Incidence, clinical features, laboratory findings and outcome of patients with multiple myeloma presenting with extramedullary relapse

References

• Edwards BK, Howe HL, Ries LA, et al. Annual report to the nation on the status of cancer, 1973–1999, featuring implications of age and aging on US cancer burden. Cancer 2002;94:2766–2792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dores GM, Landgren O, McGlynn KA, et al. Plasmacytoma of bone, extramedullary plasmacytoma, and multiple myeloma: incidence and survival in the United States, 1992–2004. Br J Haematol 2009;144:86–94.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dawson MA, Patil S, Spencer A. Extramedullary relapse of multiple myeloma associated with a shift in secretion from intact immunoglobulin to light chains. Haematologica 2007;92:143–144.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zeiser R, Deschler B, Bertz H, et al. Extramedullary vs medullary relapse after autologous or allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplantation (HSCT) in multiple myeloma (MM) and its correlation to clinical outcome. Bone Marrow Transplant 2004;34:1057–1065.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani SZ, Heuck C, Mitchell A, et al. Extramedullary disease portends poor prognosis in multiple myeloma and is overrepresented in high risk disease even in era of novel agents. Haematologica 2012;97:1761–1767.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerny J, Fadare O, Hutchinson L, et al. Clinicopathological features of extramedullary recurrence/relapse of multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2008;81:65–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billadeau D, Van Ness B, Kimlinger T, et al. Clonal circulating cells are common in plasma cell proliferative disorders: a comparison of monoclonal gammopathy of undetermined significance, smoldering multiple myeloma, and active myeloma. Blood 1996;88:289–296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Billadeau D, Quam L, Thomas W, et al. Detection and quantitation of malignant cells in the peripheral blood of multiple myeloma patients. Blood 1992;80:1818–1824.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghobrial IM. Myeloma as a model for the process of metastasis: implications for therapy. Blood 2012;120:20–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alegre A, Granda A, Martinez-Chamorro C, et al. Different patterns of relapse after autologous peripheral blood stem cell transplantation in multiple myeloma: clinical results of 280 cases from the Spanish Registry. Haematologica 2002;87:609–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamble R, Wilson CS, Fassas A, et al. Malignant pleural effusion of multiple myeloma: prognostic factors and outcome. Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:1137–1142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Varettoni M, Corso A, Pica G, et al. Incidence, presenting features and outcome of extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma: a longitudinal study on 1003 consecutive patients. Ann Oncol 2010;21:325–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Shaughnessy JD Jr, Crowley J. Duration of survival in patients with myeloma treated with thalidomide. N Engl J Med 2008;359:210–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pasmantier MW, Azar HA. Extraskeletal spread in multiple plasma cell myeloma. A review of 57 autopsied cases. Cancer 1969;23:167–174.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Terpos E, Rezvani K, Basu S, et al. Plasmacytoma relapses in the absence of systemic progression post-high-dose therapy for multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2005;75:376–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barlogie B, Jagannath S, Vesole DH, et al. Superiority of tandem autologous transplantation over standard therapy for previously untreated multiple myeloma. Blood 1997;89:789–793.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Avigdor A, Raanani P, Levi I, et al. Extramedullary progression despite a good response in the bone marrow in patients treated with thalidomide for multiple myeloma. Leuk Lymphoma 2001;42:683–687.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hulin C, Facon T, Rodon P, et al. Efficacy of melphalan and prednisone plus thalidomide in patients older than 75 years with newly diagnosed multiple myeloma: IFM 01/01 trial. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:3664–3670.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajkumar SV, Hayman SR, Lacy MQ, et al. Combination therapy with lenalidomide plus dexamethasone (Rev/Dex) for newly diagnosed myeloma. Blood 2005;106:4050–4053.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Amato RJ, Loughnan MS, Flynn E, et al. Thalidomide is an inhibitor of angiogenesis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1994;91:4082–4085.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lu L, Payvandi F, Wu L, et al. The anti-cancer drug lenalidomide inhibits angiogenesis and metastasis via multiple inhibitory effects on endothelial cell function in normoxic and hypoxic conditions. Microvasc Res 2009;77:78–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hideshima T, Chauhan D, Podar K, et al. Novel therapies targeting the myeloma cell and its bone marrow microenvironment. Semin Oncol 2001;28:607–612.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laura R, Cibeira MT, Uriburu C, et al. Bortezomib: an effective agent in extramedullary disease in multiple myeloma. Eur J Haematol 2006;76:405–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saad F, Lipton A, Cook R, et al. Pathologic fractures correlate with reduced survival in patients with malignant bone disease. Cancer 2007;110:1860–1867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pineda-Roman M, Zangari M, Haessler J, et al. Sustained complete remissions in multiple myeloma linked to bortezomib in total therapy 3: comparison with total therapy 2. Br J Haematol 2008;140:625–634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harousseau JL, Moreau P. Autologous hematopoietic stem-cell transplantation for multiple myeloma. N Engl J Med 2009;360:2645–2654.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kastritis E, Zervas K, Symeonidis A, et al. Improved survival of patients with multiple myeloma after the introduction of novel agents and the applicability of the International Staging System (ISS): an analysis of the Greek Myeloma Study Group (GMSG). Leukemia 2009;23:1152–1157.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tricot G, Vesole DH, Jagannath S, et al. Graft-versus-myeloma effect: proof of principle. Blood 1996;87:1196–1198.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perez-Simon JA, Sureda A, Fernandez-Aviles F, et al. Reduced-intensity conditioning allogeneic transplantation is associated with a high incidence of extramedullary relapses in multiple myeloma patients. Leukemia 2006;20:542–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Au WY, Kwong YL, Lie AK, et al. Extra-medullary relapse of leukemia following allogeneic bone marrow transplantation. Hematol Oncol 1999;17:45–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahara N, Takeshita A, Shigeno K, et al. Clinicopathological and prognostic characteristics of CD56-negative multiple myeloma. Br J Haematol 2002;117:882–885.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blade J, Fernandez de Larrea C, Rosinol L, et al. Soft-tissue plasmacytomas in multiple myeloma: incidence, mechanisms of extramedullary spread, and treatment approach. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:3805–3812.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galani Z, Viniou N, Kyrtsonis MC, et al. Hepatic and renal plasma cell lesions in a patient with multiple myeloma in hematological remission. Anticancer Res 2007;27:571–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fassas AB, Ward S, Muwalla F, et al. Myeloma of the central nervous system: strong association with unfavorable chromosomal abnormalities and other high-risk disease features. Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:291–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar