Triptolide, A Novel Immunosuppressive and Anti-Inflammatory Agent Purified from a Chinese Herb Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook F

References

• Kupchan S. M., Court W. A., Dailey R. G., Jr., Gilmore C. J., Bryan R F. Triptolide and tripdiolide, novel antileukemic diterpenoid triepoxides from Tripterygium wilfordii. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1972; 94: 7194–7195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qian S Z. Tripterygium wilfordii, a Chinese herb effective in male fertility regulation. Contraception 1987; 36: 335–345
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lipsky P. E., Tao X L. A potential new treatment for rheumatoid arthritis: thunder god vine. Semin. Arthritis Rheum. 1997; 26: 713–723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huang S. The saint peasant's scripture of materia medica. Publishing house for Chinese medine classics, Beijing 1982; 309–310, (1835?), republished in 1982
   Google Scholar
• Li S Z. Compadium of Materia Medica. 1578
   Google Scholar
• Jiang X. Clinical observations on the use of the Chinese herb Tripterygium wilfordii Hook for the treatment of nephrotic syndrome. Pediatr. Nephrol. 1994; 8: 343–344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chou W. C., Wu C. C., Yang P. C., Lee Y T. Hypovolemic shock and mortality after ingestion of Tripterygium wilfordii hook F: a case report. Int. J. Cardiol. 1995; 49: 173–177
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gutian Hospital and Beisha Hospital, Fujian Province. Report on the therapeutic effect of the herbal medicine Tripterygium wilfordii hook f on reactive status of leprosy. Pi Fu Bing Fang Zhi Tong Xun 1972; 2: 29–30
   Google Scholar
• Second hospital of Sanming Region, Fujian Province. Preliminary observation on the therapeutic effect of the peeled roots of Tripterygium wilfordii hook F on rheumatoid arthritis. Yi Yao Xue Zi Liao 1973; 1: 8–9
   Google Scholar
• Tao X., Lipsky P E. The Chinese anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook, F. Rheum. Dis. Clin. North Am. 2000; 26: 29–50, viii
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tamaki T., Kawamura A., Komatsu Y., Kawamura H., Maruyama H., Morota T. Phenolic nortriterpene demethylzeylasteral: a new immunosuppressive component of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook f. Transplant. Proc. 1996; 28: 1379–1380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ushiro S., Ono M., Nakayama J., Fujiwara T., Komatsu Y., Sugimachi K., Kuwano M. New nortriterpenoid isolated from anti-rheumatoid arthritic plant, Tripterygium wilfordii, modulates tumor growth and neovascularization. Int. J. Cancer 1997; 72: 657–663
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu W. M., Zhang L. X., Cheng Z. H., Cai W. Z., Miao H. H., Pan D J. [Inhibitory effect of tripterine on activities of IL-1, IL-2 and release of PGE2]. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1991; 26: 641–645
   Google Scholar
• Zhang L. X., Yu F. K., Zheng Q. Y., Fang Z., Pan D J. [Immunosuppressive and antiinflammatory activities of tripterine]. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1990; 25: 573–577
   Google Scholar
• Zheng J. [Screening of active anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and antifertility components of Tripterygium wilfordii III. A comparison of the antiinflammatory and immunosuppressive activities of 7 diterpene lactone epoxide compounds in vivo]. Chung Kuo, I. Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1991; 13: 391–397
   Google Scholar
• Zheng J., Feng K., Gu K. [Screening of anti-inflammatory, immunosuppressive and antifertility components of Tripterygium wilfordii, V Effects of 7 diterpene lactone epoxide compounds on the proliferation of T and B lymphocytes in vitro]. Chung Kuo, I. Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1994; 16: 24–28
   Google Scholar
• Gu W. Z., Brandwein S R. Inhibition of type II collagen-induced arthritis in rats by triptolide. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1998; 20: 389–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gu W. Z., Chen R., Brandwein S., McAlpine J., Burres N. Isolation, purification, and characterization of immunosuppressive compounds from tripterygium: triptolide and tripdiolide. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1995; 17: 351–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao X., Cai J. J., Lipsky P E. The identity of immunosuppressive components of the ethyl acetate extract and chloroform methanol extract (T2) of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. F. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1995; 272: 1305–1312
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kupchan S. M., Schubert R M. Selective alkylation: a biomimetic reaction of the antileukemic triptolides. Science 1974; 185: 791–793
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pu L. X., Zhang T M. [Effects of triptolide on T lymphocyte functions in mice]. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1990; 11: 76–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zheng J. R., Fang J. L., Gu K. X., Yin Y. Q., Xu L. F., Gao J. W., Guo H. Z., Yu Y. H., Sun H Z. [Screening of active anti-inflammatory-immunosuppressive and antifertile components from Tripterygium wilfordii II. Screening of 5 monomers from total glucosides of Tripterygium wilfordii (TII)]. Chung Kuo, I. Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1987; 9: 323–328
   Google Scholar
• Yu D. Q., Zhang D. M., Wang H. B., Liang X T. [Structure modification of triptolide, a diterpenoid from Tripterygium wilfordii]. Yao Hsueh Hsueh Pao 1992; 27: 830–836
   Google Scholar
• Sher F. T., Berchtold G A. Studies on the total synthesis of triptolide. I. J. Org. Chem. 1977; 42: 2569–2574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buckanin R. S., Chen S. J., Frieze D. M., Sher F T. Total synthesis of triptolide and triptonide. J. Am. Chem. Soc. 1980; 102: 1200–1201
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kutney J. P., Beale M. H., Salisbury P. J., Sindelar R. D., Stuart K. L., Worth B. R., Townsley P. M., Chalmers W. T., Donnelly D. J., Nilsson K., Jacoli G G. Triptolide from tissure culture of Tripterygium wilfordii. Heterocytes 1980; 14: 1465–1467
   Google Scholar
• Mao Y. P., Tao X. L., Lipsky P E. Analysis of the stability and degradation products of triptolide. J. Pharm. Pharmacol. 2000; 52: 3–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao X., Davis L. S., Hashimoto K., Lipsky P E. The Chinese herbal remedy, T2, inhibits mitogen-induced cytokine gene transcription by T cells, but not initial signal transduction. J. Pharmacol. Exp. Ther. 1996; 276: 316–325
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qiu D., Zhao G., Aoki Y., Shi L., Uyei A., Nazarian S., Ng J. C., Kao P N. Immunosuppressant PG490 (triptolide) inhibits T-cell interleukin-2 expression at the level of purine-box/nuclear factor of activated T- cells and NF-kappaB transcriptional activation. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 13443–13450
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S. X., Xie S. S., Gao H. L., Ma D. L., Long Z Z. Triptolide suppresses T-lymphocyte proliferation by inhibiting interleukin-2 receptor expression, but spares interleukin-2 production and mRNA expression. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1994; 16: 895–904
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dong Y. [The suppressive effect of Tripterygium wilfordii hook F on the IL-2 autocrine loop of human T cells]. Chung Kuo, I. Hsueh Ko Hsueh Yuan Hsueh Pao 1993; 15: 193–196
   Google Scholar
• Yang Y., Liu Z., Tolosa E., Yang J., Li L. Triptolide induces apoptotic death of T lymphocyte. Immunopharmacology 1998; 40: 139–149
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho L. J., Chang D. M., Chang M. L., Kuo S. Y., Lai J H. Mechanism of immunosuppression of the antirheumatic herb TWHf in human T cells. J. Rheumatol. 1999; 26: 14–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tao X., Davis L. S., Lipsky P E. Effect of an extract of the Chinese herbal remedy Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F on human immune responsiveness. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 34: 1274–1281
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cavaillon J-M, Duff G. Cytokines and the cellular mechanism of inflammation. The Cytokine Network and Immune Response, J. Theze. Oxford University Press, New York 1999; 251–261
   Google Scholar
• Maekawa K., Yoshikawa N., Du J., Nishida S., Kitasato H., Okamoto K., Tanaka H., Mizushima Y., Kawai S. The molecular mechanism of inhibition of interleukin-1 beta-induced cyclooxygenase-2 expression in human synovial cells by Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F extract. Inflamm. Res. 1999; 48: 575–581
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang D. M., Kuo S. Y., Lai J. H., Chang M L. Effects of anti-rheumatic herbal medicines on cellular adhesion molecules. Ann. Rheum. Dis. 1999; 58: 366–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang D. M., Chang W. Y., Kuo S. Y., Chang M L. The effects of traditional antirheumatic herbal medicines on immune response cells. J. Rheumatol. 1997; 24: 436–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee K. Y., Chang W., Qiu D., Kao P. N., Rosen G D. PG490 (triptolide) cooperates with tumor necrosis factor-alpha to induce apoptosis in tumor cells. J. Biol. Chem. 1999; 274: 13451–13455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tengchaisri T., Chawengkirttikul R., Rachaphaew N., Reutrakul V., Sangsuwan R., Sirisinha S. Antitumor activity of triptolide against cholangiocarcinoma growth in vitro and in hamsters. Cancer Lett. 1998; 133: 169–175
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shamon L. A., Pezzuto J. M., Graves J. M., Mehta R. R., Wangcharoentrakul S., Sangsuwan R., Chaichana S., Tuchinda P., Cleason P., Reutrakul V. Evaluation of the mutagenic, cytotoxic, and antitumor potential of triptolide, a highly oxygenated diterpene isolated from Tripterygium wilfordii. Cancer Lett. 1997; 112: 113–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu J. Y., Yang J., Li L Z. Antitumor effect of Tripterygium wilfordii]. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi, I. Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1992; 12: 161–4, 134
   Google Scholar
• Wei Y. S., Adachi I. Inhibitory effect of triptolide on colony formation of breast and stomach cancer cell lines. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1991; 12: 406–410
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang T. M., Chen Z. Y., Lin C. [Antineoplastic action of triptolide and its effect on the immunologic functions in mice (author's transl)]. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1981; 2: 128–131
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chang W. T., Kang J. J., Lee K. Y., Wei K., Anderson E., Gotmare S., Ross J. A., Rosen G D. Triptolide and chemotherapy cooperate in tumor cell apoptosis: a role for the p53 pathway. J. Biol. Chem. 2000
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yang S. X., Gao H. L., Xie S. S., Zhang W. R., Long Z Z. Immunosuppression of triptolide and its effect on skin allograft survival. Int. J. Immunopharmacol. 1992; 14: 963–969
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J., Xu R., Jin R., Chen Z., Fidler J M. Immunosuppressive activity of the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii I. Prolongation of rat cardiac and renal allograft survival by the PG27 extract and immunosuppressive synergy in combination therapy with cyclosporine. Transplantation 2000; 70: 447–455
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao B., Li S. Induction of murine suppressor cell activity in spleen by Trypterygium Wilfordii Hook, F. Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology 1989; 5: 106–109
   Google Scholar
• Li S., Zhao B. Prolongation of heart allograft in mice by Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook, F. The role of suppressor cell activity. Zhong Hua Qi Guan Ti Zhi Za Zhi 1989; 10: 134–136
   Google Scholar
• Wu J., Chen J., Li S. Activation of suppressor T lymphocytes by Tripterigium Wilfordii Hook, F. Chinese Journal of Pathophysiology 1996; 12: 30–32
   Google Scholar
• Liang X., Li S. Adoptive transfer of murine spleen cells induced by Triterygium Wilfordii Hook F in vivo prolong the survival of myocardial allograft in mice. Chung Hsi, I. Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1990; 10(suppl): 168–170
   Google Scholar
• Hachida M., Lu H., Zhang X., Saito S., Furutani Y., Matsuoka R., Hoshi H., Koyanagi H. Inhibitory effect of triptolide on platelet derived growth factor-A and coronary arteriosclerosis after heart transplantation. Transplant. Proc. 1999; 31: 2719–2723
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Asano K., Yu Y., Kasahara T., Hisamitsu T. Inhibition of murine chronic graft-versus-host disease by the chloroform extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. Transpl. Immunol. 1997; 5: 315–319
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Y., Zeng D., Schlegel P. G., Fidler J., Chao N J. PG27, an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii hook f, induces antigen- specific tolerance in bone marrow transplantation in mice. Blood 2000; 95: 705–710
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen B. J., Liu C., Cui X., Fidler J. M., Chao N J. Prevention of graft-versus-host disease by a novel immunosuppressant, PG490-88, through inhibition of alloreactive T cell expansion. Transplantation 2000; 70: 1442–1447
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang J., Xu R., Jin R., Chen Z., Fidler J M. Immunosuppressive activity of the Chinese medicinal plant Tripterygium wilfordii II. Prolongation of hamster-to-rat cardiac xenograft survival by combination therapy with the PG27 extract and cyclosporine. Transplantation 2000; 70: 456–464
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boussiotis V. A., Gribben J. G., Freeman G. J., Nadler L M. Blockade of the CD28 co-stimulatory pathway: a means to induce tolerance. Curr. Opin. Immunol. 1994; 6: 797–807
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu D Y. Clinical observation of 144 cases of rheumatoid arthritis treated with glycoside of Radix Tripterygium Wilfordii. J. Tradit. Chin Med. 1983; 3: 125–129
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Matlin S. A., Belenguer A., Stacey V. E., Qian S. Z., Xu Y., Zhang J. W., Sanders J. K., Amor S. R., Pearce C M. Male antifertility compounds from Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. Contraception 1993; 47: 387–400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lue Y., Sinha Hikim A. P., Wang C., Leung A., Baravarian S., Reutrakul V., Sangsawan R., Chaichana S., Swerdloff R S. Triptolide: a potential male contraceptive. J. Androl 1998; 19: 479–486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramgolam V., Ang S. G., Lai Y. H., Loh C. S., Yap H K. Traditional Chinese medicines as immunosuppressive agents. Ann. Acad. Med. Singapore 2000; 29: 11–16
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shu D. F., Li R. L., Sun Y J. Comparative study of triptolide and the ethyl acetate extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook F in the treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Zhong Cao Yao 1990; 10: 144–146
   Google Scholar
• Ao J. H., Li Y. T., Xiao X R. [Clinical study on the use of multiglycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii after cadaveric kidney transplantation]. Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chin 1994; 32: 175–177
   Google Scholar
• Zhang X. Z., Li S., Wu X Z. [Effects of Tripterygiitotorum in the treatment of insulin dependent diabetes mellitus with islet transplantation]. Chung Kuo Chung Hsi, I. Chieh Ho Tsa Chin 1994; 14: 451–453
   Google Scholar
• Jiang Y. S., Zhao S. Tripterygium wilfordii hook induced acute toxicity with kidney involvement in 17 cases. Chinese Journal of Kidney Disease 1987; 3: 167
   Google Scholar
• Zhu T Z. Explore the causes of death in 90 cases with intoxication of Tripterygium wilfordii-Hook. Beijing Zhong Yi 1995; 2: 35–37
   Google Scholar
• Cheng Y. L., Ye J. R., Lin D J. [Some toxicities of triptolide in mice and dogs (author's transl)]. Chung Kuo Yao Li Hsueh Pao 1981; 2: 70–72
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lu H., Hachida M., Enosawa S., Li X. K., Suzuki S., Koyanagi H. Immunosuppressive effect of triptolide in vitro. Transplant. Proc. 1999; 31: 2056–2057
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li X Y. Immunomodulating Chinese herbal medicines. Mem. Inst. Oswaldo Cruz 1991; 86(Suppl 2)159–164
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Li X. W., Weir M R. Radix Tripterygium wilfordii-a Chinese herbal medicine with potent immunosuppressive properties. Transplantation 1990; 50: 82–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu K. T., Nuss G., Boyce R., Jariwala N., Owens G., Pennetti A., Chan W., Zhang D. C., Chang M. N., Zilberstein A. Inhibition of IL-1 release from human monocytes and suppression of streptococcal cell wall and adjuvant-induced arthritis in rats by an extract of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook. Gen. Pharmacol. 1994; 25: 1115–1122
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tao X., Schulze-Koops H., Ma L., Cai J., Mao Y., Lipsky P E. Effects of Tripterygium wilfordii hook F extracts on induction of cyclooxygenase 2 activity and prostaglandin E2 production. Arthritis Rheum. 1998; 41: 130–138
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhao B., Huang X. C., Du H W. [Tripterygium wilfordii on prolonging the survival time of myocardial allografts in mice]. Chung Hsi, I. Chieh Ho Tsa Chih 1988; 8: 31–3, 6
   Google Scholar
• Yang X., Xu L., Ren H., Li Z., Sun C., Zhang Z. The effect of multi-glycosides of Tripterygium wilfordii Hook f. (GTW) on the survival time of cardiac allografts in rats. Chin Med. Sci. J. 1992; 7: 232–234
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Lei W., Liu L., Xue M. [Effect of Tripterygium wolfordii on inhibition of rejection reaction of allogeneic skin graft in mice]. Chung Hua Cheng Hsing Shao Shang Wai Ko Tsa Chih 1995; 11: 294–295
   Google Scholar
• Li N., Li J., Li Y. [Experimental and clinical studies of small bowel allotransplantation]. Chung Hua Wai Ko Tsa Chih 1995; 33: 11–14
   Google Scholar
• Liao C. X., Li J S. Low-dose cyclosporin A and Tripterygium wilfordii inhibited porcine intestinal allograft rejection. Chin Med. J. (Engl.) 1994; 107: 669–672
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Zhou Z S. [Rejection and tripterygium wilfordii treated small bowel allografts in pigs: pathological studies]. Chung Hua, I. Hsueh Tsa Chih 1993; 73: 541–3, 575
   Google Scholar
• Li Z., Li C. Effect of the multiglycoside of Tripterygium Wilfordii Hook f. (Tii) on cornea allograft rejection model in rabbit. Yen Ko Hsueh Pao 1995; 11: 168–172
   Google Scholar