140
Views
75
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Clinical and Biologic Diversity of Leukemias Occurring in Patients with Mastocytosis

, , &
Pages 473-486 | Received 10 Oct 1999, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Kirshenbaum A. S., Goff J. P., Kessler S. W., Mican J. M., Zsebo K. M., Metcalfe D. D. Effects of IL‐3 and stem cell factor on the appearance of human basophils and mast cells from CD34+ pluripotent progenitor cells. Journal of Immunology 1992; 148: 772–777
  • Agis H., Willheim M., Sperr W. R., Wilfing A., Krömer E., Kabrna E., Spanblöchl E., Strobl H., Geissler K., Spittler A., Boltz‐Nitulescu G., Majdic O., Lechner K., Valent P. Monocytes do not make mast cells when cultured in the presence of SCF. Characterization of the circulating mast cell progenitor as a c‐kit+, CD34+, Ly−, CD14−, CD17−, colony forming cell. Journal of Immunology 1993; 151: 4221–4227
  • Rottem M., Okada T., Goff J. P., Metcalfe D. D. Mast cells cultured from peripheral blood of normal donors and patients with mastocytosis originate from a CD34+/Fc&RI− cell population. Blood 1994; 84: 2489–2496
  • Valent P. The Riddle of The Mast Cell: c‐kit Ligand as Missing Link?. Immunology Today 1994; 15: 111–114
  • Galli S. J. New insights into “the riddle of the mast cells”: microenvironmental regulation of mast cell development and phenotypic heterogeneity. Laboratory Investigation 1990; 62: 5–33
  • Valent P., Sillaber C., Bettelheim P. The growth and differentiation of human mast cells. Progress in Growth Factor Research 1991; 3: 27–41
  • Valent P., Bettelheim P. Cell surface structures on human basophils and mast cells: Biochemical and functional characterization. Advances in Immunology 1992; 52: 333–421
  • Scheck O., Horny H. ‐P., Ruck P., Schmelzle R., Kaiserling E. Solitary mastocytoma of the eyelid. A case report with special reference to the immunocytology of human tissue mast cells, and a review of the literature. Virchows Archiv 1987; 412: 31–36
  • Valent P., Ashman L. K., Hinterberger W., Eckersberger E., Majdic O., Lechner K., Maurer D., Bettelheim P. Mast cell typing: Demonstration of a distinct hemopoietic cell type and evidence for immunophenotypic relationship to mononuclear phagocytes. Blood 1989; 73: 1778–1785
  • Agis H., Füreder W., Bankl H. C., Kundi M., Sperr W. R., Willheim M., Boltz‐Nitulescu G., Butterfield J. H., Kishi K., Lechner K., Valent P. Comparative phenotypic analysis of human mast cells, blood monocytes and blood basophils: Dissection of three distinct myeloid cell lineages. Immunology 1996; 87: 535–543
  • Födinger M., Fritsch G., Winkler K., Emminger W., Mitterbauer G., Gadner H., Valent P., Mannhalter C. Origin of human mast cells: development from transplanted hematopoietic stem cells after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1994; 84: 2954–2959
  • Irani A. M., Nilsson G., Miettinen U., Craig S. S., Ashman L. K., Ishizaka T., Zsebo K. M., Schwartz L. B. Recombinant human stem cell factor stimulates differentiation of human mast cells from dispersed fetal liver cells. Blood 1992; 80: 3009–3016
  • Valent P., Spanblöchl E., Sperr W. R., Sillaber C., Zsebo K. M., Agis H., Strobl H., Geissler K., Bettelheim P., Lechner K. Induction of differentiation of human mast cells from bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells by recombinant human stem cell factor (SCF)/kit ligand in long term culture. Blood 1992; 80: 2237–2245
  • Mitsui H., Furitsu T., Dvorak A. M., Irani A. M., Schwartz L. B., Inagaki N., Takei M., Ishizaka K., Zsebo K. M., Gillis S., Ishizaka T. Development of human mast cells from umbilical cord blood cells by recombinant human and murine c‐kit ligand. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1993; 90: 735–739
  • Sillaber C., Strobl H., Bevec D., Ashman L. K., Butter‐field J. H., Lechner K., Maurer D., Bettelheim P., Valent P. IL‐4 regulates c‐kit proto‐oncogene product expression in human mast and myeloid progenitor cells. Journal of Immunology 1991; 147: 4224–4228
  • Lennert K., Parwaresch M. R. Mast cells and mast cell neoplasia: a review. Histopathotogy 1979; 3: 349–356
  • Parwaresch M. R., Horny H. ‐P., Lennert K. Tissue mast cells in health and disease. Pathology Research and Practice 1985; 179: 439–461
  • Metcalfe D. D. Classification and diagnosis of mastocytosis: current status. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1991; 96: 2S–4S
  • Valent P. Biology, classification and treatment of human mastocytosis. Wiener Klinische Wochenschrifr 1996; 108: 385–397
  • Nagata H., Worobec A. S., Oh C. K., Chowdhury B. A., Tannenbaum S., Suzuki Y., Metcalfe D. D. Identification of a point mutation in the catalytic domain of the protooncogene c kit in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients who have mastocytosis with an associated hematologic disorder. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1995; 92: 10560–10564
  • Longley B. J., Tyrrell L., Lu S. Z., Ma Y. S., Langley K., Ding T. G., Duffy T., Jacobs P., Tang L. H., Modlin I. Somatic c‐kit activating mutation in urticaria pigmentosa and aggressive mastocytosis: establishment of clonality in a human mast cell neoplasm. Nature Genetics 1996; 12: 312–314
  • Worohec A. S., Semere T., Nagata H., Metcalfe D. D. Clinical correlates of the presence of the Asp816Val c‐kit mutation in the peripheral blood mononuclear cells of patients with mastocytosis. Cancer 1998; 83: 2120–2129
  • Pignon J. M., Giraudiers S., Duquesnoy P., Jouault H., Imhert M., Vainchenker W., Vernant J. P., Tuliez M. A new c‐kit mutation in a case of aggressive mast cell disease. British Journal of Haematology 1997; 96: 374–376
  • Buttner C., Henz B. M., Welker P., Sepp N. T., Grabbe J. Identification of activating c‐kit mutations in adult‐, but not childhood‐onset indolent mastocytosis: a possible explanation for divergent clinical behaviour. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1998; 111: 1227–1231
  • Longley B. J., Metcalfe D. D., Tharp M., Wang X., Tyrrell L., Lu S. ‐Z., Heitjan D., Ma Y. Activating and dominant inactivating c‐kit catalytic domain mutations in distinct forms of human mastocytosis. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1999; 96: 1609–1614
  • Escrihano L., Orfao A., Villarrubia J., Martin F., Madruga J. I., Cuevas M., Velasco J. L., Rios A., San Miguel J. F. Sequential immunophenotypic analysis of mast cells in a case of systemic mast cell disease evolving to a mast cell leukemia. Cytometry 1997; 30: 98–102
  • Escribano L., Orfao A., Villarrubia J., Diaz‐Agustin B., Cerveró C., Rios A., Velasco J. L., Ciudad J., Navarro J. L., San Miguel J. F. Immunophenotypic characterization of human bone marrow mast cells. A flow cytometric study of normal and pathologic bone marrow samples. Analytical Cellular Pathology 1998; 16: 151–159
  • Escribano L., Orfao A., Diaz‐Agustin B., Villarmbia J., Cerveró C., López A., Marcos M. A., Bellas C., Fernández‐Canadas S., Cuevas M., Sánchez A., Velasco J. L., Navarro J. L., Miguel J. F. Indolent systemic mast cell disease in adults: imrnunophenotypic characterization of bone marrow mast cells and its diagnostic implications. Blood 1998; 91: 2731–2736
  • Prokocimer M., Polliack A. Increased bone marrow mast cells in preleukemic syndromes, acute leukemia, and lymphoproliferative disorders. American Journal of Clinical Pathology 1981; 75: 34–38
  • Yoo D., Lessin L. S., Jensen W. N. Bone marrow mast cells in lymphoproliferative disorders. Annals of Internal Medicine 1978; 88: 753–757
  • Yoo D., Lessin L. S. Bone marrow mast cells content in preleukemic syndrome. American Journal of Medicine 1982; 73: 539–542
  • Horny H. ‐P., Panvaresch M. R., Lennert K. Bone marrow findings in systemic mastocytosis. Human Pathology 1985; 16: 808–814
  • Brunning R. D., McKenna R. W., Rosai J., Parkin J. L., Risdall R. Systemic mastocytosis, extracutaneous manifestations. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1983; 7: 425–438
  • Horny H. ‐P., Kaiserling E. Lymphoid cells and tissue mast cells of hone marrow lesions in systemic mastocytosis: a histological and immunohistological study. British Journal of Haematology 1988; 69: 449–455
  • Horny H. ‐P., Ruck M. T., Kaiserling E. Spleen findings in generalized mastocytosis. A clinicopathologic study. Cancer 1992; 70: 459–468
  • Horny H. ‐P., Kaiserling E., Panvaresch M. R., Lennert K. Lymph node findings in generalized mastocytosis. Histopathology 1992; 21: 439–446
  • Caplan R. M. The natural course of urticaria pigmentosa. Analysis and follow up of 112 cases. Archives of Dermatology 1963; 87: 146–157
  • Horan R. F., Austen K. F. Systemic mastocytosis: retrospective review of a decade's clinical experience at the Brigham and Women's hospital. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1991; 96: 5–13
  • Travis W. D., Li C. Y., Bergstralh E. J., Yam L. T., Swee R. G. Systemic mast cell disease. Analysis of 58 cases and literature review. Medicine 1988; 67: 345–368
  • Friedman B. I., Will J. J., Freiman D. G., Braunstein H. Tissue mast cell leukemia. Blood 1958; 13: 70–78
  • Efrati P., Klajman A., Spitz H. Mast cell leukemia? Malignant mastocytosis with leukemia‐like manifestations. Blood 1957; 12: 869–882
  • Travis W. D., Li C. Y., Hoagland H. C., Travis L. B., Banks P. M. Mast cell leukemia: report of a case and review of the literature. Mayo Clinic Proceedings 1986; 61: 957–966
  • Dalton R., Chan L., Batten E., Eridani S. Mast cell leukaemia: evidence for hone marrow origin of the pathological clone. British Journal of Haematology 1986; 64: 397–406
  • Baghestanian M., Bankl H. C., Sillaber C., Beil W. J., Radaszkiewicz Th., Füreder W., Preiser J., Veselly M., Schernthaner G., Lechner K., Valent P. A case of malignant mastocytosis with circulating mast cell precursors: biologic and phenotypic characterization of the malignant clone. Leukemia 1996; 10: 159–166
  • Horny H. ‐P., Parwaresch M. R., Kaiserling E., Müller K., Olhermann M., Mainzer K., Lennert K. Mast cell sarcoma of the larynx. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1986; 39: 596–602
  • Kojima M., Nakamura S., Itoh H., Ohno Y., Masawa N., Joshita T., Suchi T. Mast cell sarcoma with tissue eosinophilia arising in the ascending colon. Modern Pathology 1999; 12: 739–743
  • Guenther P. P., Huebner A., Sobottka S. B., Neumeister V., Weissbach G., Todt H., Parwaresch R. Intracranial mast cell sarcoma: what do we treat?, submitted
  • Lawrence J. B., Friedman B. S., Travis W. D., Chinchilli V. M., Metcalfe D. D., Gralnick H. R. Hematologic manifestations of systemic mast cell disease: a prospective study of laboratory and morphologic features and their relation to prognosis. American Journal of Medcine 1991; 91: 612–624
  • Travis W. D., Li C. Y., Yam L. T., Bergstralh E. J., Swee R. G. Significance of systemic mast cell disease with associated hematologic disorders. Cancer 1988; 62: 965–972
  • Horny H. ‐P., Ruck M., Wehrmann M., Kaiserling E. Blood findings in generalized mastocytosis: evidence of frequent simultaneous occurrence of myeloprolif‐erative disorders. British Journal of Haematology 1990; 76: 186–193
  • Hutchinson R. M. Mastocytosis and co‐existent Non‐Hodgkin's lymphoma and myeloproliferative disorders. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1992; 7: 29–36
  • Travis W. D., Li C. Y., Bergstralh E. J. Solid and hematologic malignancies in 60 patients with systemic mast cell disease. Archives of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine 1989; 113: 365–368
  • Bennett J. M., Catovsky D., Daniel M. T., Flandrin G., Galton D. A. G., Gralnick H. R., Sultan C. Proposed revised criteria for the classification of acute myeloid leukemia. A report of the French‐American‐British group. Annals of Internal Medicine 1985; 103: 626–629
  • Bennett J. M., Catovsky D., Daniel M. T., Flandrin G., Galton D. A. G., Gralnick H. R., Sultan C. Proposal for the recognition of minimally differentiated acute myeloid leukemia. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 78: 325–329
  • Horny H. ‐P., Sillaber C., Menke D., Kaiserling E., Wehrmann M., Stehberger B., Chott A., Lechner K., Lennert K., Valent P. Diagnostic value of immunostaining for tryptase in patients with mastocytosis. American Journal of Surgical Pathology 1998; 22: 1132–1140
  • Valent P. Mast cell differentiation antigens: Expression in normal and malignant cells and use for diagnostic purposes. European Journal of Clinical Investigation 1995; 25: 715–720
  • Fukuda T., Kamishima T., Tsuura Y., Suzuki T., Kakihara T., Naito M., Kishi K., Matsumoto K., Shibata A., Saito T. Expression of the c‐kit gene product in normal and neoplastic mast cells but not in neoplastic basophil / mast cell precursors from chronic myelogenous leukaemia. Journal of Pathology 1995; 177: 139–146
  • Valent P., Escribano L., Parwaresch R., Schemmel V., Schwartz L. B., Sotlar K., Sperr W. R., Horny H. ‐P. Recent advances in mastocytosis research. International Archives of Allergy and Immunology 1999; 120: 1–7
  • Li W. V., Kapadia S. B., Sonmez‐Alpan E., Steven M. S., Swerdlow S. H. Immunohistochemical characterization of mast cell disease in paraffin sections using tryptase, CD68, myeloperoxidase, lysozyme, and CD20 antibodies. Modern Pathology 1996; 9: 982–988
  • Sagher F., Liban E., Ungar H., Schorr S. Urticaria pigmentosa with bone marrow involvement, mast cell aggregates in bones and myelosclerosis found at autopsy in a case dying of monocytic leukemia. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1956; 27: 355–368
  • Pennacchio L., Mele G. Forma intermedia fra leucemia acuta a promielociti basofili e mastocitosi sistemica. Minerva Medica 1970; 62: 3747–3749
  • Cains L. J. Systemic mastocytosis. Australasian Journal of Dermatology 1972; 13: 111–113
  • Vilter R. W., Wiltse D. Preleukemia and urticaria pigmentosa followed by acute myelomonoblastic leukemia. Archives of Internal Medicine 1985; 145: 349–352
  • Wong K. F., Chan J. K., Chan J. C., Kwong Y. L., Ma S. K., Chow T. C. Concurrent acute myeloid leukemia and systemic mastocytosis. American Journal of Hematology 1991; 38: 243–244
  • Lindner P. S., Pardanani B., Angadi C., Frieri M. Acute nonlymphocytic leukemia in systemic mastocytosis with biclonal gammopathy. Journal of Allergy and Clinical Immunology 1992; 90: 410–412
  • Kyriakou D., Kouroumalis E., Konsolas J., Oekonomaki H., Tzardi M., Kanavaros P., Manoussos O., Eliopoulos G. D. Systemic mastocytosis: a rare cause of noncirrhotic portal hypertension simulating autoimmune cholangitis‐report of four cases. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1998; 93: 106–108
  • Sperr W. R., Walchshofer S., Horny H. ‐P., Födinger M., Simonitsch I., Fritsche‐Polanz R., Schwarzinger I., Tschachler E., Sillaber C., Hagen W., Geissler K., Chott A., Lechner K., Valent P. Systemic mastocytosis associated with acute myeloid leukaemia: report of two cases and detection of the c‐kit mutation Asp‐816 to Val. British Journal of Haematology 1998; 103: 740–749
  • Shaw D. W., Hocking W., Ahmed A. R. Generalized cutaneous mastocytosis and acute myelogenous leukemia. International Journal of Dermatology 1983; 22: 109–112
  • Safyan E. L., Veerabagu M. P., Swerdlow S. H., Lee R. G., Rakela J. Intrahepatic cholestasis due to systemic mastocytosis: a case report and review of literature. American Journal of Gastroenterology 1997; 92: 1197–1200
  • Cooper A. J., Winkelmann R. K., Wiltsie J. C. Hematologic malignancies occumng in patients with urticaria pigmentosa. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1982; 7: 215–220
  • Parwaresch M. R., Horny H. ‐P., Bödewadt‐Radzun S. Mast cell disease. In Neoplastic Hematopathology, D. M. Knowles. William. & Wilkins, New York 1992; 1485–1515
  • Petit A., Pulik M., Gaulier A., Lionnet F., Mahe A., Sigal M. Systemic mastocytosis associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia: clinical features and response to interferon alpha therapy. Journal of the American Academy of Dermatology 1995; 32: 850–853
  • Lewis J. P., Welbom J. L., Meyers F. J., Levy N. B., Roschak T. Mast cell disease followed by leukemia with clonal evolution. Leukemia Research 1987; 11: 769–773
  • Smith J. D., Lazarchick J. Systemic mast cell disease with marrow and splenic involvement associated with chronic myelomonocytic leukemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1999; 32: 391–394
  • Pulik M., Lionnet F., Petit A., Genet P., Gaulier A. Long term response to interferon alpha in a patient with systemic mastocytosis and chronic myelomonocytic leukemia [letter]. American Journal of Hematology 1992; 47: 66
  • Agis H., Beil W. J., Bankl H. ‐C., Füreder W., Sperr W. R., Ghannadan M., Baghestanian M., Sillaber C., Bettelheim P., Lechner K., Valent P. Basophil‐ versus mast cell lineage involvement in myelodysplastic and leukemic disorders. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1996; 22: 187–204
  • Wakem C. J., Bennett J. M. Acute mast cell leukemia: cytochemical and clinical features (abstract). Clinical Research 1970; 16: 687
  • Daniel M. ‐T., Flandrin G., Bernard J. Leucémie aigue a mastocytes: etude cytochimique et ultrastructurale, à propos d'une observation. Nouvelle Revue Francaise d Hematologie 1975; 15: 319–332
  • Clancy R. T., Gauldie J., Vallieres M., Bienenstock J., Day R. P., Pineo R. F. An approach in immunotherapy using antibody to IgE in mast cell leukemia. Cancer 1976; 37: 673–696
  • Popa G., Iordacheanu L. Leucémie a mastocytes. Revista Medico Chirurgicala Societatii Medici Naturalisti Din hasi. 1977; 81: 519–520
  • Kimura A., Tanaka R., Taketomi Y., Dohi H., Fujimura K., Kamada N., Kuramoto A., Kajihara H., Aoki Y., Yamamoto S. A case of mastocytoma with leukemic manifestation of its immature form in the terminal stage. Rinsho Ketsueki 1979; 20: 1137–1146
  • Coser P., Quaglino D., De Pasquale A., Colombetti V., Prinoth O. Cytobiological and clinical aspects of tissue mast cell leukemia. British Journal of Haematology 1980; 45: 5–12
  • Pauls J. D., Brems J., Pockros P. J., Saven A., Wagner R. L., Weber R., Metcalfe D., Christiansen S. C. Mastocytosis: diverse presentations and outcomes. Archives of Internal Medicine 1999; 159: 401–405
  • Butterfield J. H., Weiler D., Dewald G., Gleich G. J. Establishment of an immature mast cell line from a patient with mast cell leukemia. Leukemia Research 1988; 12: 345–355
  • Szweda J. A., Abraham J. P., Fine G., Nixon R. K., Rupe C. E. Systemic mast cell disease: A review and report of three cases. American Journal of Medicine 1962; 32: 227–239
  • Treske U., Altenähr E., Lindner J. Histomorphologische und cytologische Befunde bei einem Fall von Gewebsmastzell‐Retikulose mit akutem leukämieartigem Verlauf. Blut 1968; 17: 287–293
  • Mutter R. D., Tannenbaum M., Ultmann J. E. Systemic mast cell disease. Annals of Internal Medicine 1963; 59: 887–906
  • Toney E., Simpson K., Wilbur S., Munoz P., Skikne B. Malignant mastocytosis with circulating mast cells. American Journal of Hematology 1990; 34: 283–286
  • Valent P., Spanblochl E., Bankl H. C., Sperr W. R., Marosi C., Pirc Danoewinata H., Virgolini I., Eichler H. G., Agis H., Sillaber C., Bettelheim P., Lechner K. Kit ligand/mast cell growth factor independent differentiation of mast cells in myelodysplasia and chronic myeloid leukemic blast crisis. Blood 1994; 84: 4322–4332
  • Wimazal F., Sperr W. R., Horny H. ‐P., Carroll V., Binder B. R., Fonatsch C., Walchshofer S., Födinger M., Schwar‐zinger I., Samorapoompichit P., Chott A., Dvorak A. M., Lechner K., Valent P. Hyperfibrinolysis in a case of myelodysplastic syndrome with leukemic spread of mast cells. American Journal of Hematology 1999; 61: 66–77
  • Nagata H., Worobec A. S., Semere T., Metcalfe D. D. Elevated expression of the proto oncogene c kit in patients with mastocytosis. Leukemia 1998; 12: 175–181
  • Cox J. V., Balaban E. P., Demian S. E., Sheehan R. G. An eosinophilic fibrohistolytic lesion of bone marrow in a patient with Hodgkin's disease. Cancer 1991; 68: 1824–1827
  • Saletti P. H., Ghielmini M., Scali G., Pedrinis E., Guéneau M., Cavalli F. Hodgkin's and Castleman's disease in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. Annals of Hematology 1999; 78: 97–100
  • Petrella T., Depret O., Arnould L., Maynadie M., Guy H., Dalac S., Caillot D., Casasnovas O., Lombard J. N. Systemic mast cell disease associated with hairy cell leukaemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1997; 25: 593–595
  • Hagen W., Schwarzmeier J., Walchshofer S., Zojer N., Chott A., Sillaber C., Ackermann J., Simonitsch I., Bühring H. J., Drach J., Lechner K., Horny H. ‐P., Valent P. A case of bone marrow mastocytosis associated with multiple myeloma. Annals of Hematology 1998; 76: 167–174
  • Meggs W. J., Frieri M., Costello R., Metcalfe D. D., Papadopoulos N. M. Oligoclonal immunoglobulins in mastocytosis. Annals of Internal Medicine. 1985; 103: 894–895
  • Kröber S. M., Horny H. ‐P., Ruck P., Kammerer U., Geiselhart A., Handgretinger R., Griesser H., Menke D. M., Kaiserling E. Mastocytosis: reactive or neoplastic?. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1997; 50: 525–527
  • Cervero C., Escribano L., San Miguel J. F., Dim Agustin B., Bravo P., Villarmbia J., Garcia Sanz R., Velasco J. L., Herrera P., Vargas M., Gonzalez M., Navarro J. L., Orfao A. Expression of Bcl 2 by human bone marrow mast cells and its overexpression in mast ceIl leukemia. American Journal of Hematology 1999; 60: 191–195
  • Sotlar K., Marafioti T., Griesser H., Theil J., Aepinus C., Jaussi R., Menke D. M., Stein H., Valent P., Horny H. ‐P. Detection of c‐kit point mutation Asp816 Val in microdissected bone marrow infiltrates in a case of systemic mastocytosis associated with CMML, submitted
  • Akin C., Kirshenbaum A., Scott L. M., Semere T., Metcalfe D. D. Demonstration of an activating c‐kit mutation in myeloid and lymphoid cells in peripheral blood and bone marrow in mastocytosis. Blood (suppl) 1998; 92: 210a
  • Afonja O., Amorosi E., Ashman L., Takeshita K. Multilineage involvement and erythropoietin “independent” erythroid progenitor cells in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. Annals of Hematology 1998; 77: 183–186
  • Metcalfe D. D. The treatment of mastocytosis. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1991; 96: 55S–56S
  • Parker R. I. Hematologic aspects of mastocytosis. II. management of hematologic disorders in association with systemic mast cell disease. Journal of Investigative Dermatology 1991; 96: 52S–53S
  • Kluin‐Nelemans H. C., Jansen J. H., Breukelman H., Wolthers B. G., Kluin P. M., Kroon H. M., Willemze R. Response to interferon alpha‐2b in a patient with systemic mastocytosis. New England Journal of Medicine 1992; 326: 619–623
  • Worobec A. S., Kirshenbaum A. S., Schwartz L. B., Metcalfe D. D. Treatment of three patients with systemic mastocytosis with interferon alpha‐2b. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1996; 22: 501–508
  • Przepiorka D., Giralt S., Khouri I., Champlin R., Bueso Ramos C. Allogeneic marrow transplantation for myeloproliferative disorders other than chronic myelogenous leukemia: review of forty cases. American Journal of Hematology 1998; 57: 24–28
  • Butterfield J. H. Response of severe systemic mastocytosis to interferon alpha. British Journal of Dermatology 1998; 138: 489–495

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.