Leukemia Relapse Reconsidered from the Molecular Aspect

References

• Burnett A. K., Eden O. B. The treatment of acute leukaemia. Lancet 1997; 349: 270–275
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bishop J. F. The treatment of adult acute myeloid leukemia. Semin Uncol 1997; 24: 57–49
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laport G. F., Larson R. A. Treatment of adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Uncol 1997; 24: 70–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoelzer D. Treatment of acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Semin Hematol 1994; 31: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C. H., Evans W. E. Acute lymphoblastic leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998; 339: 605–615
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohno R., Naoe T., Kanamaru A., Yoshida M., Hiraoka A., Kobayashi T., Ueda T., Minami S., Morishima Y., Saito Y., Furusawa S., Imai K., Takemoto Y., Miura Y., Teshima H., Hamajima H., Kohseishou Leukemia Study Group. A double‐blind controlled study of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor started two days before. induction chemotherapy in refractory acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 2086–2092
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gale R. P., Horowitz M. M., Rees J. K., Gray R. G., Oken M. M., Estey E. H., Kim K. M., Zhang M. J., Ash R. C., Atkinson K., Champlin R. E., Dicke K. A., Gajewski J. L., Goldman J. M., Helbig W., Henslee‐Downey P. S., Hinter‐berger W., Jacobsen N., Keating A., Klein J. P., Marmont A. M., Prentice H. G., Reiffers J., Rimm A. A., Rowlings P. A., Sobocinski K. A., Speck B., Wingard J. R., Bortin M. M. Chemotherapy versus transplants for acute myelogenous leukemia in second remission. Leukemia 1996; 10: 13–19
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pui C. H., Raimondi S. C., Behm F. G., Ochs J., Furman W. L., Bunin N. J., Ribeiro R. C., Tinsley P. A., Mirro J. Shifts in blast cell phenotype and karyotype at relapse of childhood lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1986; 68: 1306–1310
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wering E. R., Beishuizen A., Roeffen E. T., van der Linden‐Schrever B. E., Verhoeven M. A., Hahlen K., Hooijkaas H., van Dongen J. J. Immunophenotypic changes between diagnosis and relapse in childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1995; 9: 1523–1533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schneider E., Cowan K. H., Bader H., Toomey S., Schwartz G. N., Karp J. E., Burke P. J., Kaufmann S. H. Increased expression of the multidrug resistance‐associated protein gene in relapsed acute leukemia. Blood 1995; 85: 186–193
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Filipits M., Suchomel R. W., Lechner K., Pirker R. Immunocytochemical detection of the multidrug resistance‐associated protein and P‐glycoprotein in acute myeloid leukemia: impact of antibodies, sample source and disease status. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1073–1077
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garson O. M., Hagemeijer A., Sakurai M., Reeves B. R., Swansbury G. J., Williams G. J., Alimena G., Arthur D. C., Berger R., de la Chapelle A., Mitelman F., Van Den Berghe H., Lawler S. D., Rowley J. D. Cytogenetic studies of 103 patients with acute myelogenous leukemia in relapse. Cancer Genet Cytogenet 1989; 40: 187–202
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Estey E., Keating M. J., Pierce S., Stass S. Change in karyotype between diagnosis and first relapse in acute myelogenous leukemia. Leukemia 1995; 9: 972–976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beishuizen A., Verhoeven M. A., van Wering E. R., Hahlen K., Hooijkaas H., van Dongen J. J. Analysis of Ig and T‐cell receptor genes in 40 childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemias at diagnosis and subsequent relapse: implications for the detection of minimal residual disease by polymerase chain reaction analysis. Blood 1994; 83: 2238–2247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman R., Yamada M., Ito Y., Finger L. R., Reichard B. A., Shane S., Lange B., Rovera G. VH gene rearrangement events can modify the immunoglobulin heavy chain during progression of B‐lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1992; 79: 223–228
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scuderi R., Palucka K. A., Pokrovskaja K., Bjorkholm M., Wiman K. G., Pisa P. Cyclin E overexpression in relapsed adult acute lymphoblastic leukemias of B‐cell lineage. Blood 1996; 87: 3360–3367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campos L., Guyotat D., Archimbaud E., Calmard‐Oriol P., Tsuruo T., Troncy J., Treille D., Fiere D. Clinical significance of multidrug resistance P‐glycoprotein expression on acute nonlymphoblastic leukemia cells at diagnosis. Blood 1992; 79: 473–476
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kith C. P., Kopecky K. J., Godwin J., McConnell T., Slovak M. L., Chen I. M., Head D. R., Appelbaum F. R., Willman C. L. Acute myeloid leukemia in the elderly: assessment of multidrug resistance (MDR1) and cytogenetics distinguishes biologic subgroups with remarkably distinct responses to standard chemotherapy. A Southwest Oncology Group study. Blood 1997; 89: 3323–3329
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Legrand O., Simonin G., Beauchamp‐Nicoud A., Zittoun R., Marie J. P. Simultaneous activity of MRP1 and Pgp is correlated with in vitro resistance to daunorubicin and with in vivo resistance in adult acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 1046–1056
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roninson I. B., Abelson H. T., Housman D. E., Howell N., Varshavsky A. Amplification of specific DNA sequences correlates with multi‐drug resistance in Chinese hamster cells. Nature 1984; 309: 626–628
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakayama M., Wada M., Harada T., Nagayama J., Kusaba H., Ohshima K., Kozuru M., Komatsu H., Ueda R., Kuwano M. Hypomethylation status of CpG sites at the promoter region and overexpression of the human MDR1 gene in acute myeloid leukemias. Blood 1998; 92: 4296–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leegwater P. A., Lambooy L. H., De Abreu R. A., Bokkerink J. P., van den Heuvel L. P. DNA methylation patterns in the calcitonin gene region at first diagnosis and at relapse of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL). Leukemia 1997; 11: 971–978
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartwell L. H., Kastan M. B. Cell cycle control and cancer. Science 1994; 266: 1821–1828
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hunter T., Pines J. Cyclins and cancer. II: Cyclin D and CDK inhibitors come of age. Cell 1994; 79: 573–82
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hebert J., Cayuela J. M., Berkeley J., Sigaux F. Candidate tumor‐suppressor genes MTS1 (p16INK4A) and MTS2 (p15INK4B) display frequent homozygous deletions in primary cells from T‐ but not from B‐cell lineage acute lymphoblastic leukemias. Blood 1994; 84: 4038–4044
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hangaishi A., Ogawa S., Imamura N., Miyawak S., Miura Y., Uike N., Shimazaki C., Emi N., Takeyama K., Hirosawa S., Kamada N., Kobayashi Y., Takemoto Y., Kitani T., Toyama K., Ohtake S., Yazaki Y., Ueda R., Hirai H. Inactivation of multiple tumor‐suppressor genes involved in negative regulation of the cell cycle, MTS1/p16INK4A/CDKN2, MTS2/p1SINK4B, p53, and Rb genes in primary lymphoid malignancies. Blood 1996; 87: 4949–4958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida T., Kinoshita T., Hotta T., Murate T. High‐risk myelodysplastic syndromes and hypermethylation of the p15Ink4B gene. Leuk Lymphoma 1998; 32: 9–18
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maloney K. W., McGavran L., Odom L. F., Hunger S. P. Acquisition of p16(INK4A) and p15(INK4B) gene abnormalities between initial diagnosis and relapse in children with acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Btood 1999; 93: 2380–2385
   Google Scholar
• Sauerbrey A., Hafer R., Zintl F., Volm M. Analysis of cyclin D1 in de novo and relapsed childhood acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Anticancer Res 1999; 19: 645–449
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu D., Gruber A., Peterson C., Pisa P. Telomerase activity and the expression of telomerase components in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998; 102: 1367–1375
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whitlock J. A., Greer J. P., Lukens J. N. Epipodophyllotoxin‐related leukemia. Identification of a new subset of secondary leukemia. Cancer 1991; 68: 600–604
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felix C. A., Winick N. J., Negrini M., Bowman W. P., Croce C. M., Lange B. J. Common region of ALL‐1 gene disrupted in epipodophyllotoxin‐related secondary acute myeloid leukemia. Cancer Res 1993; 53: 2954–2956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Raghavachar A., Thiel E., Bartram C. R. Analyses of phenotype and genotype in acute lymphoblastic leukemias at first presentation and in relapse. Blood 1987; 70: 1079–1083
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green E., McConville C. M., Powell J. E., Mann J. R., Darbyshire P. J., Taylor A. M., Stankovic T. Clonal diversity of Ig and T‐cell‐receptor gene rearrangements identifies a subset of childhood B‐precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia with increased risk of relapse. Blood 1998; 92: 952–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bird J., Galili N., Link M., Stites D., Sklar J. Continuing rearrangement but absence of somatic hypermutation in immunoglobulin genes of human B cell precursor leukemia. J Exp Med 1988; 168: 229–245
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reth M. G., Jackson S., Alt F. W. VHDJH formation and DJHreplacement during pre‐B differentiation: non‐random usage of gene segments. EMBO J 1986; 5: 2131–2138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyoi H., Naoe T., Horibe K., Ohno R. Characterization of the immunoglobulin heavy chain complementarity determining region (CDR)‐III sequences from human B cell precursor acute lymphoblastic leukemia cells. J Clin Invest 1992; 89: 739–746
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bones J. C., Cayuela J. M., Loiseau P., Sigaux F. Expression of human recombination activating genes (RAG1 and RAG2) in neoplastic lymphoid cells: correlation with cell differentiation and antigen receptor expression. Blood 1991; 78: 2053–2061
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Look A. T. Oncogenic transcription factors in the human acute leukemias. Science 1997; 278: 1059–1064
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bos J. L. ras oncogenes in human cancer: a review. Cancer Res 1989; 49: 4682–4689
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radich J. P., Kopecky K. J., Willman C. L., Weick J., Head D., Appelbaum F. N‐ras mutations in adult de novo acute myelogeneous leukemia: prevelance and clinical significance. Blood 1990; 76: 801–807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lubbert M., Mirro J. J., Miller C. W., Kahan J., Isaac G., Kitchingman G., Mertelsmann R., Hemnann F., McCor‐mick F., Koeffler H. P. N‐ras gene point mutations in childhood acute lymphocytic leukemia correlate with a poor prognosis. Blood 1990; 75: 1163–1169
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neubauer A., Dodge R. K., George S. L., Davey F. R., Silver R. T., Schiffer C. A., Mayer R. J., Ball E. D., Wurster‐Hill D., Bloomfield C. D., Lui E. T. Prognostic importance of mutations in the ras proto‐onco‐genes in de novo acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1994; 83: 1603–1611
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubo K., Naoe T., Kiyoi H., Fukutani H., Kato Y., Oguri T., Yamamori S., Akatsuka Y., Kodera Y., Ohno R. Clonal analysis of multiple point mutations in the N‐ras gene in patients with acute myeloid leukemia. Jpn J Cancer Res 1993; 84: 379–387
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hirai H., Kobayashi Y., Mano H., Hagiwara K., Maru Y., Omine M., Mizoguchi H., Nishida J., Takaku F. A point mutation at codon 13 of the N‐ras oncogene in myelodysplastic syndrome. Nature 1987; 327: 430–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fan C., Gill R., Katz F., Gibbons B., Marshall C. J. Analysis of ras gene mutations in childhood myeloid leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1991; 77: 323–327
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakano Y., Kiyoi H., Miyawaki S., Asou N., Ohno R., Saito H., Naoe T. Molecular evolution of acute myeloid leukaemia in relapse: unstable N‐ ras and FLT3 genes compared with p53 gene. Br J Haematol 1999; 104: 659–664
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollstein M., Sidransky D., Vogelstein B., Harris C. C. P53 mutations in human cancers. Science 1991; 253: 49–53
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Preudhomme C., Fenaux P. The clinical significance of mutations of the P53 tumour suppressor gene in hae‐matological malignancies. Br J Haemutol 1997; 98: 502–511
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wattel E., Preudhomme C., Hecquet B., Vanrumbeke M., Quesnel B., Dervite I. p53 mutations are associated with resistance to chemotherapy and short survival in hematologic malignancies. Blood 1994; 84: 3148–3157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu G., Zhang W., Deisseroth A. B. P53 gene mutations in acute myelogenous leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1992; 81: 489–494
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakai H., Misawa S., Toguchida J., Yandell D. W., Ishizaki K. Frequent p53 gene mutations in blast crisis of chronic myelogenous leukemia, especially in myeloid crisis harboring loss of a chromosome 17p. Cancer Res 1992; 52: 6588–6593
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hsiao M. H., Yu A. L., Yeargin J., Ku D., Haas M. Nonhereditary p53 mutations in T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia are associated with the relapse phase. Blood 1994; 83: 2922–2930
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diccianni M. B., Yu J., Hsiao M., Mukhejee S., Shao L. E., Yu A. L. Clinical significance of p53 mutations in relapsed T‐cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood 1994; 84: 3105–3112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y. M., Foroni L., McQuaker I. G., Papaioannou M., Haynes A., Russell H. H. Mechanisms of relapse in acute leukaemia: involvement of p53 mutated subclones in disease progression in acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Br J Cancer 1999; 79: 1151–1157
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota S., Kiyoi H., Nakao M., Iwai T., Misawa S., Okuda X., Sonoda Y., Abe T., Kashima K., Matsuo Y., Naoe T. Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene is preferentially seen in acute myeloid leukemia and myelodysplastic syndrome among various hemat_logical malignancies. A study on a large series of patients and cell lines. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1605–1609
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyoi H., Naoe X., Yokota S., Nakao M., Minami S., Kuri‐yama K., Takeshita A., Saito K., Hasegawa S., Shimodaira S., Tamura J., Shimazaki C., Matsue K., Kobayashi H., Arima N., Suzuki R., Morishita H., Saito H., Ueda R., Ohno R. Internal tandem duplication of FLT3 associated with leukocytosis in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1447–1452
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyoi H., Naoe X., Nakano Y., Yokota S., Minami S., Miyawaki S., Asou N., Kuriyama K., Jinnai I., Shimazaki C., Akiyama H., Saito K., Oh H., Motoji T., Omoto E., Saito H., Ohno R., Ueda R. Prognostic implication of FLT3 and N‐RAS gene mutations in acute myeloid leukemia. Blood 1999; 93: 3074–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horiike S., Yokota S., Nakao M., Iwai T., Sasai Y., Kaneko H., Taniwaki M., Kashima K., Fujii H., Abe X., Misawa S. Tandem duplications of the FLT3 receptor gene are associated with leukemic transformation of myelodysplasia. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1442–1446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kiyoi H., Towatari M., Yokota S., Hamaguchi M., Ohno R., Saito H., Naoe X. Internal tandem duplication of the FLT3 gene is a novel modality of elongation mutation which causes constitutive activation of the product. Leukemia 1998; 12: 1333–1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kitamura K., Kiyoi H., Yoshida H., Saito H., Ohno R., Naoe X. Mutant AF‐2 domain of PML‐RARα in retinoic acid‐resistant NB4 cells: differentiation induced by RA is triggered directly through PML‐ RARα and its down‐regulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1997; 11: 1950–1956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imaizumi M., Suzuki H., Yoshinari M., Sato A., Saito T., Sugawara A., Tsuchiya S., Hatae Y., Fujimoto T., Kakizuka A., Konno T., Iinuma K. Mutations in the E‐domain of RAR portion of the PML/RAR chimeric gene may confer clinical resistance to all‐trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1998; 92: 374–382
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding W., Li Y. P., Nobile L. M., Grills G., Carrera I., Paietta E., Tallman M. S., Wiernik P. H., Gallagher R. E. Leukemic cellular retinoic acid resistance and missense mutations in the PML‐RARα fusion gene after relapse of acute promyelocytic leukemia from treatment with all‐trans retinoic acid and intensive chemotherapy. Blood 1998; 92: 1172–1183
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshida H., Kitamura K., Tanaka K., Omura S., Miyazaki X., Hachiya X., Ohno R., Naoe X. Accelerated degradation of PML‐retinoic acid receptor alpha (PML‐RARA) oncoprotein by all‐trans‐retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: possible role of the proteasome pathway. Cancer Rex 1996; 56: 2945–2948
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinzler K. W., Vogelstein B. Lessons from hereditary colorectal cancer. CeN 1996; 87: 159–170
   Google Scholar
• Fishel R., Lescoe M. K., Rao M. R., Copeland N. G., Jenkins N. A., Garber J., Kane M., Kolodner R. The human mutator gene homolog MSH2 and its association with hereditary nonpolyposis colon cancer. Cell 1993; 75: 1027–1038
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohyashiki J. H., Ohyashiki K., Aizawa S., Kawakubo K., Shimamoto X., Iwama H., Hayashi S., Toyama K. Replication errors in hematological neoplasias: genomic instability in progression of disease is different among different types of leukemia. Clin Cancer Res 1996; 2: 1583–1589
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tasaka T., Lee S., Spira S., Takeuchi S., Nagai M., Taka‐hara J., Koeffle G. H. P. Microsatellite instability during the progression of acute myelocytic leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1997; 98: 219–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhu Y. M., Das‐Gupta E. P., Russell N. H. Microsatellite instability and p53 mutations are associated with abnormal expression of the MSH2 gene in adult acute leukemia. Blood 1999; 94: 733–740
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de las Alas M. M., Aebi S., Fink D., Howell S. B., Los G. Loss of DNA mismatch repair: effects on the rate of mutation to drug resistance. J Natl Cancer Inst 1997; 89: 1537–1541
   Google Scholar