146
Views
48
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Hepatitis C Virus Infection, Mixed Cryoglobulinemia, and Non-Hodgkin's Lymphoma: an Emerging Picture

, &
Pages 463-476 | Received 20 Feb 1998, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Choo Q., Werner A.J, Overby L.R, Kuo G., Houghton M., Bradley DW. Hepatitis C virus: the major causative agent of viral non-A, non-B hepatitis. Br. Med. Bull 1990; 46: 423–441
  • Alter J.A. To C or not to C: These are the questions. Blood 1995; 85: 1681–1695
  • Oldstone M.B.A. How viruses escape from cytotoxic T lymphocytes: molecular parameters and players. Virology 1997; 234: 179–185
  • Koff J.A., Dienstag J.L. Extrahepatic manifestations of hepatitis C and the association with alcoholic liver disease. Semin. Liver Dis. 1995; 15: 101–109
  • Lamelin J.P, Zoulin F., Trepo C. Lymphotropism of hepatitis B and C viruses: an update and a new comer. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 1994; 25: 1–6
  • Sansonno D., Comacchiulo V., laCobelli A.R., Gatti P., Distasi M.A, Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus infection and clonal B cell expansion. Clin. Exp. Rheu-mathol 1996; 14: 45–50
  • Choo Q., Kuo G., Weiner A.J, Overby L.R, Bradley D.W., Houghton M. Isolation of cDNA clone derived from a blood-borne non-A, non-B viral hepatitis genome. Science 1989; 244: 359–362
  • Ohno T, Lau J.Y.N. The “Gold Standard”, accuracy, and the current concepts: hepatitis C virus genotype and viremia. Hepatology 1996; 24: 1315–1321
  • Honda M., Brown E.A., Lemon S.M. Stability of a stem-loop involving the initiator AUG controls the efficiency of internal initiation of translation on hepatitis C virus. RNA 1996; 2: 955–968
  • Tsukiyama-Kohara K., Lizuka N., Kohara M., Nomoto A. Internal ribosome entry site within hepatitis C virus RNA. J. Virol. 1992; 66: 1476–1483
  • Yamada N., Tanihara K., Takada A., Yorihuzi T., Tsutsumi M., Shimomura H., Tsuji T., Date T. Genetic organization and diversity of the 3′ noncoding region of the hepatitis C virus genome. Virology. 1996; 223: 255–261
  • Major M.E, Feinstone S.M. The molecular virology of hepatitis C. Hepatology. 1997; 25: 1527–1538
  • Grakoui A., Wychowski C., Lin C., Feinstone S.M., Rice CM. Expression and identification of hepatitis C virus polyprotein cleavage products. J. Virol. 1993; 67: 1385–1395
  • Santolini E., Migliaccio G., Lamonica M. Biosynthesis and biochemical properties of the hepatitis C virus core protein. J. Virol. 1994; 68: 3631–3641
  • Suzuki R., Matsuura Y., Suzuki T., Ando A., Chiba J., Harada S., Saito L., et al. Nuclear localization of the truncated hepatitis C virus core protein with the hydrophobic C terminus deleted. J. Gen. Virol 1995; 76: 53–61
  • Barba G., Harper F., Harada T., Kohara M., Goulinet S., Matsuura Y., Eder G., Scaff Z., Chapman M.J, Miyamura T., Brechot C. Hepatits C virus core protein shows a cytoplasmic localization and associates to cellular lipid storage droplets. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 1200–1205
  • Miyamura T., Matsuura Y. Structural proteins of hepatitis C virus. Trends Microbiol 1993; 1: 229–231
  • Ralstom R., Thudium K., Berger K., Kuo C., Gervase B., Hall J., Selby M., Kuo G., Houghton M., Choo Q.L. Characterization of hepatitis C virus envelope glycoprotein complexes expressed by recombinant vaccinia viruses. J. Virol 1993; 67: 6753–6761
  • Choo Q., Kuo G., Ralstom R., Weiner A.J, Chien D., Van Nest G., Han J., Berger K., Thudium K., Kjo C., Kanso-Pon J., McFarland J., Tabrizi A., Ching K., Moss B., Cummins L.B, Houghton M., Muchmore E. Vaccination of chimpanzees against infection by the hepatitis C virus. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994; 91: 1294–1298
  • Weiner A.J, Geisen H.M, Christopherson C., Hall J.E, Mason T.J, Saracco G., Bonino E., Crawford K., Marion CD., Crawford K.A, Brunetto M., Barr P.J, Miyamura T., McHutchinson J., Houghton M. Evidence for immune selection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) putative envelope glycoprotein variants: potential role in chronic HCV infection. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 3468–3472
  • Shimizu Y.K, Hijikata M., Iwamoto A., Alter H.J, Purcell R.H., Yoshikura H. Neutralizing antibodies against hepatitis C virus and emergence of neutralization escape mutant viruses. J. Virol. 1994; 68: 1494–1500
  • Zibert A., Schreier E., Roggendorf M. Antibodies in human sera specific to hypervariable region 1 of hepatitis C virus can block viral attachment. Virology 1995; 208: 653–661
  • Grakoui A., McCourt D.W, Wychowki C., Feinstone S.M, Rice CM. A second hepatitis C virus-encoded proteinase. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 10583–10587
  • Love R.A, Parge H.E, Wickersham J.A, Hostomsky Z., Habuka N., Moomaw E.W, Adachi T., Hostomska Z. The crystal structure of hepatitis C virus NS3 proteinase reveals a trypsine-like fold and a structural zinc binding site. Cell 1996; 87: 331–342
  • Kim D.W, Gwack Y., Han J.H., Choe J. C terminal domain of the hepatitis C virus NS3 contains an RNA helicase activity. Biochem. Biophys. Res. Commun. 1995; 215: 160–166
  • Hong Z., Ferrari E., Wright-Minogue J., Chase R., Risano C., Seelig G., Lee C., Kwong A.D. Enzymatic characterization of hepatitis C virus NS3/4A complexes expressed in mammalian cells by using the herpes simplex amplicon system. J. Virol. 1996; 70: 4261–4268
  • Lin C., Thomson J.A., Rice C.M. A central region of the hepatitis C virus NS4A protein allows formation of an active NS3-NS4A serine protease complex in vivo in vitro. J. Virol. 1995; 69: 4373–4380
  • Tomei L., Failla C., Vitale R.L, Bianchi E., De Francesco R. A central hydrophobic domain of the hepatitis C virus NS4A protein is necessary and sufficient for the activation of the NS3 protease. J. Gen. Virol 1995; 77: 1065–1070
  • Enomoto N., Sakuma I., Asahina Y., Kurosaki M., Murakami T., Yamamoto C., Ogura Y., Izumi N., Marumo F., Sato C. Mutations in nonstructural protein 5A gene and response to interferon in patients with chronic hepatitis C virus lb infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1996; 334: 77–81
  • Behrens S., Tomei L., De Francesco R. Identification and properties of the RNA-dependent RNA polymerase of hepatitis C virus. EMBO J. 1996; 15: 12–22
  • Lanford R.E, Chavez D., Chisari F.V., Sureau C. Lack of detection of negative strand hepatitis C virus in peripheral blood mononuclear cells and other extrahepatic tissues by the highly strand-specific rTth reverse transcriptase BPCR. J Virol. 1995; 69: 8079–8083
  • Lerat H., Berby F., Trabaud M.A, Vidalin O., Major M., Trepo C., Inchauspe G. Specific detection of hepatitis C viruses minus strand RNA in hematopoietic cells. J. Clin. Invest. 1996; 97: 845–851
  • Negro F., Pacchioni D., Shimizu Y., Miller R.H, Bussolati G., Purcell R.H, Bonino F. Detection of intrahepatic replication of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridization and comparison with histopathology. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 2247–2251
  • Yamada S., Koji T., Nazawa M., Kiyasawa K., Nakane P.K. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) RNA in paraffin embedded tissue sections of human liver of non-A, non-B hepatitis patients by in situhybridization. i. Clin. Lab. Anal. 1992; 6: 40–46
  • Tanaka Y., Enomoto N., Kojima S., Tang L., Goto M., Marumo M., Sato C. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in the liver by in situhybridization. Liver 1993; 12: 286–289
  • Blight K., Trowbridge R., Rowland R., Gowans E.J. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA by in situ hybridization. Liver 1992; 12: 286–289
  • Sansonno D., Cornacchiulo V., laCobelli A.R., Gatti P., Distasi M., Dammacco F. Demonstration and distribution of HCV RNA sequences by in situ hybridization and HCV-related proteins by immunohistochemistry in the liver tissue of patients with chronic HCV infection. Pathobiology 1995; 63: 239–248
  • Yamada G., Nishimoto H., Endou H., Doi T., Takahashi M., Tsuji T., Yoshizawa H., Nozawa M., Koji T., Nakane P.K. Localization of hepatitis C virus RNA and capsid protein in human liver. Dig. Dis. Sci. 1993; 38: 882–887
  • Haruna Y., Hayashi N., Kamada T., Hytiroglou P., Thung S.N., Gerber M.A. Expression of hepatitis C virus in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1994; 73: 2253–2258
  • Sansonno D., Cornacchiulo V., Racanelli V., Dammacco F. In situ simultaneous detection of hepatitis C virus RNA and hepatitis C virus-related antigens in hepatocellular carcinoma. Cancer 1997; 80: 22–26
  • De Vita S., Sansonno D., Dolcetti R., Ferraccioli G., Car-Bone A., Cornacchiulo V., Santini G., Crovatto M., Gloghini A., Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus within a malignant lymphoma lesion in the course of type II mixed cryoglobulinemia. Blood 1995; 86: 1887–1892
  • Sansonno D., Cornacchiulo V., laCobelli A.R., Di Stefano R., Lospalluti M., Dammacco F. Localization of hepatitis C virus antigens in liver and skin tissues of chronic hepatitis C virus-infected patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Hepatology 1995; 21: 305–312
  • Gabrielli A., Manzin A., Candela M., Caniglia M.L, Paolucci S., Danieli G., Clementi M. Active hepatitis C virus infection in bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells from patients with mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1994; 97: 87–93
  • Moldvay J., Deny P., Pol S., Brechot C., Lamas E. Detection of hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells of infected patients by in situ hybridization. Blood 1994; 83: 269–273
  • Muratori L., Gibellini D., Lenzi M., Cataleta M., Muratori P., Morelli M.C., Bianchi F.B. Quantification of hepatitis C virus-infected peripheral blood mononuclear cells by in situ reverse transcriptase-polymerase chain reaction. Blood 1996; 88: 2768–2774
  • Sansonno D., Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus c100 antigen in liver tissue from patients with acute and chronic infection. Hepatology 1993; 18: 240–245
  • Sansonno D., laCobelli A.R., Cornacchiulo V., Iodice G., Dammacco F. Detection of hepatitis C virus (HCV) proteins by immunofluorescence and HCV RNA genomic sequences by non-isotopic in situ hybridization in bone marrow and peripheral blood mononuclear cells of chronically HCV-infected patients. Clin. Exp. Immunol 1996; 103: 414–421
  • Peiris J.S.M., Porterfield J.S. Antibody-mediated enhancement of Flavivirus replication in macrophage-like cell lines. Nature 1979; 282: 509–511
  • Sansonno D., laCobelli A.R., Cornacchiulo V., Lauletta G., Distasi M.A, Gatti P., Dammacco F. Immunochemical and biomolecular studies of circulating immune complexes isolated from patients with acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1996; 26: 465–475
  • Fujii K., Hino K., Okazaki M., Okuda M., Kondoh S., Okita K. Differences in hypervariable region 1 quasispecies of hepatitis C virus between human serum and peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Biochem. Bioph. Res. Comm. 1996; 225: 771–776
  • Chang T.T, Young K.C, Yang Y.J, Lei H.Y., Wu H.L. Hepatitis C virus RNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells: comparing acute and chronic hepatitis C virus infection. Hepatology 1996; 23: 977–981
  • Sansonno D., Cornacchiulo V., Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus (HCV) infection involves CD34+ hematopoietic progenitor cells in HCV chronic carriers. Blood 1998, (in press)
  • Taniguchi H., Toyoshima T., Fukao K, Nakauchi H. Presence of hematopoietic stem cells in the adult liver. Nature 1996; 2: 198–203
  • Krause D.S, Fackler M.J, Civin C.I., Strafford M.W. CD34: structure, biology, and clinical utility. Blood 1996; 87: 1–13
  • Monteverde A., Sabattini E., Poggi S., Ballarè M., Berton-Celli M.C., De Vivo A., Briskomatis A., Roncador A., Falini B., Pileri S.A. Bone marrow findings further support the hypothesis that essential mixed cryoglobulinemia type II is characterized by a monoclonal B-cell proliferation. Leuk. Lymphoma 1996; 20: 119–124
  • Liu Y.J., Banchereau J. The paths and the molecular controls of peripheral B-cell development. The Immunologist 1996; 4: 55–66
  • McCarthy K.P, Sloane J.P., Wiedmann L.M. Rapid method for distinguishing clonal from polyclonal B cell populations in surgical biopsy specimens. J. Clin. Pathol. 1990; 43: 429–432
  • Knight G.B, Agnello V., Bonagura R., Barnes J.L, Panka D.J., Zang Q.X. Human rheumatoid factor cross-idiotypes. IV. Studies on WA Xld-positive IgM without rheumatoid factor activity provide evidence that the WA Xld is not unique to rheumatoid factor and is distinct from the 17.109 and G6 Xld. J. Exp. Med. 1993; 178: 1903–1911
  • Sigounas G., Kolaitis N., Monell-Torrens E., Notkins A.L. Polyreactive IgM antibodies in the circulation are masked by antigen binding. J. Clin. Immunol. 1994; 14: 375–381
  • Lee S.K, Bridges S.L, Kirkham P.M, Koopman W.J., Schroeder H.W. Evidence of antigen receptor-influenced oligoclonal B lymphocyte expansion in the synovium of a patient with long-standing rheumatoid arthritis. J. Clin. Invest. 1994; 93: 361–370
  • Tsiagbe V.K, Inghirami G., Thorbecke G.J. The physiology of germinal centers. Critical Rev. Immunol. 1996; 16: 381–386
  • Schroder A.E, Greiner A., Seyfert C., Berek C. Differentiation of B cells in nonlymphoid tissue of the synovial membrane of patients with rheumatoid arthritis. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1996; 93: 221–225
  • Levo Y., Gorevic P.D, Kassab H.J, Tobias H., Franklin E.C. Liver involvement in the syndrome of mixed cryoglobulinemia. Ann. Intent. Med. 1977; 87: 287–292
  • Ferri C., Greco F., Longombardo G. Hepatitis C virus antibodies in mixed cryoglobulinemia patients. Arthritis Rheum. 1991; 34: 1606–1610
  • Dammacco F., Sansonno D. Antibodies to hepatitis C virus in essential mixed cryoglobulinemia. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1992; 87: 352–356
  • Pechere-Bertschi A., Perrin L., De Saussure P., Widmann J.J., Shifferly J.A. Hepatitis C: a possible ethiology for cryoglobulinemia type II. Clin. Exp. Immunol. 1992; 89: 419–422
  • Van Der Pole C.L, Cuypers H.T.M., Reesink H.W, Weiner A.J, Quan S., di Nello R., van Boven J.H.P., Winkel I., Mulder-Folkerts D., Exel-Oehlers P.J, Schaas-Berg W., Leentvaar R., Kuypers A., Polito A., Houghton M., Lelie P.N. Confirmation of hepatitis C virusinfection by new four-antigen recombinant immunoblot assay. Lancet 1991; 337: 317–319
  • Szymanski I.O, Pullman J.M., Underwood J.M. Electron microscopic and immunochemical studies in a patient with hepatitis C virus infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia type II. Am. J. Clin. Pathol. 1994; 102: 278–283
  • Dammacco F., Sansonno D., Cornacchiulo V., Mennuni C., Carbone R., Lauletta G., laCobelli A.R., Rizzi R. Hepatitis C virus infection and mixed cryoglobulinemia: a striking association. Int. J. Clin. Lab. Res. 1993; 23: 45–49
  • Ferri C., La Civita L., Longombardo G., Greco F, Bombardieri S. Hepatitis C virus and mixed cryoglobulinemia. Eur. J. Clin. Invest. 1993; 23: 399–405
  • Sansonno D., Gesualdo L., Manno C., Schena F.P., Dammacco F. Hepatitis C virus-related proteins in kidney tissue from hepatitis C virus infection patients with cryoglobulinemia membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis. Hepatology 1997; 25: 1237–1244
  • Gorevic P.D., Frangione B. Mixed cryoglobulinemia cross-reactive idiotypes: implications for the relationship of MC to rheumatic and lymphoproliferative diseases. Semin. Hematol. 1991; 28: 79–94
  • Andrews D.W., Capra J.D. Complete aminoacid sequence of variable domains from two human monoclonal anti-gamma globulins of the WA cross-idiotypic group: suggestion that the J segments are involved in the structural correlate of the idiotype. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1981; 78: 3799–3803
  • Carson D.A., Fong S. A common idiotope on human rheumatoid factors identified by a hybridoma antibody. Mol. Immunol. 1983; 20: 1081–1087
  • Fong S., Chen P.P, Gilbertson T.A, Weber J.R, Fox R.I., Carson D.A. Expression of three cross-reactive idiotypes on rheumatoid factor autoantibodies from patients with autoimmune diseases and seropositive adults. J. Immunol. 1986; 137: 122–128
  • Martin T., Duffy S.F, Carson D.A., Kipps T.J. Evidence for somatic selection of natural autoantibodies. J. Exp. Med. 1992; 175: 983–991
  • Carson D., Chen P.P., Kipps T.J. New roles for rheumatoid factor. J. Clin. Invest. 1991; 87: 379–383
  • Theophilopoulos A.N., Dixon F.J. Immune complexes in human diseases. Am. J. Pathol. 1990; 100: 531–594
  • Roth D. Hepatitis C virus: the nephrologist's view. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1995; 25: 3–16
  • D'Amico G., Fornasieri A. Cryoglobulinemic glomerulonephritis: a membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis induced by hepatitis C virus. Am. J. Kidney Dis. 1995; 25: 361–369
  • Johnson R.J, Gretch D.R, Yamabe H., Hart J., Bacchi C.E, Hartwell P., Couser W.G, Corey L., Wener M.H, Alpers C.E., Willson R. Membranoproliferative glomerulonephritis associated with hepatitis C virus infection. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 328: 465–470
  • Fornasieri A., Li M., Armelloni S., Pinerolo De Septis C., Schiaffino E., Sinico R.A, Schmid C., D'Amico G. Glomerulonephritis induced by human IgMK-lgG cryoglobulins in mice. Lab. Invest. 1993; 5: 531–540
  • Tighe H., Wamatz K., Brinson D., Corr M., Weigle W.O, Baird S.M., Carson D.A. Peripheral deletion of rheumatoid factor B cells after activation by IgG. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1997; 94: 646–651
  • Ferri C., Caracciolo F., Zignego A.L, La Civita L., Monti M., Longombardo G., Lombardini F., Greco F., Capochiana E., Mazzoni A. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Br. J. Haematol 1994; 88: 392–394
  • Silvestri R., Pipan C., Barillari G., Zaja R., Fanin R., Infanti L., Russo D., Palasca B., Botta G., Baccarani M. Prevalence of hepatitis C vims infection in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood 1996; 87: 4296–4301
  • Zuckerman E., Zuckerman T., Levine A.M, Douer D., Gutekunst K., Mizokami M., Quian D., Velankar M., Nathwani B.N., Fong T.L. Hepatitis C virus infection in patients with B-cell non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Ann. Intern. Med. 1997; 127: 423–428
  • De Vita S., Sacco C., Sansonno D., Gloghini A., Dam-Macco R., Crovatto M., Santini G.R, Dolcetti R., Boiocchi M., Carbone A., Zagonel V. Characterization of overt B-cell lymphomas in patients with hepatitis C virus infection. Blood 1997; 90: 776–782
  • Sansonno D., De Vita S., Cornacchiulo V., Carbone A., Boiocchi M., Dammacco F. Detection and distribution of hepatitis C virus-related proteins in lymph nodes of patients with type II mixed cryoglobulinemia and neoplastic or non-neoplastic lymphoproliferation. Blood 1996; 88: 4638–4645
  • Ludwig C.U, Gencik M., Shipman R. Multistep transformation in low-grade lymphoproliferative diseases. Ann. Oncol 1993; 4: 825–830

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.