Res. 1992; 52: 654
  • Miinger K., Werness B. A., Dyson N., Phelps W. C., Harlow E., Howley P. M. Complex formation of human pap-illomavirus E7 proteins with the retino-blastoma tumor suppressor gene product. EMBO J. 1989; 8: 4099
  • Munger K., Yee C. L., Phelps W. C., Pietenpol J. A., Moses H. L., Howley P. M. Biochemical and biological differences between E7 oncoproteins of the high- and low-risk human papillo-mavirus types are determined by amino-terminal sequences. J. Virol. 1991; 65: 3943
  • Murray A. W., Kirschner M. W. Dominos and clocks: the union of two views of the cell cycle. Science 1989; 246: 614
  • Neuman E., Flemington E. K., Sellers W. R., Kaelin W. G. Transcription of the E2F-1 gene is rendered cell cycle dependent by E2F DNA-binding sites within its promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 6607
  • Nurse P. Universal control mechanism regulating onset of M-phase. Nature 1990; 344: 503
  • O'Farrell P. H., Edgar B. A., Lakich D., Lehner C. F. Directing cell division during development. Science 1989; 246: 635
  • Ohtsubo M., Theodoras A. M., Schumacher J., Roberts J. M., Pagano M. Human cyclin E, a nuclear protein essential for the Gl-to-S phase transition. Mol. Cell Biol. 1995; 15: 2612
  • Pagano M., Peppercock R., Verde C, Ansorge W., Draetta G. Cyclin A is required at two points in the human cell cycle. EMBO J. 1992; 11: 961
  • Pearson B. E., Nasheuer H. P., Wang T. S. F. Human DNA polymerase a gene, sequences controlling expression in cycling and serum-stimulated cells. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1991; 11: 2081
  • Phelps W.C., Yee C. L., Munger K., Howley P. M. The human papillo-mavirus type 16 E7 gene encodes trans-activation and transformation functions similar to those of adenovirus El A. Cell 1988; 53: 539
  • Phillips R. A., Gill R. M., Zacksenhaus E., Bremner R., Jiang Z., Sopta M., Gallie B. L., Hamel P. A. Why don't germline mutations inRBIpredispose to leukemia. Curr. Top. Microbiol. Immunol. 1992; 182: 485
  • Pines J., Hunter T. p34cdc2. the S and M Kinase. The New Biologist. 1990; 2: 389
  • Qin X., Livingston D. M., Kaelin W. G., Adams P. D. Deregulated expression of E2F-1 in low serum leads to S-phase entry and p53-dependent apopto-sis. The Cell Cycle 1994; 106
  • Rabbitts P. H., Watson J. V., Lamond A., Forster A., Stinson M. A., Evan G., Atherton E., Sheppard R., Rabbitts T. H. Metabolism of c-myc gene products: c-myc mRNA and protein expression in the cell cycle. EMBO J. 1985; 4: 2009
  • Reed S. I. The role of the p34 kinases in the Gl to S-phase transition. Ann. Rev. Cell Biol. 1992; 8: 529
  • Resnitzky D., Hengst L., Reed S. I. Cyclin A-associated kinase activity is rate limiting for entrance into S phase and is negatively regulated in Gl by p27KiP1. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 4347
  • Resnitzky D., Reed S. Different roles for cyclins D1 and E in regulation of the Gl-to-S transition. Mol Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 3463
  • Sardet C, Vidal M., Cobrinik D., Geng Y., Onufryk C, Chen A., Weinberg R. A. E2F-4 and E2F-5, two members of the E2F family, are expressed in the early phases of the cell cycle. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995; 92: 2403
  • Schneider J. W., Gu W., Zhu L, Mahdavi V., Nadal-Ginard B. Reversal of terminal differentiation mediated by p107 in Rb-/- muscle cells. Science 1994; 264: 1467
  • Schwarz J. K., Devoto S. H., Smith E. J., Chellappan S. P., Jakoi L., Nevins J. R. Interactions of the p107 and Rb proteins with E2F during the cell proliferation response. EMBOJ. 1993; 12: 1013
  • Shan B., Durfee T., Lee W.-H. Disruption of RB/E2F-1 interaction by single point mutations in E2F-1 enhances S-phase entry and apoptosis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1996; 93: 679
  • Shan B., Lee W.-H. Deregulated expression of E2F-1 induces S-phase entry and leads to apoptosis. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 8166
  • Shan B., Zhu X., Chen P. L., Durfee T., Yang Y., Sharp D., Lee W. H. Molecular cloning of cellular genes encoding retinoblastoma-associated proteins: identification of a gene with properties of the transcription factor E2F. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1992; 12: 5620
  • Shao Z., Ruppert S., Robbins P. D. The retinoblastoma-susceptibility gene product binds directly to the human TATA-binding protein-associated factor TAFII250. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. U.S.A. 1995; 92: 3115
  • Sherr C. J. Mammalian Gl cyclins. Cell 1993; 73: 1059
  • Sherr C. J. Gl phase progression: cycling on cue. Cell 1994; 4: 551
  • Sherr C. J., Roberts J. M. Inhibitors of mammalian Gl cyclin-dependent kinases. Genes Dev. 1995; 9: 1149
  • Shin E. K., Shin A., Paulding C, Schaffhausen B., Yee A. S. Multiple changes in E2F function and regulation occur upon muscle differentiation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 2252
  • Shirodkar S., Ewen M., DeCaprio J. A., Morgan J., Livingston D. M., Chittenden T. The transcripton factor E2F interacts with the retinoblastoma product and a p107-cyclin A complex in a cell cycle-regulated manner. Cell 1992; 68: 157
  • Singh P., Wong S. H., Hong W. Overexpression of E2F-1 in rat embryo fibroblasts leads to neoplastic transformation. EMBO J. 1994; 13: 3329
  • Slack R. S., Hamel P. A., Bladon T. S., Gill R. M., McBurney M. Regulated expression of the retinoblastoma gene in differentiating embryonal carcinoma cells. Oncogene 1993; 8: 1585
  • Slansky J. E., Li Y., Kaelin W. G., Farnham P. J. A protein synthesis-dependent increase in E2F1 mRNA correlates with growth regulation of the dihydrofolate reductase promoter. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 12: 5620
  • Smith E. J., Nevins J. The Rb-related p107 protein can suppress E2F function independently of binding to cyclin A/cdk2. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 338
  • Solomon M., Glotzer M., Lee T., PhiUippe M., Kirschner M. Cyclin activation of p34cdc2. Cell 1990; 63: 1013
  • Sparkes R. S., Murphree A. L., Lingua R. W., Sparkes M. C., Field L. L., Funderburk S. J., Benedict W. F. Gene for hereditary retinoblastoma assigned to human chromosome 13 by linkage to Esterase D. Science 1983; 219: 971
  • Sparkes R. S., Sparkes M. C., Wilson M. G., Towner J. W., Benedict W., Murphree A. L., Yunis J. J. Regional assignment of genes for human esterase D and retinoblastoma to chromosome band 13q14. Science 1980; 208: 1042
  • Squire J., Phillips R. A., Boyce S., Godbout R., Rogers B., Gallie B. L. Isochromosome 6p, a unique chromosomal abnormality in retinoblastoma: verification by standard staining techniques, new densitometric methods, and somatic cell hybridization. Hum. Genet. 1984; 66: 46
  • Standart N., Minshull J., Pines J., Hunt T. Cyclin synthesis, modification and destruction during meiotic maturation of the starfish oocyte. Dev. Biol. 1987; 124: 248
  • Suzuki-Takahashi I., Kitagawa M., Saijo M., Higashi H., Ogino H., Matsumoto H., Taya Y., Nishimura S., Okuyama A. The interactions of E2F with pRB and with pi07 are regulated via the phosphorylation of pRB and p107 by a cyclin-dependent kinase. Onco-gene 1995; 10: 1691
  • Swenson K. I., Farrell K. M., Ruderman J. V. The clam embryo protein cyclin A induces entry into M phase and the resumption of meiosis inXenopusoocytes. Cell 1986; 47: 861
  • Thalmeier K., Synovzik H., Mertz R., Winnacker E. L., Lipp M. Nuclear factor E2F mediates basic transcription and trans-activation by E1 a of the human MYC promoter. Genes Dev. 1989; 3: 527
  • Tsai L.-H., Harlow E., Meyerson M. Isolation of the human cdk2 gene that encodes the cyclin A- and adenovirus El A-associated p33 kinase. Nature 1991; 353: 174
  • Tyers M., Tokiwa G., Nash R., Fitch I., Futcher B. Biochemical characterization of the Gl cyclins of 5.cerevisiae. The Cell Cycle. Abstracts of papers presented at the LVI Cold Spring Harbor Symposium on Quantitative Biology, May 29 to June 5, 1991, D. Beach, B. Stillman, J. D. Watson. Cold Spring Harbor Laboratory, Cold Spring Harbor, NY 1991
  • Vairo G., Livingston D. M., Ginsberg D. Functional interaction between E2F-4 and p130: evidence for distinct mechanisms underlying growth suppression by different retinoblastoma protein family members. Genes Dev. 1995; 9: 869
  • Wade M., Blake M. C, Jambou R. C, Helin K., Harlow E., Azizkhan J. C. An inverted repeat motif stabilizes binding of E2F and enhances transcription of the dihydrofolate reductase gene. J. Biol. Chem. 1995; 270: 9783
  • Wang C, Petryniak B., Thompson C. B., Kaelin W. G., Leiden J. M. Regulation of the Ets-related transcription factor Elf-1 by binding the retinoblastoma protein. Science 1993; 260: 1330
  • Weinberg R. A. The molecular basis of retinoblastomas. Ciba Found. Symp. 1989; 142: 99
  • Weintraub S. J., Chow K. N. B., Luo R. X., Zhang S. H., He S., Dean D. C. Mechanism of active transcriptional repression by the retinoblastoma protein. Nature 1995; 375: 812
  • Weintraub S. J., Prater C. A., Dean D. C. Retinoblastoma protein switches the E2F site from positive to negative element. Nature 1992; 358: 259
  • Welch P. J., Wang J. Y. A C-terminal protein-binding domain in the retinoblastoma protein regulates nuclear c-Abl tyrosine kinase in the cell cycle. Cell 1993; 75: 779
  • Whyte P., Buchkovich K. J., Horowitz J. M., Friend S. H., Raybuck M., Weinberg R. A., Harlow E. Association between an oncogene and an anti-oncogene: the adenovirus E1A proteins bind to the retinoblastoma gene product. Nature 1988; 334: 124
  • Whyte P., Ruley H. E., Harlow E. Two regions of the adenovirus early region 1A proteins are required for transformation. J Virol. 1988; 62: 257
  • Williams B. O., Schmitt E. M., Remington L., Bronson R. T., Alvert D. M., Weinberg R. A., Jacks T. Extensive contribution of Rb-deficient cells to adult chimeric mice with limited histopathological consequences. EMBOJ. 1994; 13: 4251
  • Williams R. T., Carbonaro H. D. A., Hall F. L. Co-purification of p34cdc2/p58cyclin A proline-directed protein kinase and the retinoblastoma tumor susceptibility gene product: interaction of an oncogenic serine/threonine protein kinase with a tumor-suppressor protein. Oncogene 1992; 1: 423
  • Wittenberg C, Sugimoto K., Reed S. I. Gl -specific cyclins ofS. cerevisiae:cell cycle periodicity, regulation by mating pheromone, and association with the p34CDC28 protein kinase. Cell 1990; 62: 225
  • Wu C.-L., Zukerberg L. R., Ngwu C, Harlow E., Lees J. A. In vivo association of E2F and DP family proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 2536
  • Xiong Y., Connolly T., Futcher B., Beach D. Human D-type cyclin. Cell 1991; 65: 691
  • Xu M., Sheppard K.-A., Peng C.-Y., Yee A. S., Piwnica-Worms H. Cyclin A/cdk2 binds directly to E2F-1 and inhibits the DNA-binding activity of E2F-1/DP-1 by phosphorylation. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1994; 14: 8420
  • Yande U. D. W., Campbell T. A., Dayton S. H., Petersen R., Walton D., Little J. B., Mc Conkie-Rosell A., Buckley E. G., Dryja T. P. Oncogenic point mutations in the human retinoblastoma gene: their application to genetic counseling. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321: 1689
  • Yee A. S., Reichel R., Kovesdi I., Nevins J. R. Promoter interaction of the ElA-inducible factor E2F and its potential role in the formation of a multi-component complex. EMBO J. 1987; 6: 2061
  • Yee S. P., Branton P. E. Detection of cellular proteins associated with human adenovirus type 5 early region 1A polypep-tides. Virology 1985; 147: 142
  • Yunis J. J., Ramsay N. Retinoblastoma and subband deletion of chromosome 13. Am. J. Dis. Child. 1978; 132: 161
  • Zamanian M., La Thangue N. B. Transcriptional repression by the Rb-re-lated protein p107. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1993; 4: 389
  • Zamanian M., La T. N. B. Adenovirus Ela prevents the retinoblastoma gene product from repressing the activity of a cellular transcription factor. EMBO J. 1992; 11: 2603
  • Zhang Y., Chellapan S. P. Cloning and characterization of human DP2, a novel dimerization partner of E2F. Oncogene 1995; 10: 2085
  • Zhu L., Enders G., Lees J. A., Beijersbergen R. L., Bernards R., Harlow E. The pRB related protein p107 contains two growth suppression domains: independent interactions with E2F and cyclin/cdk complexes. EMBO J. 1995; 14: 1904
  • Zhu L., Harlow E., Dynlacht D. p107 uses a p21ciplw-related domain to bind cyclin/cdk2 and regulate interactions with E2F. Genes Dev. 1995; 9: 1740
  • Zhu L., van den Heuvel S., Helin K., Fattaey A., Ewen M., Livingston D., Dyson N., Harlow E. Inhibition of cell proliferation by pi07, a relative of the retinoblastoma protein. Genes Dev. 1993; 7: 1111
  • Zhu L., Zhu L., Xie E., Chang L.-S. Differential roles of two tandem E2F sites in repression of the human p107 promoter by retinoblastoma and p107 proteins. Mol. Cell. Biol. 1995; 15: 3552

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.