Exploring the role of bone marrow increased FDG uptake on PET/CT in patients with lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: a reflection of bone marrow involvement or cytokine storm?

References

• Cheson BD, Fisher RI, Barrington SF, et al. Recommendations for initial evaluation, staging, and response assessment of Hodgkin and non-Hodgkin lymphoma: the Lugano classification. J Clin Oncol 2014;32:3059–3068.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HJ, Kwee TC, de Keizer B, et al. Systematic review and meta-analysis on the diagnostic performance of FDG-PET/CT in detecting bone marrow involvement in newly diagnosed Hodgkin lymphoma: is bone marrow biopsy still necessary? Ann Oncol 2014;25:921–927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adams HJ, Kwee TC, de Keizer B, et al. FDG PET/CT for the detection of bone marrow involvement in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma: systematic review and meta-analysis. Eur J Nucl Med Mol Imaging 2014;41:565–574.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou Z, Chen C, Li X, et al.Evaluation of bone marrow involvement in extranodal NK/T cell lymphoma by FDG-PET/CT. Ann Hematol. 2015;94:963–967.
   Google Scholar
• Janka GE, Lehmberg K. Hemophagocytic syndromes - An update. Blood Rev 2014;28:135–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Usmani GN, Woda BA, Newburger PE. Advances in understanding the pathogenesis of HLH. Br J Haematol 2013;161: 609–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishii E, Ohga S, Imashuku S, et al. Nationwide survey of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in Japan. Int J Hematol 2007;86:58–65.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li F, Li P, Zhang R, et al. Identification of clinical features of lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic syndrome (LAHS): an analysis of 69 patients with hemophagocytic syndrome from a single-center in central region of China. Med Oncol 2014;31:902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yu JT, Wang CY, Yang Y, et al. Lymphoma-associated hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis: experience in adults from a single institution. Ann Hematol 2013;92:1529–1536.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim J, Yoo SW, Kang SR, et al. Clinical implication of F-18 FDG PET/CT in patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Ann Hematol 2014;93:661–667.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henter JI, Horne A, Arico M, et al. HLH-2004: Diagnostic and therapeutic guidelines for hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2007;48:124–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Craig FE, Foon KA. Flow cytometric immunophenotyping for hematologic neoplasms. Blood 2008;111:3941–3967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Campo E, Swerdlow SH, Harris NL, et al. The 2008 WHO classification of lymphoid neoplasms and beyond:evolving concepts and practical applications. Blood 2011;117:5019–5032.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheson BD, Pfistner B, Juweid ME, et al. Revised response criteria for malignant lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2007;25:579–586.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Dongen JJ, Langerak AW, Bruggemann M, et al. Design and standardization of PCR primers and protocols for detection of clonal immunoglobulin and T-cell receptor gene recombinations in suspect lymphoproliferations: report of the BIOMED-2 Concerted Action BMH4-CT98-3936. Leukemia 2003; 17:2257–2317.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen YK, Yeh CL, Tsui CC, et al. F-18 FDG PET for evaluation of bone marrow involvement in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: a meta-analysis. Clin Nucl Med 2011;36:553–559.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cortes-Romera M, Sabate-Llobera A, Mercadal-Vilchez S, et al. Bone marrow evaluation in initial staging of lymphoma: 18F-FDG PET/CT versus bone marrow biopsy. Clin Nucl Med 2014; 39:e46–52.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Galaly TC, d’Amore F, Mylam KJ, et al. Routine bone marrow biopsy has little or no therapeutic consequence for positron emission tomography/computed tomography-staged treatment-naive patients with Hodgkin lymphoma. J Clin Oncol 2012;30:4508–4514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khan AB, Barrington SF, Mikhaeel NG, et al. PET-CT staging of DLBCL accurately identifies and provides new insight into the clinical significance of bone marrow involvement. Blood 2013;122:61–67.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Quak E, Hovhannisyan N, Lasnon C, et al. The importance of harmonizing interim positron emission tomography in non-Hodgkin lymphoma: focus on the Deauville criteria. Haematologica 2014;99:e84–85.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yiu CR, Kao YH, Phipps C, et al. Positron emission tomography findings in patients with lymphoma-associated haemophagocytic syndrome. Singapore Med J 2011;52:e156–159.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Corapcioglu F, Oncel S, Berberoğlu K, et al. False positivity of FDG-PET during hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis in a child with Hodgkin lymphoma in remission. J Pediatr Hematol Oncol 2009;31:74–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Inoue K, Goto R, Okada K, et al. A bone marrow F-18 FDG uptake exceeding the liver uptake may indicate bone marrow hyperactivity. Ann Nucl Med 2009;23:643–649.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Allen CE, Yu X, Kozinetz CA, et al. Highly elevated ferritin levels and the diagnosis of hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis. Pediatr Blood Cancer 2008;50:1227–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwak EL, Larochelle DA, Beaumont C, et al. Role for NF-kappa B in the regulation of ferritin H by tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Biol Chem 1995;270:15285–15293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evstatiev R, Gasche C. Iron sensing and signalling. Gut 2012;61:933–952.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park HS, Kim DY, Lee JH, et al. Clinical features of adult patients with secondary hemophagocytic lymphohistiocytosis from causes other than lymphoma: an analysis of treatment outcome and prognostic factors. Ann Hematol 2012;91:897–904.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• A predictive model for aggressive non-Hodgkin’s lymphoma. The International Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma Prognostic Factors Project. N Engl J Med 1993;329:987–994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar