37
Views
18
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Human Herpesvirus 6 Infection and Associated Pathogenesis Following Bone Marrow Transplantation

Pages 251-266 | Received 20 Dec 1998, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Salahuddin S. Z., Ablashi D. V., Markham P. D., Josephs S. F., Strurzenegger S., Kaplan M., Halligan M., Biberfield P., Wong-Staal E., Kramarsky B., Gallo R. C. Isolation of a new virus, HBLV, in patients with lymphoproliferative disorders. Science 1986; 234: 596–601
  • Downing R. G., Sewankambo N., Honess R., Crawford D., Jarret R., Griffin B. E. Isolation of human herpesvirus from Uganda. Lancet 1987; 2: 390
  • Tedder R. S., Briggs M., Cameron C. H., Honess R., Robertson D., Whittle H. A novel lymphotropic herpesvirus. Lancet 1987; 2: 390–392
  • Lopez C., Pellett P. E., Stewart J., Goldsmith C., Sanderlin K., Black J., Warfield D., Feorino P. Characteristics of human herpesvirus 6. J. Inf. Diseases. 1988; 157: 1271–1273
  • Kikuta H., Lu H., Matsumoto S., Josephs S. F., Gallo R. C. Polymorphism of HHV-6 DNA from five Japanese patients with exanthem subitum. J. Inf. Diseases. 1989; 160: 550–551
  • Yoshida M., Uno F., Bai Z. L., Yamada M., Nii S., Sata T., Kurata T., Yamanishi K., Takahashi M. Electron microscopic study of a herpes type virus isolated from infant with exanthem subitum. Microbiol. Immunol. 1989; 33: 147–154
  • Wyatt L., Balachandran N., Frenkel N. Variations in the replication and antigenic properties of human herpesvirus 6 strains. J. Inf. Diseases. 1990; 162: 852–857
  • Josephs S. F., Salahuddin S. Z., Ablashi D. V., Schacter F., Wongstaal F, Gallo R. C. Genomic analysis of the human B lymphotropic virus (HBLV). Science 1986; 234: 601–603
  • Lusso P., Markham P. D., Tschacler E., Veronese F. D., Salahuddin S. Z., Ablashi D. V., Pahwa S., Krohn K., Gallo R. C. In vitro cellular tropism of human B-lymphotropic virus (HHV-6). J. Exp. Med. 1988; 167: 1659–1670
  • Takahashi K., Sonoda S., Higashi K., Kondo T., Takahashi H., Takahashi M., Yamanishi K. Predominant CD4 T-lymphocyte tropism of human herpesvirus-6 related virus. J. Virol. 1989; 63: 3161–3163
  • Levy J. A., Ferro F., Lennette E. T., Oshiro L., Poulin L. Characterization of a new strain of HHV-6 (HHV-6SF) recovered from the saliva of HIV-infected individual. Virology 1990; 178: 113–121
  • Ablashi D. V, Salahuddin S. Z., Josephs S. F, Imam F., Lusso P., Gallo R. C. HBLV (or HHV-6) in human cell lines. Nature 1987; 329: 207
  • Lusso P., Malnati M. S., Garzino-Demo A., Crowley R. W., Long E. O., Gallo R. C. Infection of natural killer cells by human herpesvirus 6. Nature 1993; 362: 458–462
  • Cermelli C., Concari M., Carubbi F., Fabio G., Sabbatani A. M., Pecorari M., Pietrosemoli P., Meacci M., Guicciardi E., Carulli N., Portolani M. Growth of human herpesvirus 6 in HepG2 cells. Virus research 1996; 45: 75–85
  • He J., McCarthy M., Zhou Y., Chandran B., Wood C. Infection of primary humna fetal astrocytes by human herpesvirus 6. J. Virol. 1996; 70: 1296–300
  • Kondo K., Kondo T., Okuno T., Takahashi M., Yamanishi K. Latent human herpesvirus 6 infection of human monocytes/macrophages. J. Gen. Virol. 1991; 72: 1401–1408
  • Josephs S. F., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Kramarsky B., Franza R., Pellett P. E., Buchbinder A., Memon S., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C. Molecular studies of HHV-6. J. Virol. Methods. 1988; 21: 179–190
  • Lindquester G. J., Pellett P. E. Properties of the human herpesvirus 6 strain Z 29 genome: G+C Content, length, and presence of variable- length repeated terminal sequence elements. Virology 1991; 182: 102–110
  • Martin M. E.D., Thomson B. J., Honess R. W., Craxton M. A., Gompels U. A., Liu M. Y., Littler E., Arrand J. R., Teo I., Jones M. D. The genome of human herpesvirus 6: maps of unit length and concatemeric genomes for nine restriction endonucleases. J. Gen. Virol. 1991; 72: 157–168
  • Pellett R E., Lindquester G. J., Feorino P., Lopez C. Genomic heterogeneity of human herpesvirus 6 isolates. Plenum Press, New York 1990; 9–18
  • Schirmer E. C., Wyatt L. S., Yamanishi K., Rodriguez W. J., Frenkel N. Differentiation between two distinct classes of viruses now classified as human herpesvirus 6. Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci. USA 1991; 88: 5922–5926
  • Aubin J. T., Collandre H., Candotti D., Ingrand D., Rouxioux C., Burgard M., Richard S., Huraux J. M., Agut H. Several groups among human herpesvirus 6 strains can be distinguished by southern blotting and polymerase chain reaction. J. Clin. Micro. 1991; 29: 367–372
  • Aubin J. T., Agut H., Collandre H., Yamanishi K., Chandran B., Montagnier L., Huraux J. M. Antigenic and genetic differentiation of the two putative types of human herpesvirus 6. J. Virol. Methods. 1993; 41: 223–234
  • Balachandran N., Amelse R. E., Zhou W. W., Chang C. K. Identification of proteins specific for human herpesvirus 6-infected human T cells. J. Virol. 1989; 63: 2835–2840
  • Ablashi D. V., Agut H., Berneman Z., Campadelli-Fiume G., Carrigan D., Cecccrini-Nelli L., Chandran B., Chou S., Collandre H., Cone R., Dambaugh T., Dewhurst S., Diluca D., Foa-Tomasi L., Fleckenstein B., Frenkel N., Gallo R., Gompels U., et al. Human herpesvirus-6 strain groups: a nomenclature. Archives of virology 1993; 129: 363–366
  • Drobyski W. R., Eberle M., Majewski D., Baxter-Lowe L. A. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6 variant A and B infections in bone marrow transplant recipients as determined by polymerase chain reaction and sequence-specific oligonucleotide. J. Clin. Micro. 1993; 31: 1515–20
  • Frenkel N., Katsafanas G. C., Wyatt L. S., Yoshikawa T., Asano Y. Bone marrow transplant recipients harbor the B variant of human herpesvirus 6. Bone Marrow Transplantation 1994; 14: 839–43
  • Kadakia M. P., Rybka W. B., Stewart J. A., Patton J. L., Stamey F. R., Elsawy M., Pellett P. E., Armstrong J. A. Human Herpesvirus 6: Infection and Disease Following Autologous and Allogeneic Bone Marrow Transplantation. Blood 1996; 87: 5341–5354
  • Asano Y., Yoshikawa T., Suga S., Yazaki T., Hata T., Nagai T., Kajita Y., Ozaki T., Yoshida O. Vire-mia and neutralizing antibody in infants with exanthem subitum. J. Pediatrics 1989; 114: 535–539
  • Okuno T., Takahashi K., Balachandran K., Shiraki K., Yamanishi K., Takahashi M., Baba K. Seroepi-demiology of human herpesvirus 6 infection in normal children and adults. J. Clin. Micro. 1989; 27: 651–653
  • Asano Y., Yoshikawa T., Suga S., Yazaki T., Ozaki T., Saito Y., Hatano Y, Takahashi M. Enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay for detection of IgG antibody to human herpesvirus 6. J. Med. Virol. 1990; 32: 119–123
  • Yoshikawa T., Suga S., Asano Y., Yazaki T., Kodama H., Takao O. Distribution of antibodies to a causative agent of exanthem subitum (HHV-6) in healthy individuals. Pediatrics 1989; 84: 675–677
  • Knowles W. A., Gardner S. High Prevalence of antibody to HHV-6 and seroconversion associated with rash in two infants. Lancet 1988; 2: 912–913
  • Balachandra K., Ayuthaya P. I.N., Auwanit W., Jayavasu C., Okuno Yamanishi T., Takahashi M. Prevalence of antibody to HHV-6 in women and children. Microbiol. Immunol. 1989; 33: 515–518
  • Ueda K., Kusuhura K., Hirose M., Okado K., Miyazaki C., Tokugawa K., Nakayama M., Yamanishi K. Exanthem subitum and antibody to human herpesvirus 6. J. Inf. Diseases. 1989; 159: 750–752
  • Brown N. A., Sumaga C. V., Liu C. R., Ench Y., Kovacs A., Coronesi M., Kaplan M. H. Fall in human herpesvirus 6 seropositivity with age. Lancet 1988; 2: 396
  • Yanagi K., Harada S., Ban F., Oya A., Okabe N., Tobinai K. High prevalence of antibody to human herpesvirus 6 and decrease in titer with increase in age in Japan. J. Inf. Diseases. 1990; 161: 153–154
  • Suga S., Yoshikawa T., Asano Y., Yazaki T., Hirata S. Human herpesvirus-6 infection (Exanthem subitum) without rash. Pediatrics 1989; 83: 1003–1006
  • Di Luca D., Mirandola P., Secchiero P., Cermelli C., Aleotti A., Bovenzi P., Portolani M., Cassai E. Characterization of human herpesvirus 6 strains isolated from patients with exanthem subitum with or without cutaneous rash. J. Inf. Diseases. 1992; 166: 689
  • Ward K. N., Gray J. J., Efstathiou S. Brief Report: Primary HHV-6 infection in a patient following liver transplantation from a seropositive donor. J. Med. Virol. 1989; 28: 69–72
  • Wrozs H., Gibbons J., Abt P. L., Gifford R. R., Yang H. C. Human herpesvirus 6 in monocytes of transplant patients. Lancet 1990; 486–487
  • Okuno T., Higashi K., Shiraki K., Yamanishi K., Takahashi M., Kokado Y., Ishibashi M., Takahara S., Sonoda T., Tanaka K., Bana K., Yabuvchi H., Kurata T. Human herpesvirus 6 infection in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1990; 49: 519–522
  • Yoshikawa T., Suga S., Asano Y., Nakashima T., Yazaki T., Ono Y., Fugita T., Tsuzuki K., Sugiyama S., Oshima S. A Prospective study of human herpesvirus 6 infection in renal transplantation. Transplantation 1992; 54: 879–883
  • Pietroboni G. R., Harnett G. B., Bucens M. R., Honess R. W. Human herpesvirus 6 in saliva. Lancet 1988; 1: 1059
  • Harnett G. B., Farr T. J., Pietroboni G. R., Bucens M. R. Frequent shedding of human herpesvirus 6 in saliva. J. Med. Virol 1990; 30: 128–130
  • Levy J. A., Ferro F., Greenspan D., Lennette E. T. Frequent isolation of HHV-6 from saliva and high seroprevalence of the virus in the population. Lancet 1990; 335: 1047–1050
  • Black J. B., Inoue N., Kite-Powell K., Zaki S., Pellett P. E. Frequent isolation of human herpesvirus 7 from saliva. Virus Research 1993; 29: 91–98
  • Jarrett R. F., Clark D. A., Josephs S. F., Onions D. E. Detection of human herpesvirus-6 DNA in peripheral blood and saliva. J. Med. Virol 1990; 32: 73–76
  • Cone R. W., Huang M. W., Ashley R., Corey L. Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in peripheral blood cells and saliva from immunocompetent individuals. J. Clin. Micro. 1993; 31: 1262–1267
  • Kondo K., Hayakawa Y., Mori H., Sato S., Kondo T., Takahashi K., Minamishima Y., Takahashi M., Yamanishi K. Detection by PCR amplification of HHV-6 DNA in peripheral blood of patients with exanthem subitum. J. Clin. Micro. 1990; 28: 970–974
  • Buchbinder A., Josephs S. F., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Klotman M. E., Manak M., Krueger G. R.F., Wongstaal F., Gallo R. C. Polymerase chain reaction amplication and in situ hybridization for the detection of human B-Lymphotropic virus. J. Virol. Methods. 1988; 21: 191–197
  • Kikuta H., Itami N., Matsumoto S., Chikaraishi T., Togashi M. Frequent detection of HHV-6 DNA in peripheral blood mononuclear cells from kidney transplant patients. J. Inf. Diseases. 1991; 163: 925
  • Kido S., Kondo K., Kondo T., Morishima T., Takahashi M., Yamanishi K. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 DNA in throat swabs by PCR. J. Med. Virol. 1990; 32: 139–142
  • Fox J., Briggs M., Ward P A., Tedder R. S. Human herpesvirus 6 in salivary glands. Lancet 1990; 336: 590–593
  • Sada E., Yasukawa M., Ito C., Takeda A., Shiosaka T., Tanioka H., Fujita S. Detection of human herpesvirus 6 and human herpesvirus 7 in the submandibular gland, parotid gland and lip salivary gland by PCR. J. Clin. Micro. 1996; 34: 2320–1
  • Dunne W. M., Jevon M. Examination of human breast milk for evidence of human herpesvirus 6 by polymerase chain reaction. J. Inf. Diseases. 1993; 168: 250
  • Dunne W. M., Demmler G. J. Serological evidence for congenital transmission of human herpesvirus 6. Lancet 1992; 340: 121–122
  • Aubin J. T., Poirel L., Agut H., Huraux J. M., Bignozzi C., Brossard Y., Mulliez N., Roume J., Lecuru F., Taurelle R. Intrauterine transmission of human herpesvirus 6. Lancet 1992; 340: 482–183
  • Yoshikawa T., Nakashima T., Asano Y., Suga S., Yazaki T., Kojima S., Mukai T., Yamanishi K. Endonuclease analyses of DNA of human herpesvirus 6 isolated from blood before and after bone marrow transplantation. J. Med. Virol 1992; 37: 228–231
  • Efstathiou S., Gompels U. A., Craxton M. A., Honess R. W., Ward K. DNA homology between a novel human herpesvirus (HHV-6) and human cytomegalovirus. Lancet 1988; 63–64
  • Lawrence G. L., Chee M., Craxton M. A., Gompels U. A., Honess R. W., Barrel B. G. Human herpesvirus 6 is closely related to human cytomegalovirus. J. Virol 1990; 64: 287–299
  • Neipel F., Ellinger K., Fleckenstein B. The unique region of the human herpesvirus 6 genome is essentially collinear wit the UL segment of human cytomegalovirus. J. Gen. Virol 1991; 72: 2293–2297
  • Thomson B. J., Honess R. W. The right end of the unique region of the genome of human herpesvirus 6 U1102 contains a candidate immediate early gene enhancer and a homologue of the human cytomegalovirus US22 gene family. J. Gen. Virol 1992; 73: 1649–1660
  • Irving W., Cunningham A., Keogh A., Chapman J. R. Antibody to both human herpesvirus 6 and CMV. Lancet 1988; 2: 630–631
  • Irving W., Rathamohan V. M., Hueston L., Chapman J. R., Cunningham A. L. Dual Antibody Rises to CMV and HHV-6: Frequency of occurrence in CMV infection and evidence for genuine reactivity to both viruses. J. Inf. Diseases. 1990; 161: 910–916
  • Morris D., Littler E., Jordan D., Arrand J. R. Antibody responses to human herpesvirus 6 and other herpesviruses. Lancet 1988; 2: 1425–1426
  • Sutherland S., Christofinis G., O'Grady J., Williams R. A Serological investigation of HHV-6 infection in liver transplant recipients and the detection of cross-reacting antibodies to CMV. J. Med. Virol. 1991; 33: 172–176
  • Alder S. P, McVoy M., Chou S., Hempfling S., Yamanishi K., Britt W. Antibodies induced by a primary cytomegalovirus infection react with human herpesvirus 6 proteins. J. Inf. Diseases 1993; 168: 1119–1126
  • Yamanishi K., Okuno T., Shiraki K., Takahashi M., Kondo T., Asano Y., Kurata T. Identification of human herpesvirus 6 as a causal agent for exanthem subitum. Lancet 1988; 1: 1065–1067
  • Pruksananonda P., Breese C., Insel R., McLntyre K., Pellett P., Long C., Schnabel K., Pincus P., Stamey F., Dambaugh T., Stewart J. A. Primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in young children. New Eng. J. Med. 1992; 326: 1445–1450
  • Asano Y., Suga S., Yoshikawa T., Urisu A., Yazaki T. Human herpesvirus type 6 infection (exanthem subitum) without fever. J. Pediatrics 1989; 115: 264–265
  • Yoshida M., Fukui K., Orita T., Kusuda S., Tezuka T, Hiruma M. Exanthem subitum (roseola infantum) with vesicular lesions. Br. J. Dermatol 1995; 132: 614–6
  • Yoshikawa T., Nakashima T., Suga S., Asano Y., Yazaki T., Kimura H., Morishima T., Kondo K., Yamanishi K. Human herpesvirus-6 DNA in cerebrospinal fluid of a child with exanthem subitum and meningoencephalitis. Pediatrics 1992; 89: 888–890
  • Buchwald D., Freedman A. S., Ablashi D. V, Sullivan J. L., Caligiuri M., Weinberg D. S., Hall C. G., Ashley R. L., Saxinger C., Balachandran N., Ritz J., Nadler L. M., Komaroff A. L. A Chronic “Postinfectious” fatigue syndrome associated with benign lymphoproliferation, B cell proliferation, and active replication of human herpesvirus-6. J. Clin. Immunol 1990; 10: 335–344
  • Buchwald D., Cheney P. R., Peterson D. L., Henry B., Wormsley S., Geiger A., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Saxinger C., Biddle R., Kikinis R., Jolesz F. A., Folks T., Balachandran N., Peter J. B., Gallo R. C., Komaroff A. L. A chronic illness characterized by fatigue, neurologic and immunologic disorders, and active human herpesvirus type 6 infection. Ann. Int. Med. 1992; 116: 103–113
  • Challoner P. B., Smith K. T., Parker J. D., Macleod D. L., Coulter S. N., Rose T. M., Schultz E. R., Bennett J. L., Garber R. L., Chang M., Schad P. A., Sewart P. M., Nowinski R. C, Brown J. R, Burmer G. C. Plaque associated expression of human herpesvirus 6 in multiple sclerosis. Proc. Natl. Aca. Sci. USA 1995; 16: 7440–7444
  • Eizuru Y., Minematsu T., Minamishima Y., Kikuchi M., Yamanishi K., Takahashi M., Kurata T. Human Herpesvirus 6 in lymph nodes. Lancet 1989; 1: 40
  • Niederman J. C., Liu C. R., Kaplan M. H., Brown N. A. Clinical and serological features of human herpesvirus 6 infection in three adults. Lancet 1988; 2: 817–818
  • Josephs S. F., Buchbinder A., Streicher H. Z., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Guo H. G., Wong Staal R., Cossman J., Raffeld M., Sundeen J., Levine P., Biggar R., Krueger G. R.F., Fox R. J., Gallo R. C. Detection of human B-lymphotropic virus (Human Herpesvirus 6) sequences in B cell lymphoma tissues of three patients. Leukemia 1988; 2: 132–135
  • Jarrett R. F., Gledhill S., Qureshi F., Crae S. H., Madhok R., Brown I., Evans I., Krajewski A., O'Brien C. J., Cart-Wright R. A., Venables P., Onions D. E. Identification of human herpesvirus 6 specific DNA sequences in two patients with non-hodgkin's lymphoma. Leukemia 1988; 2: 486–502
  • Yin S. Y., Ming H. A., Jahan N., Manak M., Jaffe E. S., Levine P. H. In situ hybridization detection of human herpesvirus 6 in biopsy specimens from Chinese patients with Non-Hodgkin's lymphoma. Arch. Pathol. Lab. Med 1993; 117: 502–506
  • Biberfeld P., Petren A. L., Eklund A., Lindemalm C., Barkhem T., Ekman M., Ablashi D., Salahuddin Z. Human herpesvirus-6 (HHV-6, HBLV) in sarcoidosis and lymphoproliferative disorders. J. Virol. Methods. 1988; 21: 49–59
  • Baboonian C., Venables P. J.W, Maini R. N., Kangro H. O., Osman H. K. Antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 in Sjogren's syndrome, arthritis and rheumatism. Arthritis and Rheumatism 1990; 33: 1749–1750
  • Krueger G. R.F, Manak M., Bourgeois N., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Josephs S. S., Buchbinder A., Gallo R. C, Berthold F., Tesch H. Persistent active herpes virus infection associated with atypical polyclonal lymphop-roliferation (APL) and malignant lymphoma. Anticancer Research 1989; 9: 1457–1476
  • Luka J., Pirruccello S. J., Kersey J. H. HHV-6 genome in T cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Lancet 1991; 338: 1277–1278
  • Levine P H., Ablashi D. V., Saxinger W. C., Connelly R. R. Antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 in patients with acute lymphocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1992; 6: 1229–1231
  • Clark D. A., Alexander F. E., McKinney P. A., Roberts B. E., O'Brien C O., Jarret R. F, Cartwright R. A., Onions D. E. The seroepidemiology of human herpesvirus 6 from a case control study of leukaemia and lymphoma. Int. J. Cancer. 1990; 45: 829–833
  • Torelli G., Marasca R., Luppi M., Selleri L., Ferrari S., Nami F., Mariano M. T., Federico M., Ceccherini-Nelli L., Bendinelli M., Montagnani G., Montorsi M., Artusi T. Human herpesvirus 6 in human lymphomas: Identification of specific sequences in Hodgkin's lymphomas by polymerase chain reaction. Blood 1991; 11: 2251–2258
  • Levine P H., Ebbesen P., Ablashi D. V., Saxinger C., Nor-Dentoft A., Connelly R. R. Antibodies to human herpesvirus 6 and clinical course in patients with Hodgkin's disease. Int. J. Cancer 1992; 51: 53–57
  • Gledhill S., Gallagher A., Jones D. B., Krajewski A. S., Alexander F. E., Klee E., Wright D. H., O'Brien C., Onions D. E., Jarret R. F. Viral involvement in Hodgkin's disease: Detection of clonal type A Epstein-Barr virus genomes in tumor samples. Br. J. Cancer 1991; 64: 227–232
  • Valente G., Secchiero P., Lusso P., Abete M. C., Jemma C., Reato G., Kerim S., Gallo R. C., Palestro G. Human herpesvirus 6 and Epstein Ban virus in Hodgkin's disease: a controlled study by polymerase chain reaction and in-situ hybridization. Am. J. Pathol 1996; 149: 1501–10
  • Tagawa S., Mizuki M., Onoi U., Nakamura Y., Nozima J., Yoshida H., Kondo K., Mukai T., Kitani T. Transformation of large granular lymphocytic leukemia during the course of a reactivated human herpesvirus-6 infection. Leukemia 1992; 6: 465–469
  • Kirchesch H., Mertens T., Burkhardt U., Kruppenbacher J. P., Hoffken A., Eggers H. J. Seroconversion against human herpesvirus 6 (and other herpesviruses) and clinical illness. Lancet 1988; 273
  • Dubedat S., Kappagoda N. Hepatitis due to human herpesvirus 6. Lancet 1989; 2: 1463–1464
  • Steeper T. A, Horwitz C. A., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Saxinger C., Saltzman R., Schwartz B. The spectrum of clinical and laboratory findings resulting human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) in patients with mononucleosis-like illnesses not resulting from Epstein Barr virus or Cytmega-lovirus. Am. J. Clin.Pathol 1990; 93: 776–783
  • Takikawa T., Hayashibara H., Harada Y., Shiraki K. Liver dysfunction, anaemia, and granulocytopenia after exanthema subitum. Lancet 1992; 340: 1288–1289
  • Akashi K., Eizuru Y., Sumiyoshi Y., Minematsu T., Hara S., Harada M., Kikuchi M., Niho Y, Minamishima Y. Brief Report: Severe infectious mononucleosis-like syndrome and primary human herpesvirus 6 infection in an adult. New Eng. J. Med 1993; 329: 168–171
  • Ensoli B., Lusso P., Schaehter S. F., Joseph J., Rappaport F., Negro R. C, Gallo R. C., Wong-Staal F. Human herpesvirus 6 increases HIV-1 expression in coin-fected T-cells via nuclear factors binding to the HIV-1 enhancer. EMBO J. 1989; 8: 3019–3027
  • Horvat R. T., Wood C., Balachandran N. Trans-activation of Human immunodeficiency virus promoter by HHV-6. J. Virol. 1989; 63: 970–973
  • Lusso P., Ensoli B., Markham P. D., Ablashi D. V., Salahuddin S. Z., Tschachler E., Wong-Staal F., Gallo R. C. Productive dual infection of human CD4+ T lymphocytes HIV-1 and HHV-6. Nature 1989; 337: 370–373
  • Geng Y., Balachandran Josephs S.F., Wood C. Identification and characterization of a human herpesvirus 6 gene segment that transactivates the human immunodeficiency virus type 1 promoter. J. Virol. 1992; 66: 1564–1570
  • Sieczkowski L., Chandran B., Wood C. The human immunodeficiency virus tat gene enhances replication of human herpesvirus 6. Virology 1995; 211: 544–553
  • Blazquez M. V., Madueno J. A., Jurado R., Fernandezarcas N., Munoz E. Human herpesvirus-6 and the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes and Human Retro-virology 1995; 9: 389–394
  • Carrigan D. R., Knox K. K., Tapper M. A. Suppression of HIV-1 replication by HHV-6. J. Inf. Diseases. 1990; 162: 844–851
  • Levy J. A., Landay A., Lennette E. T. Human Herpesvirus 6 inhibits human immunodeficiency virus type 1 replication in cell culture. J. Clin. Micro. 1990; 28: 2362–2364
  • Brown N. A., Kovacs A., Lui C., Hur C., Zaia J. A., Mosley J. W. Prevalence of antibody to human herpesvirus 6 among blood donors infected with HIV. Lancet 1988; 2: 1146
  • Fox J., Briggs M., Tedder R. S. Antibody to human herpesvirus 6 in HIV-1 positive and negative homosexual men. Lancet 1988; 2: 396–397
  • Huemer H. P., Larcher C., Wachter H., Dierich M. P. Prevalence of antibodies to human herpesirus 6 in human immunodeficiency virus-1 positive and negative intravenous drug addicts. J. Inf. Diseases. 1989; 160: 549–550
  • Spira T. J., Bozeman L. H., Sanderlin K. C., Warfield D. T., Feorino P. M., Holman R. C., Kaplan J. E., Fishbein D. B., Lopez C. Lack of correlation between HHV-6 Infection and the course of human immunodeficiency virus infection. J. Inf. Diseases. 1990; 161: 567–570
  • Fairfax M. R., Schacker T., Cone R. W., Collier A. C., Corey L. Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in blood cells of human immunodeficiency virus-infected men: correlation of high levels with high CD4 cell counts. J. Inf. Diseases. 1994; 169: 1342–5
  • Asano Y., Yoshikawa T., Suga S., Nakashima T., Yazaki T. Reactivation of herpesvirus 6 in children receiving bone marrow transplants for leukemia. New Eng. J. Med. 1991; 324: 634–635
  • Yoshikawa T., Suga S., Asano Y., Nakashima T., Yazaki T., Sobue R., Hirano M., Fukuda M., Kojima S., Takaharu M. Human herpesvirus-6 infection in bone marrow transplantation. Blood 1991; 78: 1381–1384
  • Sumiyoshi Y., Akashi K., Kikuchi M. Detection of human herpes virus 6 (HHV6) in the skin of a patient with primary HHV6 infection and erythroderma. J. Clin. Pathol. 1994; 47: 762–763
  • Michel D., Muller S., Worz S., Michel M., Hampl W., Metzger C., Friedrich W., Mertens T. Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in exanfhematous skin in BMT patient. Lancet 1994; 344: 686
  • Appleton A. L., Peiris J. S., Taylor C. E., Sviland L., Cant A. J. Human herpesvirus 6 DNA in Skin biopsy tissue from marrow graft recipients with severe combined immunodeficiency. Lancet 1994; 344: 1361–1362
  • Wilborn F., Brinkmann V., Schmidt C. A., Neipel F., Gelderblom H., Siegert W. Herpesvirus type 6 in patients undergoing bone marrow transplantation: Serologic features and detection by polymerase chain reaction. Blood 1994; 83: 3052–3058
  • Drobyski W. R.K., Knox K., Majewski D., Carrigan D. R. Brief report: fatal encephalitis due to variant B human herpesvirus-6 infection in a bone marrow-transplant recipient. New Eng. J. Med 1994; 330: 1365–60
  • Carrigan D. R., Drobsyki W. R., Russler S. K., Tapper M. A., Knox K. K., Ash R. C. Interstitial pneumonitis associated with human-herpes virus-6 infection after marrow transplantation. Lancet 1991; 338: 147–149
  • Cone R. W., Hackman R. C, Huang M. W., Bowden R. A., Meyers J D., Metcalf M., Zeh J., Ashley R., Corey L. Human herpesvirus 6 in lung tissue from patients with pneumonitis after bone marrow transplantation. New Eng. J. Med. 1993; 329: 156–161
  • Hammerling J. A., Lambrecht R. S., Kehl K. S., Carrigan D. R. Prevalence of human herpesvirus 6 in lung tissue from children with pneumonitis. J. Clin. Pathol. 1996; 49: 802–804
  • Pitalia A. K., Liu-Yin J. A., Freemont A. J., Morris D. J., Fitzmaurice R. J. Immunohistological Detection of Human Herpes Virus 6 in Formalin-Fixed, PAraffinEmbedded Lung Tissues. J. Med. Virol. 1993; 41: 103–107
  • Cone R. W., Huang M. L., Hackman R. C., Corey L. Coninfection with human herpesvirus 6 variants A and B in lung tissue. J. Clin. Microl 1996; 34: 877–881
  • Gompels U. A., Luxton J., Knox K. K., Carrigan D. R. Chronic bone marrow suppression in Immunocompetent adult by human herpesvirus 6. Lancet 1994; 343: 735–36
  • Knox K. K., Carrigan D. R. In vitro suppression of bone marrow cell progenitor cell differentiation by human herpesvirus 6 infection. J. Inf. Diseases. 1992; 165: 925–929
  • Kikuta H., Nakane A., Lu H., Taguchi Y., Minagawa T., Matsumoto S. Interferon induction by human herpesvirus 6 in human mononuclear cells. J. Inf. Diseases. 1990; 162: 35–38
  • Drobyski W. R., Dunne W. M., Burd E. M., Knox K. K., Ash R. C, Horowitz M. M., Flomenberg N., Carrigan D. R. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) infection in allogeneic bone marrow transplant recipients: Evidence of a mar-row-suppressive role for HHV-6 in vivo. J. Inf. Diseases. 1993; 167: 735–739
  • Burd E. M., Knox K. K., Carrigan D. R. Human Herpesvirus-6-associated suppression of growth factor-induced macrophage maturation in human bone marrow cultures. Blood 1993; 81: 1645–1650
  • Carrigan D. R., Knox K. K. Human herpesvirus 6 (HHV-6) isolation from bone marrow: HHV-6-associated bone marrow suppression in bone marrow transplant patients. Blood 1994; 84: 3307–3310
  • Rosenfeld C. S., Rybka W. B., Weinbaum D., Carrigan D. R., Knox K. K., Andrews D. F, Shadduck R. K. Late graft failure due to bone marrow infection with variants A and B of human herpesvirus-6. Experimental Hematology 1995; 23: 626–9
  • Knox K. K., Carrigan D. R. Chronic Myelosuppression Associated with Persistent Bone Marrow Infection Due to Human Herpesvirus 6 in a Bone Marrow Transplant recipient. Clin. Inf. Diseases 1996; 22: 174–174

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.