1,027
Views
111
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article: Clinical

Second cancers in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia who received frontline fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab therapy: distribution and clinical outcomes

, , , , , , , , , , , , & show all
Pages 1643-1650 | Received 27 Mar 2014, Accepted 17 Aug 2014, Published online: 19 Nov 2014

References

  • Manusow D, Weinerman BH. Subsequent neoplasia in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. JAMA 1975;232:267–269.
  • Tsimberidou AM, Wen S, McLaughlin P, et al. Other malignancies in chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2009;27:904–910.
  • Beiggi S, Johnston JB, Seftel MD, et al. Increased risk of second malignancies in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients as compared with follicular lymphoma patients: a Canadian population-based study. Br J Cancer 2013;109:1287–1290.
  • Dighiero G, Maloum K, Desablens B, et al. Chlorambucil in indolent chronic lymphocytic leukemia. French Cooperative Group on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia. N Engl J Med 1998;338:1506–1514.
  • Santoro A, Rilke F, Franchi F, et al. Primary malignant neoplasms associated with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Tumori 1980;66: 431–437.
  • Greene MH, Hoover RN, Fraumeni JF Jr. Subsequent cancer in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia—a possible immunologic mechanism. J Natl Cancer Inst 1978;61:337–340.
  • Solomon BM, Rabe KG, Moreira J, et al. Risk of cancer in patients with clinical monoclonal B-cell lymphocytosis (MBL): a cohort study of newly diagnosed patients compared to controls. Blood 2012;120(Suppl. 1): Abstract 2893.
  • Hallek M, Fischer K, Fingerle-Rowson G, et al. Addition of rituximab to fludarabine and cyclophosphamide in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a randomised, open-label, phase 3 trial. Lancet 2010;376:1164–1174.
  • Tam CS, O’Brien S, Wierda W, et al. Long-term results of the fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab regimen as initial therapy of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2008;112:975–980.
  • Tarella C, Passera R, Magni M, et al. Risk factors for the development of secondary malignancy after high-dose chemotherapy and autograft, with or without rituximab: a 20-year retrospective follow-up study in patients with lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2011;29:814–824.
  • Moser EC, Noordijk EM, van Leeuwen FE, et al. Risk of second cancer after treatment of aggressive non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; an EORTC cohort study. Haematologica 2006;91:1481–1488.
  • Morton LM, Dores GM, Tucker MA, et al. Evolving risk of therapy-related acute myeloid leukemia following cancer chemotherapy among adults in the United States, 1975-2008. Blood2013;121:2996–3004.
  • Travis LB, Curtis RE, Hankey BF, et al. Second cancers in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Natl Cancer Inst 1992;84: 1422–1427.
  • Travis LB, Curtis RE, Stovall M, et al. Risk of leukemia following treatment for non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. J Natl Cancer Inst 1994;86:1450–1457.
  • Xu Y, Wang H, Zhou S, et al. Risk of second malignant neoplasms after cyclophosphamide-based chemotherapy with or without radiotherapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma. Leuk Lymphoma 2013;54:1396–1404.
  • Rashid K, Ng R, Mastan A, et al. Accelerated growth of skin carcinoma following fludarabine therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2005;46:1051–1055.
  • Cheson BD, Vena DA, Barrett J, et al. Second malignancies as a consequence of nucleoside analog therapy for chronic lymphoid leukemias. J Clin Oncol 1999;17:2454–2460.
  • Hallek M, Cheson BD, Catovsky D, et al. Guidelines for the diagnosis and treatment of chronic lymphocytic leukemia: a report from the International Workshop on Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia updating the National Cancer Institute-Working Group 1996 guidelines. Blood 2008;111:5446–5456.
  • Badoux XC, Keating MJ, Wang X, et al. Cyclophosphamide, fludarabine, alemtuzumab, and rituximab as salvage therapy for heavily pretreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;118:2085–2093.
  • Strati P, Ferrajoli A, Lerner S, et al. Fludarabine, cyclophosphamide and rituximab plus granulocyte macrophage colony-stimulating factor as frontline treatment for patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Leuk Lymphoma 2014;55:828–833.
  • Parikh SA, Keating MJ, O’Brien S, et al. Frontline chemoimmunotherapy with fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, alemtuzumab, and rituximab for high-risk chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2011;118:2062–2068.
  • Keating MJ, O’Brien S, Albitar M, et al. Early results of a chemoimmunotherapy regimen of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab as initial therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:4079–4088.
  • Forstpointner R, Dreyling M, Repp R, et al. The addition of rituximab to a combination of fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, mitoxantrone (FCM) significantly increases the response rate and prolongs survival as compared with FCM alone in patients with relapsed and refractory follicular and mantle cell lymphomas: results of a prospective randomized study of the German Low-Grade Lymphoma Study Group. Blood 2004;104:3064–3071.
  • Cheson BD, Bennett JM, Grever M, et al. National Cancer Institute-sponsored Working Group guidelines for chronic lymphocytic leukemia: revised guidelines for diagnosis and treatment. Blood 1996;87:4990–4997.
  • Kyasa MJ, Hazlett L, Parrish RS, et al. Veterans with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma (CLL/SLL) have a markedly increased rate of second malignancy, which is the most common cause of death. Leuk Lymphoma 2004;45:507–513.
  • Suzuki K, Maekawa I, Mikuni C, et al. [Prognosis in 75 cases of chronic lymphocytic leukemia and second malignancies]. Rinsho Ketsueki 1997;38:740–744.
  • Callea V, Brugiatelli M, Stelitano C, et al. Incidence of second neoplasia in patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with chlorambucil maintenance chemotherapy. Leuk Lymphoma 2006;47:2314–2320.
  • Kry SF, Salehpour M, Followill DS, et al. The calculated risk of fatal secondary malignancies from intensity-modulated radiation therapy. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2005;62:1195–1203.
  • Travis LB. Therapy-associated solid tumors. Acta Oncol 2002;41:323–333.
  • Fischer K, Bahlo J, Fink A-M, et al. Extended follow up of the CLL8 protocol, a randomized phase-III trial of the German CLL Study Group (GCLLSG) comparing fludarabine and cyclophosphamide (FC) to FC plus rituximab (FCR) for previously untreated patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL): results on survival, progression-free survival, delayed neutropenias and secondary malignancies confirm superiority of the FCR regimen. Blood 2012;120(Suppl. 1): Abstract 435.
  • Niparuck P, Kanoksil W, Chuncharunee S, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome/acute myeloid leukemia following fludarabine therapy for non-Hodgkin lymphoma and chronic lymphocytic leukemia in Thai patients. Leuk Lymphoma 2010;51: 2120–2125.
  • Pfreundschuh M, Muller C, Zeynalova S, et al. Suboptimal dosing of rituximab in male and female patients with DLBCL. Blood 2014;123:640–646.
  • Mehrany K, Weenig RH, Pittelkow MR, et al. High recurrence rates of Basal cell carcinoma after mohs surgery in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Arch Dermatol 2004;140:985–988.
  • Levi F, Randimbison L, Te VC, et al. Non-Hodgkin's lymphomas, chronic lymphocytic leukaemias and skin cancers. Br J Cancer 1996;74:1847–1850.
  • Mehrany K, Weenig RH, Lee KK, et al. Increased metastasis and mortality from cutaneous squamous cell carcinoma in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Am Acad Dermatol 2005;53: 1067–1071.
  • Royle JA, Baade PD, Joske D, et al. Second cancer incidence and cancer mortality among chronic lymphocytic leukaemia patients: a population-based study. Br J Cancer 2011;105:1076–1081.
  • Hisada M, Biggar RJ, Greene MH, et al. Solid tumors after chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Blood 2001;98:1979–1981.
  • Brewer JD, Shanafelt TD, Otley CC, et al. Chronic lymphocytic leukemia is associated with decreased survival of patients with malignant melanoma and Merkel cell carcinoma in a SEER population-based study. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:843–849.
  • Mehrany K, Weenig RH, Pittelkow MR, et al. High recurrence rates of squamous cell carcinoma after Mohs’ surgery in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Dermatol Surg 2005;31:38–42; discussion 42.
  • Davidovitz Y, Ballin A, Meytes D. Flare-up of squamous cell carcinoma of the skin following fludarabine therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Acta Haematol 1997;98:44–46.
  • Mansfield AS, Rabe KG, Slager SL, et al. Skin cancer surveillance and malignancies of the skin in a community-dwelling cohort of patients with newly diagnosed chronic lymphocytic leukemia. J Oncol Pract 2014;10:e1–e4.
  • Larsen CR, Hansen PB, Clausen NT. Aggressive growth of epithelial carcinomas following treatment with nucleoside analogues. Am J Hematol 2002;70:48–50.
  • Robak T, Blonski JZ, Gora-Tybor J, et al. Second malignancies and Richter's syndrome in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia treated with cladribine. Eur J Cancer 2004;40:383–389.
  • Keating MJ, O’Brien S, Lerner S, et al. Long-term follow-up of patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) receiving fludarabine regimens as initial therapy. Blood 1998;92:1165–1171.
  • Colovic M, Suvajdzic N, Jankovic G, et al. Therapy-related myelodysplastic syndrome and acute myeloid leukemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia treated with fludarabine and cyclophosphamide. Biomed Pharmacother 2011;65:319–321.
  • Yamauchi T, Nowak BJ, Keating MJ, et al. DNA repair initiated in chronic lymphocytic leukemia lymphocytes by 4- hydroperoxycyclophosphamide is inhibited by fludarabine and clofarabine. Clin Cancer Res 2001;7:3580–3589.
  • Misgeld E, Germing U, Aul C, et al. Secondary myelodysplastic syndrome after fludarabine therapy of a low-grade non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Leuk Res 2001;25:95–98.
  • McLaughlin P, Estey E, Glassman A, et al. Myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukemia following therapy for indolent lymphoma with fludarabine, mitoxantrone, and dexamethasone (FND) plus rituximab and interferon alpha. Blood 2005;105:4573–4575.
  • Morrison VA, Rai KR, Peterson BL, et al. Therapy-related myeloid leukemias are observed in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia after treatment with fludarabine and chlorambucil: results of an intergroup study, cancer and leukemia group B 9011. J Clin Oncol 2002;20:3878–3884.
  • Tam CS, Seymour JF, Prince HM, et al. Treatment-related myelodysplasia following fludarabine combination chemotherapy. Haematologica 2006;91:1546–1550.
  • Zhou Y, Tang G, Medeiros LJ, et al. Therapy-related myeloid neoplasms following fludarabine, cyclophosphamide, and rituximab (FCR) treatment in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia/small lymphocytic lymphoma. Mod Pathol 2012;25:237–245.
  • Rossi D, Spina V, Forconi F, et al. Molecular history of Richter syndrome: origin from a cell already present at the time of chronic lymphocytic leukemia diagnosis. Int J Cancer 2012;130:3006–3010.
  • Robertson LE, Pugh W, O’Brien S, et al. Richter's syndrome: a report on 39 patients. J Clin Oncol 1993;11:1985–1989.
  • Foucar K, Rydell RE. Richter's syndrome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia. Cancer 1980;46:118–134.
  • Mauro FR, Foa R, Giannarelli D, et al. Clinical characteristics and outcome of young chronic lymphocytic leukemia patients: a single institution study of 204 cases. Blood 1999;94:448–454.
  • Thornton PD, Bellas C, Santon A, et al. Richter's transformation of chronic lymphocytic leukemia. The possible role of fludarabine and the Epstein-Barr virus in its pathogenesis. Leuk Res 2005;29:389–395.
  • Pocock C, Matutes E, Wotherspoon A, et al. Fludarabine therapy may precipitate large cell transformation in chronic lymphocytic leukemia but not in follicular lymphoma. Blood 1998;92:429a.
  • Solh M, Rai KR, Peterson BL, et al. The impact of initial fludarabine therapy on transformation to Richter syndrome or prolymphocytic leukemia in patients with chronic lymphocytic leukemia: analysis of an intergroup trial (CALGB 9011). Leuk Lymphoma 2013;54:252–254.
  • Puttarajappa C, Yabes J, Bei L, et al. Cancer risk with alemtuzumab following kidney transplantation. Clin Transplant 2013;27:E264–E271.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.