77
Views
48
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Modulation of Apoptosis with Cytokines in B-Cell Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia

&
Pages 369-377 | Received 12 Jul 1995, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Williams G T, Smith C A, McCarthy N J, Grimes E A. Apoptosis: final control point in cell biology. Trends in Cell Biol 1992; 2: 263–267
  • McCarthy N J, Smith C A, Williams G T. Apoptosis in the development of the immune system. Growth factors clonal selection and bcl-2. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1992; 11: 157–178
  • Lockshin R A, Beaulaton J. Programmed cell death. Life Sci 1974; 15: 1549–1565
  • Wyllie A H, Kerr J F. R, Currie A R. Cell death: The significance of apoptosis. Int. Rev. Cytol 1980; 68: 251–300
  • Wyllie A H, Morris R G, Smith A L, Dunlop D. Chromatin cleavage in apoptosis: Association with condensed chromatin morphology and dependence on macromolecular synthesis. J. Pathol 1986; 142: 67–77
  • Wyllie A H, Morris R G. Hormone-induced cell death. Purification and properties of thymocytes undergoing apoptosis after glucocorticoid treatment. Am. J. Pathol 1982; 109: 78–87
  • Smith C A, Williams G T, Kingston R, Jenkinson E J, Owen J J. T. Antibodies to CD3/T cell receptor complex induce cell death by apoptosis in immature T cell thymic cultures. Nature 1989; 337: 181–184
  • Dexter T M, Hayworth C M, Spooner E, Ponting I L. O. The role of growth factors in self renewal and differentiation of stem cells. Philos. Trans. R. Soc. Lond. Biol 1990; 327: 85–98
  • Duke R C, Cohen I J. IL2 addiction: withdrawal of growth factor activates a suicidal programme in dependent T cells. Lymphokine Res 1986; 5: 289–299
  • Williams G T, Smith C A, Spooner E, Dexter T M, Taylor D R. Haematopoietic colony stimulating factors promote cell survival by suppressing apoptosis. Nature 1990; 346: 76–79
  • Hewish D R, Burgoyne L A. Chromatin structure. The digestion of chromatin at regularly spaced sites by a nuclear deoxyribonuclease. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun 1973; 52: 504–510
  • Cohen J J, Duke R C. Glucocorticoid activation of a calcium dependent endonuclease in thymocyte nuclei leads to cell death. J. Immunol 1984; 132: 38–42
  • Cohen J J. Programmed cell death. Adv. Immunol 1991; 50: 55–85
  • Baffy G, Miyashita T, Williamson J R, Reed J C. Apoptosis induced by withdrawal of interleukin-3 (IL-3) from an IL-3 dependent haematopoietic cell line is associated with repar-titioning of intracellular calcium and is blocked by enforced bcl-2 oncoprotein production. J. Biol. Chem 1993; 268: 6511–6519
  • Dowd D R, MacDonald P N, Komm B S, Haussler M R, Miesfeld R. Evidence for early induction of calmodulin gene expression in lymphocytes undergoing glucocorticoid-mediated apoptosis. J. Biol. Chem 1991; 266: 18423–18426
  • Story M D, Stephens L D, Tomasovic S P, Meyn R E. A role for calcium in regulating apoptosis in rat thymocytes irradiated in vitro. Int. J. Radiat. Biol 1992; 61: 243–251
  • McConkey D J, Orrenius S. Signal transduction pathways to apoptosis. Trends Cell Biol 1994; 4: 370–375
  • Iwata M, Iseki R, Tozawa Y, Ohoka Y. Involvement of protein kinase C-e in glucocorticoid-induced apoptosis in thymocytes. Int. Immunol 1994; 6: 431–438
  • Kroemer G, Martiez A C. Pharmacological inhibition of programmed lymphocyte death. Immunol. Today 1994; 15: 235–242
  • Knox K A, Gordon J. Protein tyrosine phosphorylation is mandatory for CD40-mediated rescue of germinal center B cells from apoptosis. Eur. J. Immunol 1993; 23: 2578–2584
  • Bergamaschi G, Rosti V, Danova M, Ponchio L, Lucotti C, Cazzola M. Inhibitors of tyrosine phosphorylation induce apoptosis in human leukaemic cell lines. Leukemia 1993; 7: 2012–2018
  • Buttke T M, Sandstrom P A. Oxidative stress as a mediator of apoptosis. Immunol. Today 1994; 15: 7–10
  • Schwartz L M, Osborne B A. Programmed cell death, apoptosis and killer genes. Immunol. Today 1993; 14: 582–590
  • Harrington E A, Fanidi A, Evan G I. Oncogenes and cell death. Curr. Opin. Genet. Dev 1994; 4: 120–129
  • Evan G I, Wyllie A H, Gilbert C S, Littlewood T D, Land H, Brooks M, Waters C M, Penn L Z, Hancock D C. Induction of apoptosis in fibroblasts by c-myc protein. Cell 1992; 69: 119–128
  • Vaux D L, Cory S, Adams J M. Bcl-2 gene promotes haematopoietic cell survival and co-operates with c-myc to immortalise pre-B cells. Nature 1988; 335: 440–442
  • Shi Y, Glynn J M, Guilbert L J, Cotter T G, Bissonette R P, Green D R. Role of c-myc in activation-induced apoptotic cell death in T-cell hybridomas. Science 1992; 257: 211–214
  • Askew D S, Ashmun R A, Simmons B C, Cleveland J L. Constitutive c-myc expression in an IL3-dependent myeloid cell line suppresses cell cycle arrest and accelerates apoptosis. Oncogene 1991; 6: 1915–1922
  • Bissonette R P, Echeverri R, Mahboubi A, Green D R. Apoptotic cell death induced by c-myc is inhibited by bcl-2. Nature 1992; 359: 552–554
  • Fanidi A, Harrington E A, Evan G I. Cooperative interaction between c-myc and bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Nature 1992; 359: 554–556
  • Itoh N, Yonehara S, Ishii A I, Yonehara M, Mizushima S.-I, Sameshima M, Hase A, Seto Y, Nagata S. The polypeptide encoded by the cDNA for human cell surface antigen Fas can mediate apoptosis. Cell 1991; 66: 233–243
  • Oehm A, Behrmann I, Falk W, Pawlita M, Maier G, Klas C, Li-Weber M, Richards S, Dhein J, Trauth B C, Ponstingl H, Krammer P M. Purification and molecular cloning of the APO-1 cell surface antigen, a member of the tumour necrosis factor/nerve growth factor receptor superfamily. J. Biol. Chem 1992; 267: 10709–10715
  • Watanabe-Fukunaga R, Brannan C I, Copeland N G, Jenkins N A, Nagata S. Lymphoproliferation disorder in mice explained by defects in Fas antigen that mediates apoptosis. Nature 1992; 356: 314–317
  • Tsuijimoto Y, Finger L R, Yunis J, Nowell P C, Croce C M. Cloning of a chromosomal breakpoint of neoplastic B cells within the t(14; 18) chromosome translocation. Science 1984; 226: 1097–1099
  • Chen-Levy Z, Nourse J, Cleary M L. The bcl-2 candidate proto-oncogene product is a 24 kilodalton integral membrane protein highly expressed in lymphoid cell lines and lymphomas carrying the t (14; 18) translocation. Mol. Cell. Biol 1986; 9: 701–710
  • McDonnell T J, Deane N, Piatt F M, Nunez G, Jaegar U, McKearn J P, Korsmeyer S J. bcl-2 immunoglobulin transgenic mice demonstrate extended B cell survival and follicular lymphoproliferation. Cell 1989; 57: 79–88
  • McDonnell T J, Nunez G, Piatt F M, Hockenbery D, London L, McKearn J P, Korsmeyer S J. Deregulated bcl-2 immunoglobulin transgene expands a resting but responsive immunoglobulin M- and D-expressing B cell population. Mol. Cell. Biol 1990; 10: 1901–1907
  • Sentman C L, Shutter J R, Hockenbery D, Kanagawa O, Korsmeyer S J. Bcl-2 inhibits multiple forms of apoptosis but not negative selection in thymocytes. Cell 1991; 67: 879–888
  • Hockenbery D, Nunez G, Milliman C, Schreiber R D, Korsmeyer S J. Bcl-2 is an inner mitochondria membrane molecule that blocks programmed cell death. Nature 1990; 348: 334–336
  • Nunez G, London L, Hockenbery D, Alexander M, McKearn J P, Korsmeyer S J. De-regulated bcl-2 gene expression selectively prolongs survival of growth factor-deprived haematopoietic cell lines. J. Immunol 1990; 144: 3602–3610
  • Borzillo G V, Endo K, Tsujimoto Y. Bcl-2 confers growth and survival advantage to interleukin-7-dependent early pre-B cells which become factor independent by a multistep process in culture. Oncogene 1992; 7: 869–876
  • Garcia I, Martinou I, Tsujimoto Y, Martinou J C. Prevention of programmed cell death of sympathetic neurones by the bcl-2 proto-oncogene. Science 1992; 258: 302–304
  • Strasser A, Harris A W, Bath M L, Cory S. Novel primitive lymphoid tumours induced in trangenic mice by co-operation of myc and bcl-2. Nature 1990; 348: 331–333
  • Nunez G, Seto M, Seremetis S, Ferrero D, Grignani F, Korsmeyer S J, Dalla-Favera R. Growth- and tumour-promoting effects of deregulated bcl-2 in human B-lym-phoblastoid cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1989; 86: 4589–4593
  • McDonnell T J, Korsmeyer S J. Progression from lymphoid hyperplasia to high-grade malignant lymphoma in mice transgenic for the t (14; 18). Nature 1991; 349: 254–256
  • Vaux D L, Aguila H L, Weissman I. Bcl-2 prevents death of factor deprived cells but fails to prevent apoptosis in targets of cell mediated killing. Int. Immunol 1992; 4: 821–824
  • Vanhaesebroeck B, Reed J C, De Valck D, Grooten J, Miyashita T, Tanaka S, Beyaert R, Van Roy F., Fiers W. Effect of bcl-2 proto-oncogene expression on cellular sensitivity to tumour necrosis factor-mediated cytotoxicity. Oncogene 1993; 8: 1075–1081
  • Dameshek W. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia—An accumulative disease of immunologically incompetent lymphocytes. Blood 1967; 29: 566–572
  • Foon K A, Rai K R, Gale R P. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: New insights into biology and therapy. Ann. Intern. Med 1990; 113: 525–539
  • Nilsson K. The control of growth and differentiation in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells. In Chronic Lymphocytic Leukaemia Scientific Advances and Clinical Developments, D B Cheson. M. Dekker Inc, London 1992; 33
  • Geisler C H, Larsen J K, Hansen N E, Hansen M M, Christensen B E, Lund B, Nielson H, Plesner T, Thorling K, Andersen E, Andersen P K. Prognostic importance of flow cytometric immunophenotyping of 540 consecutive patients with B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 1991; 78: 1745–1802
  • Caligaris-Cuppio F, Janossy G. Surface markers in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia of B-cell type. Sem. Hematol 1985; 22: 1–12
  • Andreeff M, Darzynkiewicz Z, Sharpless T K, Clarkson B D, Melamed M R. Discrimination of human leukaemia sub-types by flow cytometric analysis of cellular DNA and RNA. Blood 1980; 55: 282–293
  • Rickinson A B, Finerty S, Epstein M A. Interaction of Epstein-Barr virus in leukaemic B-cell in vitro. I. Abortive infection and rare cell line establishment from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1982; 50: 347–354
  • Karray S, Merle-Beral H, Vazquez A, Gerard A, Debre P, Galanaud P. Functional heterogeneity of B-CLL lymphocytes: Dissociated responsiveness to growth factor and distinct requirements for a first activation signal. Blood 1987; 70: 1105–1110
  • Touw I, Dorssers L, Lowenberg B. The proliferative response of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia to interleukin 2: functional characterisation of the interleukin 2 membrane receptors. Blood 1987; 69: 1667–1673
  • Karray S, DeFrance T, Merle-Beral H, Banchereau J, Debre P, Galanaud P. Interleukin 4 counteracts the interleukin 2-induced proliferation of monoclonal B-cells. J. Exp. Med 1988; 168: 85–94
  • Morbets R, Hoogerbrugge H, van Agthoven T, Lowenberg B, Touw I. Proliferative response of highly purified B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells in serum free culture to interleukin 2 and tumour necrosis factors alpha and beta. Leukemia Res 1989; 13: 973–980
  • Martinez O M, Gibbons R S, Garovay M R, Aronson F R. Interleukin 4 inhibits interleukin-2 receptor expression and interleukin 2 dependent proliferation of human T-cells. J. Immunol 1990; 144: 2211–2215
  • Mainou-Fowler T, Copplestone J A, Prentice A G. Effect of interleukins on the proliferation and survival of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells (B-CLL). J. Clin. Pathol 1995; 48: 482–487
  • Alvarez-Mon M, de la Hera A, Gaspar M L, Orfao A, Casas J, Jorda J, Durantez A. Proliferation of B-cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia is selectively promoted by B-cell growth factor. Acta Haematol 1989; 81: 91–97
  • Digel W, Stefanic M, Schoniger W, Buck C, Ragharachar A, Frickhoften N, Heimpel H, Rorzsolt F. Tumour necrosis factor induces proliferation of neoplastic B-cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 1989; 73: 1241–1246
  • Van Kooten C, Rensink K. H. J. A. M., Aarden L A, Van Oers M H. J. Interleukin 4 inhibits both paracrine and autocrine TNF—induced proliferation of B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Blood 1992; 80: 1299–1306
  • Karray S, Delfraissy J.-F, Merle-Beral H, Wallon C, Debre P, Galanaud P. Positive effects of interferon-α on B-cell type chronic lymphocytic leukaemia proliferative response. J. Immunol 1988; 140: 774–778
  • Ostlund L, Biberfeld P, Robert K.-H, Christensson B, Einhorn S. Induction of proliferation and blast transformation by interferon in human malignant and non malignant lymph node B cells. Blood 1989; 73: 2171–2181
  • Hoffbrand A V, Panayiotidis P, Reittie J, Ganeshaguru K. Autocrine and paracrine growth loops in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Sem. Hematol 1993; 30: 306–317
  • Aguilar-Santelises M, Magnusson R, Svenson S B, Loftenius A, Andersson B, Mellstedt H, Jondal M. Expression of interleukin-1α, interleukin-1β and interleukin-6 in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) cells from patients at different stages of disease progression. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1991; 84: 422–428
  • Plate J M. D, Knospe W H, Harris J E, Gregory S A. Normal and aberrant expression of cytokines in neoplastic cells from chronic lymphocytic leukaemias. Hum. Immunol 1993; 36: 249–258
  • Lahat N, Aghai E, Maroun B, Kinarty A, Quitt M, Froom P. Increased spontaneous secretion of IL-6 from B-cells of patients with B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) and autoimmunity. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1991; 85: 302–306
  • Cordingley F T, Bianchi F, Hoffbrand A V, Reittie J, Heslop H E, Vyakarnam A, Turner M, Brenner M K. Tumour necrosis factor as an autocrine growth factor for chronic B-cell malignancies. Lancet 1988; 1: 969–971
  • Harm T, Kusminksky G, Bassous L, Berrebi A. Tumour necrosis factor production in B cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukaemia and Lymphoma 1991; 4: 117–121
  • Trentin L, Zambella R, Agostini C, Siviero F, Adami F, Marcolongo R, Raimondi R, Chisesi T, Pizzolo G, Semenzato G. Expression and functional role of tumour necrosis factor receptors on leukaemic cells from patients with type B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood 1993; 81: 752–758
  • Collins R J, Verschuer L A, Harmon B V, Prentice R L, Pope J H, Kerr J F. R. Spontaneous programmed death (apoptosis) of B chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells following their culture. in vitro. Br. J. Haematol 1989; 71: 343–350
  • McConkey D J, Aguilar-Santelises M, Hartcell P, Eriksson I, Mellstedt H, Orrenius S, Jondal M. Induction of DNA fragmentation in chronic B-lymphocytic leukaemia cells. J. Immunol 1991; 146: 1072–1076
  • Panayiotidis P, Ganeshaguru K, Jabbar S A. B, Hoffbrand A V. Interleukin-4 inhibits apoptotic cell death and loss of the bcl-2 protein in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. in vitro. Br. J. Haematol 1993; 85: 439–445
  • Mainou-Fowler T, Craig V A, Copplestone J A, Hamon M D, Prentice A G. Interleukin-5 (IL5) increases spontaneous apoptosis of B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells in vitro independently of bcl-2 expression and is inhibited by IL-4. Blood 1994; 84: 2297–2304
  • Banchereau J, de Paoli P, Valle A, Garcia E, Rousset F. Long-term human B cell lines dependent on interleukin-4 and antibody to CD40. Science 1991; 25: 70–72
  • Shena M, Larsson L G, Gattardi D, Gaidano G L, Garlsson M, Nilsson K, Caligaris-Cappio F. Growth and differentiation-associated expression of bcl-2 in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Blood 1992; 79: 2981–2889
  • Moller P, Henne C, Leithauser F, Eichelmann A, Schmidt A, Bruderlein S, Dhein J, Krammer P H. Co-regulation of the APO-1 antigen with intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (CD54) in tonsillar B-cells and in follicle centre and mediastinal B-cell lymphomas. Blood 1993; 81: 2067–2075
  • Mainou-Fowler T, Craig V A, Copplestone J A, Hamon M D, Prentice A G. Effect of anti-apolipoprotein 1 on spontaneous apoptosis of B-cells in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: The role of bcl-2 and interleukin-4. Leukaemia and Lymphoma 1995, in press
  • Larsson L G, Gray H E, Totterman T, Pettersson U, Nilsson K. Drastically increased expression of myc and fos proto-oncogenes during in vitro differentiation of chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1987; 84: 223–225
  • Galigaris-Cappio F, Gottardi D, Alfarano A, Stacchini A, Gregoretti M G, Ghia P, Bertero M T, Navarino A, Bergui L. The nature of the B lymphocytes in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood Cells 1993; 19: 601–603
  • Oscier D G. Cytogenetic and molecular abnormality in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Blood Rev 1984; 8: 88–97
  • Gallard R E. Immunoregulation by interleukin-4 in man. Br. J. Haematol 1991; 78: 293–299
  • Luo H, Rubio M, Biron G, Delespesse G, Sarfati M. Antiproliferative effects of interleukin-4 in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J. Immunother 1991; 10: 418–425
  • Perri T. Impaired expression of cell surface receptors for B cell growth factor for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B-cells. Blood 1986; 67: 993–948
  • Dancescu M, Rubio-Trujillo M, Biron G, Bron D, Delespesse G, Sarfati M. Interleukin 4 protects chronic lymphocytic leukaemia B-cells from death by apoptosis and upregulates bcl-2 expression. J. Exp. Med 1992; 176: 1319–1326
  • Ojeda F, Guarda M J, Maldonado C, Folch U. Protein kinase-C involvement in thymocyte apoptosis induced by hydrocortisone. Cell Immunol 1990; 125: 535–539
  • Buschle M, Campana D, Carding S R, Richard C, Hoffbrand A V, Brenner M K. Interferon-y inhibits apoptotic cell death in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. J. Exp. Med 1993; 177: 213–218
  • McConkey D J, Hartzell P, Chow S C, Orrenius S, Jondal M. Interleukin 1 inhibits T-cell receptor-mediated apoptosis in immature thymocytes. J. Biol. Chem 1990; 265: 3009–3011
  • Huang R.-W, Tsuda H, Takatsuki K. Interleukin-2 prevents programmed cell death in chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells. Int. J. Hematol 1993; 58: 83–92
  • Ziegler-Heitbrock H W.L, Schlag R, Fleiger D, Thiel E. Favorable response of early stage B-CLL patients to treatment with interferon-alpha 2. Blood 1989; 73: 1426–1430
  • Osthund L, Einhorn S, Robert K.-H, Juliusson G, Biberfeld P. Chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells proliferate and differentiate following exposure to interferon. in vitro. Blood 1986; 67: 152–159
  • Trichineri G, Perussia B. Immune interferons: A pleotropic cytokine with multiple effects. Immunol. Today 1985; 6: 131–136
  • Totterman T H, Danersund A, Carlsson M, Nilsson K. Effect of recombinant interferon-alpha and gamma on B-cells in serum free medium. Expression of activation, differentiation and CALLA markers. Leukemia 1987; 1: 667–679
  • Panayiotidis P, Ganeshaguru K, Jabbar S A. B, Hoffbrand A V. Alpha-interferon (α-INF) protects B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cells from apoptotic cell death. in vitro. Br. J. Haematol 1994; 86: 169–173
  • Sanderson C J, Campbell H D, Young I G. Molecular and cellular biology of eosinophil differentiation factor (interleukin-5) and its effects on human and mouse B-cells. Immunol. Rev 1988; 102: 29–52
  • Clutterbuck E, Shields J G, Gordon J, Smith S H, Boyd A, Gallard R E, Campbell H D, Young I G, Sanderson C J. Recombinant human interleukin-5 is an eosinophil differentiation factor but has no activity in standard human B-cell growth factor assays. Eur. J. Immunol 1987; 17: 1743–1750
  • Bertolini J N, Sanderson C J, Benson E M. Human interleukin 5 induces staphyloccal A cowan 1 strain-activated human B-cells to secrete IgM Eur. J. Immunol 1993; 23: 398–402
  • Baumann M A, Paul C C. Interleukin-5 is an autocrine growth factor for Epstein-Barr virus—tranfected B lymphocytes. Blood 1992; 79: 1763–1767
  • Hayes T G, Tan X.-L, Moseley A B, Huston M M, Huston D P. Abnormal response to interleukin-5 in B-cell chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukaemia Res 1993; 17: 777–783
  • Swain S L, Dutton R W. Production of a B-cell growth-promoting activity (DL) BCGF from a cloned T-cell line and its assay on the B-CL1 B-cell tumour. J. Exp. Med 1982; 156: 1821–1834
  • Wetzel G D. Interleukin-5 regulation of peritoneal Ly-1 B lymphocyte proliferation, differentiation and autoantibody secretion. Eur. J. Immunol 1989; 18: 1701–1707
  • Hasbold J, Klaus G G. B. Anti-immunoglobuline antibodies induce apoptosis in immature B-cell lymphomas. Eur. J. Immunol 1990; 20: 1685–1690
  • Larrick J W, Wright S C. Cytotoxic mechanism of tumour necrosis factor-α. FASEB J 1990; 4: 3215–3223
  • Kizaki H, Nakada S, Ohnishi Y, Azuma Y, Mizuno Y, Tada Kuma T. Tumour necrosis factor-alpha enhances cAMP-induced programmed cell death in mouse thymocytes. Cytokine 1993; 5: 342–347
  • Gotlieb W H, Watson J M, Rezai A, Johnson M, Martinez-Maza O, Berek J S. Cytokine-induced modulation of tumour suppressor gene expression in ovarian cancer cells: up-regulation of p53 gene expression and induction of apoptosis by tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Am. J. Obstet. Gynecol 1994; 170: 1121–1128
  • Wright S C, Zheng H, Zhong J, Torti F M, Larrick J W. Role of protein phorphorylation in tumour necrosis factor-induced apoptosis: Phosphatase inhibitors synergise with tumour necrosis factor to activate DNA fragmentation in normal as well as tumour-necrosis factor-resistant U937 variants. J. Cell. Biochem 1993; 53: 222–223
  • Dhein J, Daniel P T, Trauth B C, Oehm A, Moller P, Krammer P H. Induction of apoptosis by monoclonal antibody anti-APO-1 class switch variants is dependent on cross-linking of APO-1 cell surface antigens. J. Immunol 1992; 149: 3166–3173
  • Owen-Schanb L B, Yonehara S, Crump I II W. L., Grimm E A. DNA fragmentation and cell death is selectively triggered in activated human lymphocytes by FAS antigen engagement. Cell. Immunol 1992; 190: 197–205
  • Debatin K.-M, Goldman C K, Waldmann T A, Krammer P H. APO-1-induced apoptosis of leukaemia cells from patients with adult T cell leukaemia. Blood 1993; 81: 2972–2977
  • Mapara M Y, Bargon R, Zugock C, Dohner H, Ustaoglu F, Jonker R R, Krammer P H, Dorken B. APO-1 mediated apoptosis on proliferation in human chronic B lymphocytic leukaemia: correlation with bcl-2 oncogene expression. Eur. J. Immunol 1993; 23: 702–708
  • McConkey D J, Hartzell P, Jondal M, Orrenius S. Inhibition of DNA fragmentation in thymocytes and isolated thymocyte nuclei by agents that stimulate protein kinase C. J. Biol. Chem 1989; 264: 13399–13402
  • Migliorati G, Pagliacci M D, D'Adamio F, Crocicchio F, Nicoletti I, Riccardi C. Glucocorticoid-induced DNA fragmentation: role of protein kinase-C activity. Pharmacol. Res 1992; 26: 5–9
  • Hickman J A. Apoptosis induced by anticancer drugs. Cancer Metastasis Rev 1992; 11: 121–139
  • McConkey D J, Orrenius S, Jondal M. Cellular signalling in programmed cell death apoptosis. Immunol. Today 1990; 11: 120–121
  • Craig V A, Mainou-Fowler T, Prentice A G. Effect of interleukin-4 (IL4) and dexamethasone and bcl-2 expression in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia (B-CLL) in culture. Exp. Hematol 1993; 21: 1090, (abstr)
  • Jewell A P, Worman C P, Lydyard P M, Young K L, Giles F J, Goldstone A H. Interferon-alpha up-regulates bcl-2 expression and protects B-CLL cells from apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Br. J. Haematol 1994; 88: 268–274
  • Tagam T, Kishimoto T. Cytokine receptors and signal transduction. FASER, J 1993; 6: 3387–3396
  • Boise L H, Gonzalez-Garcia M, Postema C E, Ding L, Lindsten T, Turka L A, Mao X, Nunez G, Thompson C B. bcl-x, a bcl-2-related gene that functions as a dominant regulator of apoptotic cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 597–606
  • Oltvai Z H, Milliman C L, Korsmeyer S J. Bcl-2 heterodimerizes in vivo with a conserved homolog, Bax, that accelerates programmed cell death. Cell 1993; 74: 609–619
  • Yin X M, Oltvai Z N, Korsmeyer S J. BH1 and BH2 domains of bcl-2 are reguired for inhibition of apoptosis and heterodimerisation with Bax. Nature 1994; 369: 321–23
  • Lewis D B, Prickett K S, Larsen A, Grerbstein K, Weaver M, Wilson C B. Restricted production of interleukin-4 by activated human T-cells. Proc. Natl Acad. Sci. USA 1988; 85: 9743–9748
  • Sewell W A, Valentin J E, Cooley M A. Expression of interleukin-5 by CD4+ CD45RO+ subset of T-cells. Growth Factors 1992; 6: 295–302
  • Totterman T H, Carlsson M, Simonsson B, Bengtsson M, Nilsson K. T-celi activation and subset patterns are altered in B-CLL and correlate with the stage of the disease. Blood 1989; 74: 786–92
  • Antica M, Kusic B, Spaventi R, Jaksic B, Vitale B. Functional differences of T cells in B-chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Leukaemia and Lymphoma 1993; 9: 133–140

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.