68
Views
20
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Clonal Evolution Of Aplastic Anaemia To Myelodysplasia/Acute Myeloid Leukaemia and Paroxysmal Nocturnal Haemoglobinuria

, &
Pages 231-241 | Received 30 Jul 1998, Published online: 01 Jul 2009

References

  • Camitta B. M., Thomas E. D., Nathan D. G., Santos G., Gordon‐Smith E. C., Gale R. P., Rappeport J. M., Storb R. Severe aplastic anemia: A prospective study of the effect of early marrow transplantation on acute mortality. Blood 1976; 48: 63–70
  • Bacigalupo A., Hows J., Gluckman E., Nissen C., Marsh J., Van Lint M. T., Congiu M., De Planque M. M., Ernst P., McCann S., Ragavashar A., Frickhofen N., Wursch A. Bone marrow transplantation (BMT) versus immunosuppression for the treatment of severe aplastic anaemia (SAA): a report of the EBMT SAA Working Party. Br. J. Haematol. 1988; 70: 177–182
  • Marsh J. C. W., Chang J., Testa N. G., Hows J. M., Dexter T. M. The hematopoietic defect in aplastic anemia assessed by long‐term marrow culture. Blood 1990; 76: 1748–1757
  • Scopes J., Daly S., Atkinson R., Ball S. E., Gordon‐Smith E. C., Gibson F. M. Aplastic anemia: Evidence for dysfunctional bone marrow progenitor cells and the corrective effect of granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in vitro. Blood 1996; 87: 3179–3185
  • Scopes J., Bagnara M., Gordon‐Smith E. C., Ball S. E., Gibson F. M. Haemopoietic progenitor cells are reduced in aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1994; 86: 427–430
  • Marsh J. C. W., Chang J., Testa N. G., Hows J. M., Dexter T. M. In vitro assessment of marrow “stem cell” and stromal cell function in aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1991; 78: 258–267
  • Maciejewski J. P., Selleri J. P., Sato T., Anderson S., Young N. S. A severe and consistent deficit in bone marrow and circulating primitive hematopoietic cells (long‐term‐culture‐initiating cells) in acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 1996; 88: 1983–1991
  • Schrezenmeier H., Jenal M., Herrmann F., Heimpel H., Raghavachar A. Quantitative analysis of cobblestone area‐forming cells in bone marrow of patients with aplastic anemia by limiting dilution assay. Blood 1996; 88: 4474–4480
  • Zoumbos N. C., Gascón P., Djeu J., Trost S. R., Young N. S. Circulating activated suppressor T lymphocytes in aplastic anemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 257–265
  • Maciejewski J. P., Hibbs J. R., Anderson S., Katevas P., Young N. S. Bone marrow and peripheral blood lymphocyte phenotype in patients with bone marrow failure. Exp. Hematol. 1994; 22: 1102–1110
  • Philpott N. J., Scopes J., Marsh J. C. W., Gordon‐Smith E. C., Gibson F. M. Increased apoptosis in aplastic anemia bone marrow progenitor cells: Possible pathophysiologic significance. Exp. Hematol. 1995; 23: 1642–1648
  • Maciejewski J. P., Selleri C., Sato T., Anderson S., Young N. S. Increased expression of Fas antigen on bone marrow CD34+ cells of patients with aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1995; 91: 245–252
  • Maciejewski J. P., Selleri C., Anderson S., Young N. S. Fas antigen expression on CD34+ human marrow cells is induced by interferon gamma and tumor necrosis factor alpha and potentiates cytokine‐mediated hematopoietic suppression in vitro. Blood 1995; 85: 3183–3190
  • Appelbaum F. R., Barrall J., Storb R., Ramberg R., Doney K., Sale G. E., Thomas E. D. Clonal cytogenetic abnormalities in patients with otherwise typical aplastic anemia. Exp. Hematol. 1987; 15: 1134–1139
  • de Planque M. M., Brand A., Kluin‐Nelemans H. C., Eerinesse J. G., van der Burgh F., Natarajan A. T., Beverstock G. C., Zwaan F. E., Willemze R., van Rood J. J. Haematopoietic and immunologic abnormalities in severe aplastic anaemia patients treated with anti‐thymocyte globulin. Br. J. Haematol. 1989; 71: 421–430
  • Tichelü A., Gratwohl A., Nissen C., Speck B. Late clonal complications in severe aplastic anemia. Leuk. and Lymph. 1994; 12: 167–175
  • Moormeier J. A., Rubin C. M., Le Beau M. M., Vardiman J. W., Larson R. A., Winter J. N. Trisomy 6: a recurring cytogenetic abnormality associated with marrow hypoplasia. Blood 1991; 77: 1397–1398
  • Barrios N. J., Kirkpatrick D. V., Levin M. L., Varela M. Transient expression of trisomy 21 and monosomy 7 following cyclosporin A in a patient with aplastic anemia. Leuk. Res. 1991; 15: 531–533
  • Molldrem J. J., Caples M., Mavroudis D., Plante M., Young N. S., Barrett A. J. Antithymocyte globulin for patients with myelodysplastic syndrome. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 99: 699–705
  • Josten K. M., Tooze J. A., Borthwick‐Clarke C., Gordon‐Smith E. C., Rutherford T. R. Acquired aplastic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: studies on clonality. Blood 1991; 78: 3162–3167
  • Raghavachar A., Janssen J. W. G., Schrezenmeier H., Wagner B., Bartram C. R., Schulz A. S., Hein C., Cowling G., Mubarik A., Testa N. G., Dexter T. M., Hows J. M., Marsh J. C. W. Clonal hemato‐poiesis as defined by polymorphic X‐linked loci occurs infrequently in aplastic anemia. Blood 1995; 86: 2938–2947
  • Anan K., Ito M., Misawa M., Ohe Y., Kai S., Kohsaki M., Hara H. Clonal analysis of peripheral blood and haemopoietic colonies in patients with aplastic anaemia and refractory anaemia using the polymorphic short tandem repeat on the human androgen‐receptor (HUMARA) gene. Br. J. Haematol. 1995; 89: 838–844
  • van Kamp H., Landegènt J. E., Jansen R. P. M., Willemze R., Fibbe W. E. Clonal hematopoiesis in patients with acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 1991; 78: 3209–3214
  • Melenhorst J. J., Fibbe W. E., Struyk L., van der Elsen P. J. Analysis of T‐cell clonality in bone marrow of patients with acquired aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 96: 85–91
  • Mathé G., Amiel J. L., Schwarzenberg L., Choay J., Trolard P., Schneider M., Hayat M., Schlumberger J. R., Jasmin C. Bone marrow graft in man after conditioning by antilymphocyte serum. Br. Med. J. 1970; 2: 131–136
  • Young N., Griffith P., Brittain E., Elfenbein G., Gardner F., Huang A., Harmon D., Hewlett J., Fay J., Mangen K., Morrison F., Sensenbrenner L., Shadduck R., Wang W., Zaroulis C., Zuckerman K. A multicenter trial of antithymocyte globulin in aplastic anemia and related diseases. Blood 1988; 72: 1861–1869
  • Gluckman E., Esperou‐Bourdeau H., Baruchel A., Boogaerts M., Briere J., Donadio D., Leverger G., Leporrier M., Reiffers J., Janvier M., Michallet M., Strychmans P., Cooperative Group on the Treatment of Aplastic Anemia. Multicenter randomized study comparing cyclosporine‐A alone and antithymocyte globulin with prednisone for treatment of severe aplastic anemia. Blood 1992; 79: 2540–2546
  • Crump M., Larratt L. M., Maki E., Curtis J. E., Minden M. D., Meharchand J. M., Lipton J. H., Messner H. Treatment of adults with severe aplastic anemia: Primary therapy with antithymocyte globulin (ATG) and rescue of ATG failures with bone marrow transplantation. Am. J. Med. 1992; 92: 596–602
  • Marsh C. W., Gordon‐Smith E. C. Treatment of aplastic anaemia with antilymphocyte globulin and cyclosporin. Int. J. Hematol. 1995; 62: 133–144
  • Young N. S., Barrett A. J. The treatment of severe acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 1995; 85: 3367–3377
  • Young N. S. Aplastic anemia. Lancet 1995; 346: 228–232
  • Rebellato L. M., Gross U., Verbanac K. M., Thomas J. M. A comprehensive definition of the major antibody specificities in polyclonal rabbit antithymocyte globulin. Tranpl. 1994; 57: 685–694
  • Teramura M., Kobayashi S., Iwabe K., Yoshinaga K., Mizoguchi H. Mechanism of action of antithymocyte globulin in the treatment of aplastic anaemia: in vitro evidence for the presence of immunosuppressive mechanism. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 96: 80–84
  • Di Padova F. E. Pharmacology of cyclosporine (Sandimmune) V. Pharmacological effects on immune function: In vitro studies. Pharmacol. Rev. 1989; 41: 373–405
  • Ryffell B. Phamacology of cyclosporine. VI. Cellular activation: regulation of intracellular events by cyclosporine. Pharmacol. Rev. 1989; 41: 407–422
  • Rosenfeld S. J., Kimball J., Vining D., Young N. S. Intensive immunosuppression with antithymocyte globulin and cyclosporine as treatment for severe acquired aplastic anemia. Blood 1995; 85: 3058–3065
  • Bacigalupo A., Broccia G., Corda G., Arcese W., Carotenuto M., Gallamini A., Locatelli F., Mori P. G., Saracco P., Todeschini G., Coser P., Iacopino P., van Lint M. T., Gluckman E., European Group for Blood and Marrow Transplantation (EBMT) Working Party on S. A. A. Antilymphocyte globulin, cyclosporin, and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor in patients with acquired severe aplastic anemia (SAA): A pilot study of the EBMT SAA Working Party. Blood 1995; 85: 1348–1353
  • Tichelli A., Gratwohl A., Würsch A., Nissen C., Speck B. Late haematological complications in severe aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1988; 69: 413–418
  • Socié G., Henry‐Amar M., Bacigalupo A., Hows J., Tichelli A., Ljungman P., McCann S., Frickhofen N., Van't Veer‐Korthof E., Gluckman E., European Bone Marrow Transplantation‐Severe Aplastic Anaemia Working Party. Malignant tumors occurring after treatment of aplastic anemia. N. Engl. J. Med. 1993; 329: 1152–1157
  • Crosby W. H. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. A classic description by Paul Strübing in 1882, and a bibliography of the disease. Blood 1951; 6: 270–284
  • Dacie J. V. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Proc. R. Soc. Med. 1963; 56: 587–596
  • Dacie J. V., Lewis S. M. Laboratory methods used in the investigation of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH). Practical Haematologyeighth edition, L. Luzzatto, P. Hillmen. Churchill Livingstone, Edinburgh 1995; 287–296
  • Socié G., Mary J. ‐Y., de Gramont A., Rio B., Leporrier M., Rose C., Heudier P., Rochant H., Cahn J. ‐Y., Gluckman E., French Society of Haematology. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: long term follow‐up and prognostic factors. Lancet 1996; 348: 573–577
  • Hillmen P., Lewis S. M., Bessler M., Luzzatto L., Dacie J. V. Natural history of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 1995; 333: 1253–1258
  • Oni S. B., Osunkoya B. O., Luzzatto L. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: evidence for monoclonal origin of abnormal red cells. Blood 1970; 36: 145–152
  • Bessler M., Mason P. J., Hillmen P., Miyata T., Yamada N., Takeda J., Luzzatto L., Kinoshita T. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria (PNH) is caused by somatic mutations in the PIG‐A gene. EMBO Journal 1994; 13: 110–117
  • Miyata T., Yamada N., Iida Y., Nishimura J., Takeda J., Kitani T., Kinoshita T. Abnormalities of PIG‐A transcripts in granulocytes from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 1994; 330: 249–255
  • Ware R. E., Rosse W. F., Howard T. A. Mutations within the Piga gene in patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1994; 83: 2418–2422
  • Yamada N., Miyata T., Maeda K., Kitani T., Takeda J., Kinoshita T. Somatic mutations of the PIG‐A Gene found in Japanese patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1995; 85: 885–892
  • Dacie J. V., Lewis S. M. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: Clinical manifestations, haematology, and nature of the disease. Series Haematologica 1972; V.: 3–23
  • Takeda J., Miyata T., Kawagoe K., Iida Y., Endo Y., Fujita T., Takahashi M., Kitani T., Kinoshita T. Deficiency of the GPI anchor caused by a somatic mutation of the PIG‐A gene in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Cell 1993; 73: 703–711
  • Miyata T., Takeda J., Iida Y., Yamada N., Inoue N., Takahashi M., Maeda K., Kitani T., Kinoshita T. The cloning of PIG‐A, a component in the early step of GPI‐anchor biosynthesis. Science 1993; 259: 1318–1320
  • Armstrong C., Schubert J., Ueda E., Knez J. J., Gelperin D., Hirose S., Silber R., Hollan S., Schmidt R. E., Medof M. E. Affected paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria T lymphocytes harbor a common defect in assembly of N‐acetyl‐D‐glucosamine inositol phospholipid corresponding to that in class A Thy‐1 murine lymphoma mutants. J. Biol. Chem. 1992; 267: 25347–25351
  • Hillmen P., Bessler M., Mason P. J., Watkins W. M., Luzzatto L. Specific defect in N‐acetylglucosamine incorporation in the biosynthesis of the glycosylphosphati‐dylinositol anchor in cloned cell lines from patients with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA. 1993; 90: 5272–5276
  • Rosse W. F., Ware R. E. The molecular basis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1995; 86: 3277–3286
  • Lachmann P. J. The control of homologous lysis. Immunol. Today 1991; 12: 312–315
  • Rosse W. F., Parker C. J. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Clin. Haematol. 1985; 14: 105–125
  • Holguin M. H., Frederick L. R., Bernshaw L. A., Wilcox L. A., Parker C. J. Isolation and characterization of a membrane protein from normal human erythrocytes that inhibits reactive lysis of the erythrocytes of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. J. Clin. Invest. 1989; 84: 7–17
  • Yamashina M., Ueda E., Kinoshita T., Takami T., Ojima A., Ono H., Tanaka H., Kondo N., Orii T., Okada N., Okada H., Inoue K., Kitani T. Inherited complete deficiency of 20‐kilodalton homologous restriction factor (CD59) as a cause of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 1990; 323: 1184–1189
  • Lublin D. M., Atkinson J. P. Decay‐accelerating factor: biochemistry, molecular biology, and function. Annual Review of Immunology 1989; 7: 35–58
  • Nicholson‐Weller A., Spicer D. B., Austen K. F. Deficiency of the complement regulatory protein, “decay‐accelerating factor”, on membranes of granulocytes, monocytes, and platelets in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. N. Engl. J. Med. 1985; 312: 1091–1097
  • Fujita T., Inoue T., Ogawa K., Iida K., Tamura N. The mechanism of action of decay‐accelerating factor (DAF). DAF inhibits the assembly of C3 convertases by dissociating C2a and Bb. J. Exp. Med. 1987; 166: 1221–1227
  • Lin L., Liu C., Chen Y., Shen M., Wang C., Huang Y., Lin J. PIG‐A gene mutations in four Taiwanese patients with paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria following aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 97: 286–292
  • van der Schoot C. E., Huizinga T. W. J., van't Veer‐Korthof E. T., Wijmans R., Pinkster J., von dem Borne A. E.G. K. Deficiency of glycosylphos‐phatidylinositol‐linked membrane glycoproteins of leukocytes in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria, description of a new diagnostic cytofluorometric assay. Blood 1990; 76: 1853–1859
  • Schubert J., Alvarado M., Uciechowski P., Zielin‐ska‐Skowronek M., Freund M., Vogt H., Schmidt R. E. Diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria using immunophenotyping of peripheral blood cells. Br. J. Haematol. 1991; 79: 487–492
  • Tooze J. A., Saso R., Marsh J. C. W., Papadopoulos A., Pulford K., Gordon‐Smith E. C. The novel monoclonal antibody By 114 helps detect the early emergence of a paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone in aplastic anemia. Exp. Hematol. 1995; 23: 1484–1491
  • Hall S. E., Rosse W. E. The use of monoclonal antibodies and flow cytometry in the diagnosis of paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1996; 87: 5332–5340
  • Vu T., Griscelli‐Bennaceur A., Gluckman E., Sigaux F., Carosella E. D., Menier C., Scrobohaci M. L., Socié G. Aplastic anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: a study of the GPI‐anchored proteins on human platelets. Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 93: 586–589
  • Jin J. ‐Y., Tooze J. A., Marsh J. C. W., Gordon‐Smith E. C. Glycosylphosphatidylinositol (GPI) linked protein deficiency on the platelets of patients with aplastic anaemia and paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: two distinct patterns correlating with expression on neutrophils. Br. J. Haematol. 1997; 96: 493–496
  • Terstappen L. W.M. M., Nguyen M., Huang S., Lazarus H. M., Medof M. E. Defective and normal haematopoietic stem cells in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Br. J. Haematol. 1993; 84: 504–514
  • Schrezenmeier H., Hertenstein B., Wagner B., Raghavachar A., Heimpel H. A pathogenetic link between aplastic anemia and paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria is suggested by a high frequency of aplastic anemia patients with a deficiency of phosphatidylinositol glycan anchored proteins. Exp. Hematol. 1995; 23: 81–87
  • Fujioka S., Yamada T. Decay‐accelerating factor and CD59 expression in peripheral blood cells in aplastic anaemia and report of a case of paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria secondary to aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1993; 83: 660–662
  • Rosse W. F. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in aplastic anaemia. Clin. Haematol. 1978; 7: 541–553
  • Letman H. Possible paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria with pronounced pancytopenia, reticulocytopenia, and without hemoglobinuria simulating aplastic anemia. Blood 1952; 7: 842–849
  • Kruatrachue M., Wasi P., Na‐Nakom S. Paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria in Thailand with special reference to an association with aplastic anaemia. Br. J. Haematol. 1978; 39: 267–276
  • Stoppa A. M.N. V., Sainty D., Amoulet C., Camerlo J., Cappiello M. A., Gastaut J. A., Maraninchi D. Correction of aplastic anaemia complicating paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: absence of eradication of the PNH clone and dependence of response on cyclosporin A administration. Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 93: 42–44
  • Rotoli B., Robledo R., Luzzatto L. Decreased number of circulating BFU‐Es in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Blood 1982; 60: 157–159
  • Moore J. G., Humphries R. K., Frank M. M., Young N. Characterization of the hematopoietic defect in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Exp. Hematol. 1986; 14: 222–229
  • Lewis S. M., Dacie I. V. The aplastic anaemia‐paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria syndrome. Br. J. Haematol. 1967; 13: 236–251
  • Bessler M., Mason P., Hillmen P., Luzzatto L. Somatic mutations and cellular selection in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Lancet 1994; 343: 951–953
  • Wanachiwanawin W., Pattanapanyasat K. Emerging of DAF‐negative erythrocyte clone in aplastic anaemia before and during haematologic recovery. Br. J. Haematol. 1991; 79: 123–124
  • Rotoli B., Bessler M., Alfinito F., del Vecchio L. Membrane proteins in paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria. Blood Rev. 1993; 7: 75–86
  • Endo M., Beatty P. G., Vreeke T. M., Wittwer C. T., Singh S. P., Parker C. J. Syngeneic bone marrow transplantation without conditioning in a patient with paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria: In vivo evidence that the mutant stem cells have a survival advantage. Blood 1996; 88: 742–750
  • Maciejewski J. P., Sloand E. M., Sato T., Anderson S., Young N. S. Impaired hematopoiesis in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria/aplastic anemia is not associated with a selective proliferative defect in the glycosylphosphstidylinoditol‐anchored protein‐deficient clone. Blood 1997; 89: 1173–1181
  • Nagarajan S., Brodsky R. A., Young N. S., Medof M. E. Genetic defects underlying paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria that arises out of aplastic anemia. Blood 1995; 86: 4656–4661
  • De Lord C., Tooze J. A., Saso R., Marsh J. C. W., Gordon‐Smith E. C. Deficiency of glycosylphos‐phatidylinositol‐anchored proteins in patients with aplastic anaemia does not affect response to immunosuppressive therapy. Br. J. Haematol. 1998; 101: 90–93
  • Nand S., Godwin J. E. Hypoplastic myelodys‐plastic syndrome. Cancer 1988; 62: 958–964
  • Bennett J. M., Catovsky D., Daniel M. T., Flandrin G., Galton D. A. G., Gralnick H. R., Sultan C., The French‐American‐British (FAB) Co‐operative Group. Proposals for the classification of the myelodysplas‐tic syndromes. Br. J. Haematol. 1986; 51: 189–199
  • Geary C. G., Marsh J. C. W., Gordon‐Smith E. C. Hypoplastic myelodysplasia (MDS). Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 94: 582–583, Letter
  • Tuzuner N., Cox C., Rowe J. M., Watrous D., Bennett J. M. Hypocellular myelodysplastic syndromes (MDS): new proposals. Br. J. Haematol. 1995; 91: 612–617
  • de Greef G. E., Hagemeijer A. Molecular and cytogenetic abnormalities in acute myeloid leukaemia and myelodysplastic syndromes. Baillière's Clin. Haematol. 1996; 9: 1–18
  • Geary C. G., Harrison C. J., Philpott N. J., Hows J. M., Gordon‐Smith E. C., Marsh J. C. W. Abnormal cytogeneic clone in patients with aplastic anaemia: response to immunosuppressive therapy. Br. J. Haematol. 1998, in press
  • Haase D., Fonatsch C., Freund M. Karyotype instability in myelodysplastic syndromes—a specific step in pathogenesis preceding clonal chromosome anomolies. Leuk. and Lymph. 1992; 8: 221–228
  • Ball S. E., Gibson F. M., Rizzo S., Tooze J. A., Marsh J. C. W., Gordon‐Smith E. C. Progressive telomere shortening in aplastic anemia. Blood 1998; 91: 3582–3592
  • Holden D., Lichtman H. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria with acute leukemia. Blood 1969; 33: 283–286
  • Kaufmann R. W., Schechter G. P., McFarland W. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria terminating in acute granulocytic leukemia. Blood 1969; 33: 287–291
  • Krause J. R. Paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria and acute non‐lymphocytic leukemia. A report of three cases exhibiting different cytologic types. Cancer 1983; 51: 2078–2082
  • Devine D. V., Gluck W. L., Rosse W. F., Weinberg J. B. Acute myeloblastic leukemia in paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria. Evidence of evolution from the abnormal paroxysmal nocturnal hemoglobinuria clone. J. Clin. Invest. 1987; 79: 314–317
  • Longo L., Bessler M., Beris P., Swirsky D., Luzzatto L. Myelodysplasia in a patient with pre‐existing paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: a clonal disease originating from within a clonal disease. Br. J. Haematol. 1994; 87: 401–403
  • van Kamp H., Smit J. W., van den Berg E., Halie M. R., Vellenga E. Myelodysplasia following paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria: evidence for the emergence of a separate clone. Br. J. Haematol. 1994; 87: 399–400
  • Jin J. ‐Y., Tooze J. A., Marsh J. C. W., Matthey F., Gordon‐Smith E. C. Myelodysplasia following aplastic anaemia‐paroxysmal nocturnal haemoglobinuria syndrome after treatment with immunosuppression and G‐CSF: evidence for the emergence of a separate clone. Br. J. Haematol. 1996; 94: 510–512
  • Yasuda M., Shiokawa S., Yamaguchi M., Suenaga Y., Wada T., Nonaka S., Nobunaga M. Trilineage response to rhG‐CSF with subsequent clonal hematopoiesis in a patient with severe bone marrow aplasia. Leuk. and Lymph. 1994; 14: 347–351
  • Izumi T., Muroi K., Takatoku M. ‐A., Imagawa S., Hatake K., Miura Y. Development of acute myeloblasts leukaemia in a case of aplastic anaemia treated with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. Br. J. Haematol. 1994; 87: 666–668
  • Imashuku S., Hibi S., Kataoka‐Morimoto Y., Yoshihara T., Ikushima S., Morioka Y., Todo S. Myelodysplasia and acute myeloid leukaemia in cases of aplastic anaemia and congenital neutropenia following G‐CSF administration. Br. J. Haematol. 1995; 89: 188–190

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.