EBV Gene Expression, EBNA Antibody Responses and EBV⁺ Peripheral Blood Lymphocytes in Post-Transplant Lymphoproliferative Disease

References

• Leibowitz D., Kieff E. Epstein-Barr virus and its replication. Fields Virology, B.N. Fields, D.M. Knipe, et al. Raven Press, New York 1990; 1889–1920
   Google Scholar
• Thorley-Lawson D.A., Mann K.P. Early events in EBV infection provide a model for B-cell activation. J. Exp. Med. 1985; 162: 45–57
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Falk K., Ernberg I., Sakthivel R., Davis J., Christensson B., Luka J., Okano M., Grierson H.L., Klein G., Purtilo D.T. Expression of Epstein Barr virus-encoded proteins and B-cell markers in fatal infectious mononucleosis. Int. J. Cancer 1990; 46: 976–984
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frugoni P., Pike S.E., Tosato G. A mechanism of T cell regulation of Epstein-Barr virus latency. Cell. Immunol. 1993; 147: 256–266
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe M., Rowe D.T., Gregory C.D., Young L.S., Farrell P.J., Rupani H., Rickinson A.B. Differences in B cell growth phenotype reflect novel patterns of Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. EMBO J. 1987; 6: 2743–2751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rocchi G., de Felici A., Ragona G., Heinz A. Quantitative evaluation of Epstein-Barr virus infected mononuclear peripheral blood leukocytes in infectious mononucleosis. N. Engl. J. Med. 1977; 296: 132–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner H.J., Bein G., Bitsch A., Kirchner H. Detection and quantification of latently infected B lymphocytes in Epstein-Barr virus-seropositive, healthy individuals by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Micro. 1992; 30: 2826–2829
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burrows S.R., Misko I.S., Sculley T.B., Schmidt C., Moss D.J. An Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell epitope present on A- and B-type transformants. J. Virol. 1990; 64: 3974–3976
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray R.J., Wang D., Young L.S., Wang F., Rowe M., Kieff E., Rickinson A.B. Epstein-Barr virus-specific cytotoxic T-cell recognition of transfectants expressing the virus-coded latent membrane protein LMP. J. Virol. 1988; 62: 3747–3755
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray R.J., Kurilla M.G., Griffin H.M., Brooks J.M., Mackett M., Arrand J.R., Rowe M., Burrows S.R., Moss D.J., Kieff E., Rickinson A.B. Human cytotoxic T-cell responses against Epstein-Barr virus nuclear antigens demonstrated by using recombinant vaccinia viruses. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 2906–2910
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murray R.J., Kurilla M.G., Brooks J.M., Thomas W.A., Rowe M., Kieff E., Rickinson A.B. Identification of target antigens for the human cytotoxic T cell response to Epstein-Barr virus: Implications for the immune control of EBV-positive malignancies. J. Exp. Med. 1992; 176: 157–168
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Petersen J., Rhodes G., Patrick K., Roudier J., Vaughan J.H. Human T cell response to the Epstein-Barr nuclear antigen-1 (EBNA-1) as evaluated by synthetic peptides. Cell. Immunol. 1989; 123: 325–333
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorley-Lawson D.A. Basic virological aspects of Epstein-Barr virus infection. Semin. Hematol. 1988; 25: 247–260
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De-The G., Geser A., Day N.E., Tukei P.M., Williams E.H., Beri D.P., Smith P.G., Dean A.G., Bornkamm G.W., Feorino P., Henle W. Epidemiological evidence for causal relationship between Epstein-Barr virus and Burkitt's lymphoma from Ugandan prospective study. Nature (London) 1978; 274: 756–761
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hanto D.W., Gajl-Peczalska K.J., Frizzera G., Arthur D.C., Balfour H.H., McClain K., Simmons R.L., Najarian J.S. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced polyclonal and monoclonal B-cell lymphoproliferative disease occurring after renal transplantation. Ann. Surg. 1983; 198: 356–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bieber C.P., Heberling R.L., Jamieson S.W., Oyer P.E., Warnke M.R., Saemundesen A., Klein G., Henle W., Stinson E. Lymphoma in cardiac transplant recipients associated with cyclosporine A, prednisone and anti-thymocyte globulin (ATG). Immune Deficiency and Cancer, D.T. Purtilo. Plenum Press, New York 1984; 309–320
   Google Scholar
• Ho M., Jaffe R., Miller G., Breinig M.K., Dummer J.S., Makowka L., Atchison R.W., Karrer F., Nalesnik M.A., Starzl T.E. The frequency of Epstein-Barr virus infection and associated lymphoproliferative syndrome after transplantation and its manifestations in children. Transplantation 1988; 45: 719–727
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Subar M., Neri A., Inghirami G., Knowles D.M., Dalla-Favera R. Frequent c-myc oncogene activation and infrequent presence of Epstein-Barr virus genome in AIDS-associated lymphoma. Blood 1988; 72: 667–672
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henle W., Henle G. Epstein-Barr virus and human malignancies. Adv. Viral Oncol. 1985; 5: 201–238
   Google Scholar
• Wendel-Hansen V., Rosen R., Klein G. EBV-transformed lymphoblastoid cell lines down-regulate EBNA in parallel with secretory differentiation. Int. J. Cancer 1987; 39: 404–408
   Google Scholar
• Masucci M.G., Torsteinsdottir S., Colombani J., Brautbar C., Klein E., Klein G. Down-regulation of class I HLA antigens and of the Epstein-Barr virus-encoded latent membrane protein in Burkitt's lymphoma lines. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 4567–4571
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe D., Rowe M., Evan G.I., Wallace L.E., Farrell P.J., Rickinson A.B. Restricted expression of EBV latent genes and T-lymphocyte detected membrane antigen in Burkitt's lymphoma cells. EMBO. J. 1986; 5: 2599–2607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein G. Specific chromosomal translocations and the genesis of B-cell derived tumors in mice and men. Cell 1983; 32: 311–315
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe M., Young L.S., Crocker J., Strokes H., Henderson S., Rickinson A.B. Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) associated lymphoproliferative disease in the SCID mouse model: Implications for the pathogenesis of EBV-positive lymphomas in man. J. Exp. Med. 1991; 173: 147–158
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe M., Lear A.L., Croom-Carter D., Davies A.H., Rickinson A.B. Three pathways of Epstein-Barr virus gene activation from EBNA 1-positive latency in B lymphocytes. J. Virol. 1992; 66: 122–131
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cen H., Breinig M.C., Atchison R.W., Ho M., McKnight J. L. C. EBV transmission and expression among patients with PTLD. EBV and Human Disease, D.V. Ablashi, et al. The Humana Press, Inc, Clifton, NJ 1991; 289–293
   Google Scholar
• Cen H., Williams P.A., McWilliams H.P., Breinig M.C., Ho M., McKnight J. L. C. Evidence for restricted Epstein-Barr virus latent gene expression and anti-EBNA antibody response in solid organ transplant recipients with posttransplant lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 1993; 81: 1393–1403
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratama J.W., Zutter M.M., Minarovits J., Oosterveer M. A. P., Thomas E.D., Klein G., Ernberg I. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded growth-transformation-associated proteins in lymphoproliferations of bone-marrow transplant recipients. Int. J. Cancer 1991; 47: 188–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas J.A., Hotchin N.A., Allday M.J., Amlot P., Rose M., Yacoub M., Crawford D.H. Immu-nohistology of Epstein-Barr virus-associated antigens in B cell disorders from immunocompromised individuals. Transplantation 1990; 49: 944–953
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young L., Alfieri C., Hennessy K., Evans H., O'Hara C., Anderson K.C., Ritz J., Shapiro R.S., Rickinson A., Kieff E., Cohen J.I. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus transformation-associated genes in tissues of patients with EBV lymphoproliferative disease. N. Engl. J. Med. 1989; 321: 1080–1085
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fåhraeus R., Fu H.L., Ernberg I., Finke J., Rowe M., Klein G., Falk K., Nilsson E., Yadav M., Busson P., Turza T., Kallin B. Expression of Epstein-Barr virus-encoded protein in nasopharyngeal carcinoma. Int. J. Cancer. 1988; 42: 329–338
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gilligan K., Sato H., Rajadural P., Busson P., Young L., Rickinson A., Tursz T., Raab-Traub N. Novel transcription from the Epstein-Barr virus terminal EcoRI fragment, DIJhet, in a nasopharyngeal carcinoma. J. Virol. 1990; 64: 4948–4956
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Herbst H., Dallenbach F., Hummel M., Niedobitek G., Pileri S., Muller-Lantzsch N., Stein H. Epstein-Barr virus latent membrane protein expression in Hodgkin and Reed-Sternberg cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 4766–4770
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cannon M.J., Pisa P., Fox R.I., Cooper N.R. Epstein-Barr virus induces aggressive lymphoproliferative disorders of human B cell origin in SCID/human chimeric mice. J. Clin. Invest. 1990; 85: 1333–1337
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pisa P., Cannon M.J., Pisa E.K., Cooper N.R., Fox R.I. Epstein-Barr virus induced lymphoproliferative tumors in severe combined immunodeficient mice are oligoclonal. Blood 1992; 79: 173–179
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purtilo D.T., Falk K., Pirruccello S.J., Nakamine H., Cleveland K., Davis J.R., Okano M., Taguchi Y., Sanger W.G., Beisel K.W. Scid mouse model of Epstein-Barr virus-induced lymphomagenesis of immunodeficient humans. Int. J. Cancer 1991; 47: 510–517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Purtilo D.T., Okano M., Grierson H.L. Immune deficiency as a risk factor in Epstein-Barr virus-induced malignant diseases. Environ. Health Pers. 1990; 88: 225–230
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Young L.S., Finerty S., Brooks L., Scullion F., Rickinson A.B., Morgan A.J. Epstein-Barr virus gene expression in malignant lymphomas induced by experimental virus infection of cottontop tamarins. J. Virol. 1989; 63: 1967–1974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rochford R., Hobbs M.V., Gamier J.-L., Cooper N.R., Cannon M.J. Plasmacytoid differentiation of Epstein-Barr virus-transformed B cells in vivo is associated with reduced expression of viral latent genes. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 352–356
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gamier J.L., Cooper N.R., Cannon M.J. Low expression of CD20 and CD23 in Epstein-Barr virus-induced B cell tumors in SCID/hu mice. Am. J. Pathol. 1993; 142: 353–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamine H., Masih A.S., Okano M., Taguchi Y., Pirruccello S.J., Davis J.R., Mahloch M.L., Beisel K.W., Kleveland K., Sanger W.G., Purtilo D.T. Characterization of clonality of Epstein-Barr virus-induced human B lymphoproliferative disease in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. Am. J. Pathol. 1993; 142: 139–147
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamine H., Okano M., Taguchi Y., Pirruccello S.J., Davis J.R., Beisel K.W., Kleveland K., Sanger W.G., Fordyce R.R., Purtilo D.T. Hematopathologic features of Epstein-Barr virus-induced human B-lymphopro-liferation in mice with severe combined immunodeficiency. A model of lymphoproliferative diseases in immunocom-prised patients. Lab. Invest. 1991; 65: 389–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henle W., Henle G. Epstein-Barr virus-specific serology in immunologically compromised individuals. Cancer Res. 1981; 41: 4222–4225
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Henle W., Henle G., Andersson J., Ernberg I., Klein G., Horwitz C.A., Marklund G., Rymo L., Wellinder C., Straus S.E. Antibody responses to Epstein-Barr virus-determined nuclear antigen (EBNA)-1 and EBNA2 in acute and chronic Epstein-Barr virus infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 570–574
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller G., Grogan E., Rowe D., Rooney C., Heston L., Eastman R., Andiman W., Niederman J., Lenoir G., Henle W., Sullivan J., Schooley R., Vossen J., Strauss S., Isseckutz T. Selective lack of antibody to a component of EB nuclear antigen in patients with chronic active Epstein-Barr virus infection. J. Infect. Dis. 1987; 156: 26–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thorley-Lawson D.A. Immunological responses to Epstein-Barr virus infection and the pathogenesis of EBV-in-duced diseases. Biochim. Biophy. Acta. 1988; 948: 263–286
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lennette E.T., Rymo L., Yadav M., Masucci G., Merk K., Timar L., Klein G. Disease-related differences in antibody patterns against EBV-encoded nuclear antigens EBNA 1, EBNA 2 and EBNA 6. Eur. J. Cancer 1993; 29: 1584–1589
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kusunoki Y., Huang H., Fukada Y., Ozaki K., Saito M., Hirai Y., Akiyama M. A positive correlation between the precursor frequency of cytotoxic lymphocytes to autologous Epstein-Barr virus-associated nuclear antigen in healthy seropositive individuals. Microbiol. Immunol. 1993; 37: 461–469
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Riddler S.A., Breinig M.C., McKnight J. L. C. Increased levels of circulating EBV+ lymphocytes and decreased anti-EBNA antibody responses are associated with the development of post-transplant lymphoproliferative disease in solid organ transplant recipients. Blood 1994, in press
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Telenti A., Marshall W.F., Smith T.F. Detection of Epstein-Barr vims by polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Microb. 1990; 28: 2187–2190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cen H., Breinig M.C., Atchison R.W., Ho M., McKnight J. L. C. Epstein-Barr virus transmission via the donor organs in solid organ transplantation: Polymerase chain reaction and restriction fragment length polymorphism analysis of IR2, IR3, and IR4. J. Virol. 1991; 65: 976–980
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar