Large granular lymphocyte leukemia: natural history and response to treatment

References

• Brouet JC, Sasportes M, Flandrin G, Preud'Homme JL, Seligmann M. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of T-cell origin. Immunological and clinical evaluation in eleven patients. Lancet 1975;2:890–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McKenna RW, Parkin J, Kersey JH, Gajl-Peczalska KJ, Peterson L, Brunning RD. Chronic lymphoproliferative disorder with unusual clinical, morphologic, ultra structural and membrane surface marker characteristics. Am J Med 1977;62:588–596.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy T, Loughran TP Jr. Current concepts: large granular lymphocyte leukaemia. Blood Rev 1999;13:230–240.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy T, Loughran TP. Large granular lymphocyte leukaemia. Cancer Control 1998;5:25–33.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loughran TP Jr. Clonal disease of large granular lymphocytes. Blood 1993;82:1–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy T, Loughran TP Jr. Clinical features of large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Semin Hematol 2003;40:185–195.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Swerdlow SH, Campo E, Harris NL, et al WHO Classification of tumours of hematopoietic and lymphoid tissues. 4th ed. Lyon, France: IARC Press; 2008. pp 272–273.
   Google Scholar
• Epling-Burnette PK, Loughran TP Jr. Survival signals in leukaemic large granular lymphocytes. Semin Hematol 2003;40:213–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wlodarski MW, O'Keeffe C, Howe EC, et al Pathologic clonal cytotoxic T-cell responses: nonrandom nature of the T-cell-receptor restriction in large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Blood 2005;106:2769–2780.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran TP Jr, Coyle T, Sherman MP, et al Detection of human T-cell leukemia/lymphoma virus, type II, in a patient with large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Blood 1992;80:1116–1119.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran TP Jr, Sherman MP, Ruscetti FW, et al Prototypical HTLV-I/II infection is rare in LGL leukemia. Leuk Res 1994;18:423–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran TP Jr, Hadlock KG, Perzova R. Epitope mapping of HTLV envelope seroreactivity in LGL leukaemia. Br J Haematol 1998;101:318–324.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sokol L, Agrawal D, Loughran TP Jr. Characterization of HTLV envelope seroreactivity in large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Leuk Res 2005;29:381–387.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas A, Perzova R, Abbott L, et al LGL leukemia and HTLV. AIDS Res Hum Retroviruses 2010;26:33–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lamy T, Liu JH, Landowski TH, et al Dysregulation of CD95/CD95 ligand-apoptotic pathway in CD3(+) large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Blood 1998;92:4771–4777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epling-Burnette PK, Bai F, Wei S, et al ERK couples chronic survival of NK cells to constitutively activated Ras in lymphoproliferative disease of granular lymphocytes (LDGL). Oncogene 2004;23:9220–9229.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schade AE, Powers JJ, Wlodarski MW, Maciejewski JP. Phosphatidylinositol-3-phosphate kinase pathway activation protects leukemic large granular lymphocytes from undergoing homeostatic apoptosis. Blood 2006;107:4834–4840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au WY, Lam CC, Lie AK, Pang A, Kwong YL. T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia of donor origin after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Am J Clin Pathol 2003;120:626–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohty M, Faucher C, Vey N, et al Features of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) expansion following allogeneic stem cell transplantation: a long-term analysis. Leukemia 2002;16:2129–2133.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chang H, Kamel-Reid S, Hussain N, et al T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia of donor origin occurring after allogeneic bone marrow transplantation for B-cell lymphoproliferative disorders. Am J Clin Pathol 2005;123:196–199.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feher O, Barilla D, Locker J, et al T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia following orthotopic liver transplantation. Am J Hematol 1995;49:216–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile TC, Hadlock KG, Uner AH, et al Large granular lymphocyte leukaemia occurring after renal transplantation. Br J Haematol 1998;101:507–512.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuji N, Matutes E, Tjonnfjord G, et al T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia. A report on the treatment of 29 patients and a review of the literature. Cancer 2006;107:570–578.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bible KC, Tefferi A. Cyclosporine A alleviates severe anaemia associated with refractory large granular lymphocyte leukaemia and chronic natural killer cell lymphocytosis. Br J Haematol 1996;93:406–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loughran TP Jr, Kidd PG, Starkebaum G. Treatment of large granular lymphocyte leukaemia with oral low dose methotrexate. Blood 1994;84:2164–2170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pawarode A, Wallace PK, Ford LA, Barcos M, Baer MR. Long-term safety and efficacy of cyclosporin A therapy for T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2010;51:338–341.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fujishima N, Sawada K, Hirokawa M, et al Long-term responses and outcomes following immunosuppressive therapy in large granular lymphocyte leukemia-associated pure red cell aplasia: a Nationwide Cohort Study in Japan for the PRCA Collaborative Study Group. Haematologica 2008;93:1555–1559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomssen C, Nissen C, Gratwohl A, Tichelli A, Stern A. Agranulocytosis associated with T-gamma-lymphocytosis: no improvement of peripheral blood granulocyte count with human-recombinant granulocyte-macrophage colony-stimulating factor (GM-CSF). Br J Haematol 1989;71:157–158.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lang DF, Rosenfeld CS, Diamond HS, Shadduck RK, Zeigler ZR. Successful treatment of T-gamma lymphoproliferative disease with human-recombinant granulocyte colony stimulating factor. Am J Hematol 1992;40:66–68.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mulder AB, de Wolf JT, Smit JW, van Oostveen JW, Vellenga E. Correction of neutropenia by GM-CSF in patients with a large granular lymphocyte proliferation. Ann Hematol 1992;65:91–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Genvresse I, Späth-Schwalbe E, Lukowsky A, Possinger K. Delayed response to granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF) in a case of severe neutropenia associated with large granular lymphocyte (LGL) leukemia. Eur J Haematol 1998;60:133–134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mercieca J, Matutes E, Dearden C, MacLennan K, Catovsky D. The role of pentostatin in the treatment of T-cell malignancies: analysis of response rate in 145 patients according to disease subtype. J Clin Oncol 1994;12:2588–2593.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osuji N, Del Giudice I, Matutes E, et al CD52 expression in T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukaemia – implications for treatment with alemtuzumab. Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:723–727.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mohan SR, Clemente MJ, Afable M, et al Therapeutic implications of variable expression of CD52 on clonal cytotoxic T cells in CD8+ large granular lymphocyte leukemia. Haematologica 2009;94:1407–1414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dincol G, Diz-Kuçukkaya R, Bicakci E. T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukaemia: successful response to 2-deoxycoformycin. Neth J Med 2008;66:85–87.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subbiah V, Viny AD, Rosenblatt S, Pohlman B, Lichtin A, Maciejewski JP. Outcomes of splenectomy in T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia with splenomegaly and cytopenia. Exp Hematol 2008;36:1078–1083.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Dongen JJ, Langerak AW, Brüggemann M, et al Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukaemia 2003;17:2257–2317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dhodapkar MV, Li CY, Lust JA, Tefferi A, Phyliky RL. Clinical spectrum of clonal proliferations of T-large granular lymphocytes: a T-cell clonopathy of undetermined significance? Blood 1994;84:1620–1627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scott CS, Richards SJ, Sivakumaran M, Short M, et al Transient and persistent expansions of large granular lymphocytes (LGL) and natural killer associated cells: the Yorkshire Leukaemia Group Study. Br J Haematol 1993;83:505–515.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sretenovic A, Antic D, Jankovic S, et al T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia: a single institution experience. Med Oncol 2009 Mar 21. [Epub ahead of print]
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzales-Chambers R, Przepiorka D, Winkelstein A, et al Lymphocyte subsets associated with T cell receptor beta chain gene rearrangement in patients with rheumatoid arthritis and neutropaenia. Arthritis Rheum 1992;35:516–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Snowden N, Bhavani M, Swinson DR, et al Large granular lymphocytes, neutropaenia and polyarthropathy. An under diagnosed syndrome. Q J Med 1991;78:65–76.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Boveri E, Riboni R, Antico P, Malacrida A, Pastorini A. CD3+ T large granular lymphocyte leukaemia in a HIV+ , HCV+ , HBV+ patient. Virchows Arch 2009;454:349–351.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berliner N, Horwitz M, Loughran TP Jr. Congenital and acquired neutropaenia. Hematology Am Soc Hematol Educ Program 2004;63–79.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huh YO, Medeiros LJ, Ravandi F, Konoplev S, Jorgensen JL, Miranda RN. T-cell large granular lymphocyte leukemia associated with myelodysplastic syndrome: a clinicopathologic study of nine cases. Am J Clin Pathol 2009;131:347–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saunthararajah Y, Molldrem J, Rivera M, et al Coincident myelodysplastic syndrome and T-cell large granular lymphocytic disease: clinical and pathological features. Br J Haematol 2001;112:195–200.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aribi A, Huh Y, Keating M, et al T-cell large granular lymphocytic (T-LGL) leukemia: experience in a single institution over 8 years. Leuk Res 2007;31:939–945.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dearden C. The role of alemtuzumab in the management of T-cell malignancies. Semin Oncol 2006;33(Suppl 5):S44–S52.
   Google Scholar
• Rosenblum MD, LaBelle JL, Chang CC, Margolis DA, Schauer DW, Vesole DH. Efficacy of treatment for refractory T-cell large granular lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2004;103:1969–1971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ru X, Liebman, HA. Successful treatment of refractory pure red cell aplasia associated with lymphoproliferative disorders with the anti-CD52 monoclonal antibody alemtuzumab (Campath-1H). Br J Haematol 2003;123:278–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravandi F, Aribi A, O'Brien S, et al Phase II study of alemtuzumab in combination with pentostatin in patients with T-cell neoplasms. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:5425–5430.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar