ALL-Trans Retinoic Acid and Hematopoietic Growth Factors Regulating the Growth and Differentiation of Blast Progenitors in Acute Promyelocytic Leukemia

References

• Bennett J. M., Catovsky D., Daniel M. T., Flandrin G., Galton D. A. G., Gralnick H. R., Sultan C. Proposals for the classification of the acute leukaemias. British Journal of Haematology 1976; 33: 451–458
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennett J. M., Catovsky D., Daniel M. T., Flandrin G., Galton D. A. G., Gralnick H. R., Sultan C. A variant form of hypergranular promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Annals of Internal Medicine 1980; 92: 261
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaigne S., Chomienne C., Daniel M. T., Ballerini P., Berger R., Fenaux P., Degos L. All‐trans‐retinoic acid as a differentiation therapy for acute promyelocytic leukemia. I. Clinical results. Blood. 1990; 76: 1704–1709
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Larson R. A., Kondo K., Vardiman J. W., Butler A. E., Golomb H. M., Rowley J. D. Evidence for a 15;17 translocation in every patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. American Journal of Medicine 1984; 76: 827–841
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pandolfi P. P. PML, PLZF and NPM genes in the molecular pathogenesis of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Haematologica 1996; 81: 472–482
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Huang M., Ye Y., Chen S., Chai J., Lu J. ‐X., Zhoa L., Gu L., Wang Z. Use of all‐trans retinoic acid in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1988; 72: 567–572
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomienne C., Ballerini P., Balitrand N., Amar M., Bernard J. F., Boivin P., Daniel M. T., Berger R., Castaigne S., Degos L. Retinoic acid therapy for promyelocytic leukemia. Lancet 1989; 1: 746
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chomienne C., Ballerini P., Balitrand N., Daniel M. T., Fenaux P., Castaigne S., Degos L. All‐trans‐retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemias. II. In vitro studies: Structure‐function relationship. Blood 1990; 76: 1710–1717
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell R. P., Jr, Frankel S. R., Miller W. H., Jr, Scheinberg D. A., Itri L. M., Hittelman W. N., Vyas R., Andreeff M., Tafuri A., Jakubowski A., Gabrilove J., Gordon M. S., Dmitrovsky E. Differentiation therapy of acute promyelocytic leukemia with tretinoin (all‐trans‐retinoic acid). New England Journal of Medicine 1991; 324: 1385–1393
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grignani E., Fagioli M., Alcalay M., Longo L., Pandolfi P. P., Donti E., Biondi A., Lo Coco F., Pelicci P. G. Acute promyelocytic leukemia: From genetics to treatment. Blood 1994; 83: 10–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Degos L., Dombret H., Chomienne C., Daniel M. T., Micléa J. ‐M., Chastang C., Castaigne S., Fenaux P. All‐trans‐retinoic acid as a differentiating agent in the treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1995; 85: 2643–2653
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tallman M. S., Andersen J. W., Schiffer C. A., Appelbaum F. R., Feusner J. H., Ogden A., Shepherd L., Willman C., Bloomfield C. D., Rowe J. M., Wiernik P. H. All‐trans‐retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1997; 337: 1021–1028
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warrell R. P., Jr., de Thé H., Wang Z. Y., Degos L. Acute promyelocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1993; 329: 177–189
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacchi S., Russo D., Awisati G., Dastoli G., Lazzarino M., Pelicci P. G., Bonora R., Visani G., Grassi C., Iacona I., Luzzi L., Vanzanelli P. All‐trans retinoic acid in hematological malignancies. An update. Haematologica 1997; 82: 106–121
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch E. A. Stem cells in normal and leukemic hemopoiesis (Henry Stratton Lecture, 1982). Blood 1983; 62: 1–13
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffin J. D., Löwenberg B. Clonogenic cells in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Blood 1986; 68: 1185–1195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi J. Hematopoietic growth factors and blast progenitors in acute leukemia. Hematology 1998, In Press
   Google Scholar
• Bainton D. F. Abnormal neutrophils in acute myelogenous leukemia: Identification of subpopulations based on analysis of azurophil and specific granules. Blood Cells 1975; 1: 191–199
   Google Scholar
• Bainton D. F., Friedlander L. M., Shohet S. B. Abnormalities in granule formation in acute myelogenous leukemia. Blood 1977; 49: 693–704
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dittman W. A., Kramer R. J., Bainton D. F. Electron microscopic and peroxidae cytochemical analysis of pink pseudo‐Chediak‐Higashi granules in acute myelogenous leukemia. Cancer Research 1980; 40: 4473–4481
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi J., Watanabe Y., Enomoto Y., Takeuchi K. Lactoferrin‐deficient neutrophil polymorphonuclear leucocytes in leukaemias: a semiquantitative and ultrastructural cytochemical study. Journal of Clinical Pathology 1983; 36: 1397–1405
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Housset M., Daniel M. T., Degos L. Small doses of ARA‐C in the treatment of acute myeloid leukaemia: Differentiation of myeloid leukaemia cells?. British Journal of Haematology 1982; 51: 125–129
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Castaigne S., Daniel M. T., Herait P., Degos L. Does treatment with ARA‐C in low dosage cause differentiation of leukemic cells?. Blood 1983; 62: 85–86
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beran M., Hittelman W. N., Andersson B. S., McCredie K. B. Induction of differentiation in human myeloid leukemia cells with cytosine arabinoside. Leukemia Research 1986; 10: 1033–1039
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hittelman W. N., Agbor P., Petkovic I., Andersson B., Kantarjian H., Walters R., Roller C., Beran M. Detection of leukemic clone maturation in vivo by premature chromosome condensation. Blood 1988; 72: 1950–1960
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobson R. J., Temple M. J., Singer J. W., Raskind W., Powell J., Fialkow P. J. A clonal complete remission in a patient with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia originating in a multipotent stem cell. New England Journal of Medicine 1984; 310: 1513–1517
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fialkow P. J., Singer J. W., Raskind W. H., Adamson J. W., Jacobson R. J., Bernstein I. D., Dow L. W., Najfeld V., Veith R. Clonal development, stem‐cell differentiation, and clinical remissions in acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1987; 317: 468–473
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fearon E. R., Burke P. J., Schiffer C. A., Zehnbauer B. A., Vogelstein B. Differentiation of leukemia cells to polymorphonuclear leukocytes in patients with acute nonlymphocytic leukemia. New England Journal of Medicine 1986; 315: 15–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs L. Control of normal cell differentiation and the phenotypic reversion of malignancy in myeloid leukaemia. Nature 1978; 274: 535–539
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sachs L. Cell differentiation and bypassing of genetic defects in the suppression of malignancy. Cancer Research 1987; 47: 1981–1986
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Koeffler H. P. Induction of differentiation of human acute myelogenous leukemia cells: Therapeutic implications. Blood 1983; 62: 709–721
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Honma Y., Kasukabe T., Okabe J., Hozumi M. Prolongation of survival time of mice inoculated with myeloid leukemia cells by inducers of normal differentiation. Cancer Research 1979; 39: 3167–3171
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins S. J. The HL‐60 promyelocytic leukemia cell line: Proliferation, differentiation, and cellular oncogene expression. Blood 1987; 70: 1233–1244
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dalton W. T., Jr., Aheam M. J., McCredie K. B., Freireich E. J., Stass S. A., Trujillo J. M. HL‐60 cell line was derived from a patient with FAB‐M2 and not FAB‐M3. Blood 1988; 71: 242–247
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana J. A., Colbert D. A., Deisseroth A. B. Identification of a population of bipotent stem cells in the HL60 human promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1981; 78: 3863–3866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins S. J., Ruscetti F. W., Gallagher R. E., Gallo R. C. Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells induced by dimethyl sulfoxide and other polar compounds. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1978; 75: 2458–2462
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newburger P. E., Chovaniec M. E., Greenberger J. S., Cohen H. J. Functional changes in human leukemic cell line HL‐60. Journal of Cell Biology 1979; 82: 315–322
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Collins S. J., Ruscetti F. W., Gallagher R. E., Gallo R. C. Normal functional characteristics of cultured human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL‐60) after induction of differentiation by dimethylsulfoxide. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1979; 149: 969–974
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitman T. R., Selonick S. E., Collins S. J. Induction of differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line (HL‐60) by retinoic acid. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1980; 77: 2936–2940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobler A., Dawson M. I., Koeffler H. P. Retinoids: Structure‐function relationship in normal and leukemic hematopoiesis in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1986; 78: 303–309
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imaizumi M., Breitman T. R. Retinoic acid‐induced differentiation of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line, HL‐60, and fresh human leukemia cells in primary culture: A model for differentiation inducing therapy of leukemia. European Journal of Haematology 1987; 38: 289–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka H., Abe E., Miyaura C., Shiina Y., Suda T. 1 alpha, 25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 induces differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemia cells (HL‐60) into monocyte‐macrophages, but not into granulocytes. Biochemical and Biophysical Research Communications 1983; 117: 86–92
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCarthy D. M., San‐Miguel J. F., Freake H. C., Green P. M., Zola H., Catovsky D., Goldman J. M. 1,25‐dihydroxyvitamin D3 inhibits proliferation of human promyelocytic leukaemia (HL60) cells and induces monocyte‐macrophage differentiation in HL60 and normal human bone marrow cells. Leukemia Research 1983; 7: 51–55
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovera G., O'Brien T. G., Diamond L. Induction of differentiation in human promyelocytic leukemia cells by tumor promoters. Science 1979; 204: 868–870
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rovera G., Santoli D., Damsky C. Human promyelocytic leukemia cells in culture differentiate into mac‐rophage‐like cells when treated with a phorbol diester. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1979; 76: 2779–2783
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giguère V. Retinoic acid receptors and cellular retinoid binding proteins: Complex interplay in retinoid signaling. Endocrine Reviews 1994; 15: 61–79
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• De Luca L. M. Retinoids and their receptors in differentiation, embryogenesis, and neoplasia. FASEB Journal 1991; 5: 2924–2933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breitman T. R., Collins S. J., Keene B. R. Terminal differentiation of human promyelocytic leukemic cells in primary culture in response to retinoic acid. Blood 1981; 57: 1000–1004
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Flynn P. J., Miller W. J., Weisdorf D. J., Arthur D. C., Brunning R., Branda R. F. Retinoic acid treatment of acute promyelocytic leukemia: In vitro and in vivo observations. Blood 1983; 62: 1211–1217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nilsson B. Probable in vivo induction of differentiation by retinoic acid of promyelocytes in acute promyelocytic leukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 1984; 57: 365–371
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana J. A., Rogers J. S., Durham J. P. The role of 13 cis‐retinoic acid in the remission induction of a patient with acute promyelocytic leukemia. Cancer 1986; 57: 209–217
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douer D., Koeffler H. P. Retinoic acid enhances colony‐stimulating factor‐induced clonal growth of normal human myeloid progenitor cells in vitro. Experimental Cell Research 1982; 138: 193–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douer D., Koeffler H. P. Retinoic acid enhances growth of human early erythroid progenitor cells in vitro. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1982; 69: 1039–1041
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bradley E. C., Ruscetti F. W., Steinberg H., Paradise C., Blaine K. Inhibition of differentiation and proliferation of colony‐stimulating factor‐induced clonal growth of normal human marrow cells in vitro by retinoic acid. Journal of the National Cancer Institute 1983; 71: 1189–1192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Van Bockstaele D. R., Lenjou M., Snoeck H. ‐W., Lardon F., Stryckmans P., Peetermans M. E. Direct effects of 13‐cis and all‐trans retinoic acid on normal bone marrow (BM) progenitors: Comparative study on BM mononuclear cells and on isolated CD34+ BM cells. Annals of Hematology 1993; 66: 61–66
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gratas C., Menot M. L., Dresch C., Chomienne C. Retinic acid supports granulocytic but not erythroid differentiation of myeloid progenitors in normal bone marrow cells. Leukemia 1993; 7: 1156–1162
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Labbaye C., Valtieri M., Testa U., Giampaolo A., Meccia E., Sterpetti P., Parolini I., Pelosi E., Bulgarini D., Cayre Y. E., Peschle C. Retinoic acid down‐modulates erythroid differentiation and GATA1 expression in purified adult‐progenitor culture. Blood 1994; 83: 651–656
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Douer D., Koeffler H. P. Retinoic acid: Inhibition of the clonal growth of human myeloid leukemia cells. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1982; 69: 277–283
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gallagher R. E., Lurie K. J., Leavitt R. D., Wiernik P. H. Effects of interferon and retinoic acid on the growth and differentiation of clonogenic leukemic cells from acute myelogenous leukemia patients treated with recombinant leukocyte‐αA interferon. Leukemia Research 1987; 11: 609–619
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang C., Curtis J. E., Minden M. D., McCulloch E. A. Expression of a retinoic acid receptor gene in myeloid leukemia cells. Leukemia 1989; 3: 264–269
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohda S., Curtis J. E., McCulloch E. A., Minden M. D. Comparison of the effects of all‐trans and cis‐retinoic acid on the blast stem cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia in culture. Leukemia 1992; 6: 656–661
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lawrence H. J., Conner K., Kelly M. A., Haussler M. R., Wallace P., Bagny G. C., Jr. Cis‐retioic acid stimulates the clonal growth of some myeloid leukemia cells in vitro. Blood 1987; 69: 302–307
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Findley H. W., Jr, Steuber C. P., Ruymann F. B., Culbert S., Ragab A. H. Effect of retinoic acid on the clonal growth of childhood myeloid and lymphoid leukemias: A pediatric oncology group study. Experimental Hematology 1984; 12: 768–773
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tohda S., Minden M. D. Modulation of growth factor receptors on acute myeloblastic leukemia cells by retinoic acid. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 1994; 85: 378–383
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tohda S., Minden M. D., McCulloch E. A. Interactions between retinoic acid and colony‐stimulating factors affecting the blast cells of acute myeloblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1991; 5: 951–957
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kizaki M., Ikeda Y., Tanosaki R., Nakajima H., Morikawa M., Sakashita A., Koeffler H. P. Effects of novel retinoic acid compound, 9‐cis‐retinoic acid, on proliferation, differentiation, and expression of retinoic acid receptor‐α and retinoid X receptor‐α RNA by HL‐60 cells. Blood 1993; 82: 3592–3599
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lanotte M., Martin‐Thouvenin V., Najman S., Balerini P., Valensi F., Berger R. NB4, a maturation inducible cell line with t(15;17) marker isolated from a human acute promyelocytic leukemia (M3). Blood 1991; 77: 1080–1086
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi J., Inatotni Y., Ohyashiki K., Asada M., Mizutani S., Toyama K. The in vitro effects of all‐trans‐retinoic acid and hematopoietic growth factors on the clonal growth and self‐renewal of blast stem cells in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia Research 1997; 21: 285–294
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch E. A., Kelleher C. A., Miyauchi J., Wang C., Cheng G. Y. N., Minden M. D., Curtis J. E. Heterogeneity in acute myeloblastic leukemia. Leukemia 1988; 2: 38S–49S, Suppl
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark S. C., Kamen R. The human hematopoietic colony‐stimulating factors. Science 1987; 236: 1229–1237
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pébusque M. J., Lafage M., Lopez M., Mannoni P. Preferential response of acute myeloid leukemias with translocation involving chromosome 17 to human recombinant granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. Blood 1988; 72: 257–265
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaickus L., Villalona‐Calero M. A., Caligiuri T. Acute progranulocytic leukemia (APL): Possible in vivo differentiation by granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (G‐CSF). Leukemia 1993; 7: 1680–1681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takamatsu H., Nakao S., Ohtake S., Chuhjo T., Yamaguchi M., Shiobara S., Matsuda T. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor‐dependent leukemic cell proliferation in vivo in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1993; 81: 3485–3486
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Le Beau M. M., Lemons R. S., Carrino J. J., Pettenati M. J., Souza L. M., Diaz M. O., Rowley J. D. Chromosomal localization of the human G‐CSF gene to 17q11 proximal to the breakpoint of the t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1987; 1: 797–799
   Google Scholar
• Simmers R. N., Webber L. M., Shannon M. F., Garson O. M., Wong G., Vadas M. A., Southerland G. R. Localization of the G‐CSF gene on chromosome 17 proximal to the breakpoint in the t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Blood 1987; 70: 330–332
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanaka S., Nishigaki H., Misawa S., Taniwaki M., Nakagawa H., Yashige H., Horiike S., Kashima K., Inazawa J., Sonoda Y., Abe T. Lack of involvement of the G‐CSF gene by chromosomal translocation t(15;17) in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia 1990; 4: 494–496
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianni M., Terao M., Zanotta S., Barbui T., Rambaldi A., Garattini E. Retinoic acid and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor synergistically induce leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1994; 83: 1909–1921
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garattini E., Gianni M. Leukocyte alkaline phosphatase a specific marker for the post‐mitotic neutrophilic granulocyte: Regulation in acute promyelocytic leukemia. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1996; 23: 493–503
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakamaki T., Sakashita A., Sano M., Hino K., Suzuki K., Tomoyasu S., Tsuruoka N., Honma Y., Hozumi M. Granulocyte‐colony stimulating factor and retinoic acid cooperatively induce granulocytic differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells in vitro. Japanese Journal of Cancer Research 1989; 80: 1077–1082
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Sakashita A., Nakamaki T., Tsuruoka N., Honma Y., Hozumi M. Granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor, not granulocyte‐macrophage colony‐stimulating factor, co‐operates with retinoic acid on the induction of functional N‐formyl‐methionyl‐phenylalanine receptors in HL‐60 cells. Leukemia 1991; 5: 26–31
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imaizumi M., Sato A., Koizumi Y., Inoue S., Suzuki H., Suwabe N., Yoshinari M., Ichinohasama R., Endo K., Sawai T., Tada K. Potentiated maturation with a high proliferating activity of acute promyelocytic leukemia induced in vitro by granulocyte or granulocyte/macrophage colony‐stimulating factors in combination with ail‐trans retinoic acid. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1301–1308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hemmi H., Breitman T. Combination of recombinant human interferons and retinoic acid synergistically induce differetiatiaion of the human promyelocytic leukemia cell line HL‐60. Blood 1987; 69: 501–507
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trinchieri G., Rosen M., Perussia B. Retinoic acid cooperates with tumor necrosis factor and immune interferon in inducing differentiation and growth inhibition of the human promyelocytic leukemic cell line HL‐60. Blood 1987; 69: 1218–1224
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobler A., Munker R., Heitjan D., Koeffler H. P. In vitro interaction of recombinant tumor necrosis factor α and all‐trans‐retinoic acid with normal and leukemic hematopoietic cells. Blood 1987; 70: 1940–1946
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollag W. Retinoids and interferon: A new promising combination?. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 79: 87–91
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bollag W., Majewski S., Jablonska S. Cancer combination chemotherapy with retinoids: experimental rationale. Leukemia 1994; 8: 1453–1457
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Olsson I. L., Breitman T. R., Gallo R. C. Priming of human myeloid leukemic cell lines HL‐60 and U‐937 with retinoic acid for differentiation effects of cyclic adenosine 3′:5′‐monophosphate‐inducing agents and a T‐lymphocyte‐derived differentiation factor. Cancer Research 1982; 42: 3928–3933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruchaud S., Duprez E., Gendron M. C., Houge G., Genieser H. G., Jastorff B., Doskeland S. O., Lanotte M. Two distinctly regulated events, priming and triggering, during retinoid‐induced maturation and resistance of NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cell line. Proceedings of the National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1994; 91: 8428–8432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianni M., Terao M., Norio P., Barbui T., Rambaldi A., Garattini E. All‐trans retinoic acid and cyclic adenosine monophosphate cooperate in the expression of leukocyte alkaline phosphatase in acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1995; 85: 3619–3635
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chomienne C., Balitrand N., Degos L., Abita J. ‐P. 1‐B‐D arabinofuranosyl cytosine and all‐trans retinoic acid in combination accelerates and increases monocyte differentiation of myeloid leukemic cells. Leukemia Research 1986; 10: 631–636
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Becker P. S., Li Z., Potselueva T., Madri J. A., Newburger P. E., Berliner N. Laminin promotes differentiation of NB4 promyelocytic leukemia cells with all‐trans retinoic acid. Blood 1996; 88: 261–267
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Santini V., Colombat Ph., Delwel R., van Gurp R., Touw I., Löwenberg B. Induction of granulocyte maturation in acute myeloid leukemia by G‐CSF and retinoic acid. Leukemia Research 1991; 15: 341–350
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colombat Ph., Santini V., Delwel R., Krefft J., Bredmond J. L., Löwenberg B. Primary human acute myeloblastic leukaemia: An analysis of in vitro granulocytic maturation following stimulation with retinoic acid and G‐CSF. British Journal of Haematology 1991; 79: 382–389
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li J., Sartorelli A. C. Synergistic induction of the differentiation of WEHI‐3BD+ myelomonocytic leukemia cells by retinoic acid and granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor. Leukemia Research 1992; 16: 571–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Valtieri M., Boccoli G., Testa U., Barletta C., Peschle C. Two‐step differentiation of AML‐193 leukemic line: Terminal maturation is induced by positive interaction of retinoic acid with granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor (CSF) and vitamin D3 with monocyte CSF. Blood 1991; 77: 1804–1812
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Souza L. M., Boone T. C., Gabrilove J., Lai P. H., Zsebo K. M., Murdock D. C., Chazin V. R., Bruszewski J., Lu H., Chen K. K., Barendt J., Platzer E., Moore M. A. S., Mertelsmann R., Welte K. Recombinant human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor: Effects on normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Science 1986; 232: 61–65
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsuda S., Shirafuji N., Asano S. Human granulocyte colony stimulating factor specifically binds to murine myeloblastic NFS‐60 cells and activates their guanosine triphosphate binding proteins/adenylate cyclase system. Blood 1989; 74: 2343–2348
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCulloch E. A., Minden M. D., Miyauchi J., Kelleher C. A., Wang C. Stem cell renewal and differentiation in acute myeloblastic leukaemia. Journal of Cell Science. 1988; 10: 267–281, Suppl
   Google Scholar
• Dubois C., Schlageter M. H., de Gentile A., Guidez F., Balitrand N., Toubert M. E., Krawice I., Fenaux P., Castaigne S., Najean Y., Degos L., Chomienne C. Hematopoietic growth factor expression and ATRA sensitivity in acute promyelocytic blast cells. Blood 1994; 83: 3264–3270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassan H. T., Drexler H. G. Interleukins and colony stimulating factors in human myeloid leukemia cell lines. Leukemia and Lymphoma 1995; 20: 1–15
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Koning J. P., Soede‐Bobok A. A., Schelen A. M., Smith L., van Leeuwen D., Santini V., Burgering B. M. T., Bos J. L., Löwenberg B., Touw L. P. Proliferation signaling and activation of she, p21ras, and myc via tyrosine 764 of human granulocyte colony‐stimulating factor receptor. Blood 1998; 91: 1924–1933
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borregaard N., Cowland J. B. Granules of the human neutrophilic polymorphonuclear leukocyte. Blood 1997; 89: 3503–3521
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bainton D. F., Ullyot J. L., Farquhar M. G. The development of neutrophil polymorphonuclear leukocytes in human bone marrow. Journal of Experimental Medicine 1971; 134: 907–934
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marmont A. M., Damasio E., Zucker‐Franklin D. Neutrophils: Normal structure and physiology. 1. Differentiation and maturation. Atlas of Blood Cells: Function and Pathology2nd edn, D. Zucker‐Franklin, M. E. Greaves, C. E. Grossi, A. M. Marmont. Edi‐Ermes, Milano 1988; 159–246
   Google Scholar
• Brederoo P., van der Meulen J., Mommaas Kienhuis A. M. Development of the granule population in neutrophil granulocytes from bone marrow. Cell and Tissue Research 1983; 2324: 469–496
   Google Scholar
• Brederoo P., van der Meulen J., Daems W. Ultrastructural localization of peroxidase activity in developing neutrophil granulocytes from human bone marrow. Histochemistry 1986; 84: 445–453
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rice W. G., Ganz T., Kinkade J. M., Jr, Selsted M. E., Lehrer R. I., Parmley R. T. Defensin‐rich dense granules of human neutrophils. Blood 1987; 70: 757–765
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oren A., Taylor J. M. G. The subcellular localization of defensins and myeloperoxidase in human neutrophilis: Immunocytochemical evidence for azurophil granule heterogeneity. Journal of Laboratory and Clinical Medicine 1995; 125: 340–347
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pryzwansky K. B., Breton‐Gorius J. Identification of a subpopulation of primary granules in human neutrophils based upon maturation and distribution: Study by transmission electron microscopy cytochemistry and high voltage electron microscopy of whole cell preparations. Laboratory Investigation 1985; 53: 664–671
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmley R. T., Rice W. G., Kinkade J. M., Jr, Gilbert C., Barton J. C. Peroxidase‐containing microgranules in human neutrophils: Physical, morphological, cytochemical, and secretory properties. Blood 1987; 70: 1630–1638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmley R. T., Takagi M., Barton J. C., Boxer L. A., Austin R. L. Ultrastructural localization of lactoferrin and iron‐binding protein in human neutrophils and rabbit heterophils. American Journal of Pathology 1982; 109: 343–358
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cramer E., Pryzwansky K. B., Villeval J. L., Testa U., Breton‐Gorius J. Ultrastructural localization of lactoferrin and myeloperoxidase in human neutrophils by immunogold. Blood 1985; 65: 423–432
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi J., Watanabe Y. Immunocytochemical localization of lactoferrin in human neutrophils: an ultrastructural and morphometrical study. Cell and Tissue Research 1987; 247: 249–258
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hibbs M. S., Bainton D. F. Human neutrophil gelatinase is a component of specific granules. Journal of Clinical Investigation 1989; 84: 1395–1402
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kjeldsen L., Bainton D. F., Sengeløv H., Borregaard N. Structural and functional heterogeneity among peroxidase‐negative granules in human neutrophils: Identification of a distinct gelatinase‐containing granule subset by combined immunocytochemistry and subcellular fractionation. Blood 1993; 82: 3183–3191
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borregaard N., Sehested M., Nielsen B. S., Sengeløv H., Kjeldsen L. Biosynthesis of granule proteins in normal human bone marrow cells. Gelatinase is a marker of terminal neutrophil differentiation. Blood 1995; 85: 812–817
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyauchi J., Ohyashiki K., Inatomi Y., Toyama K. Neutrophil secondary‐granule deficiency as a hallmark of all‐trans retinoic acid‐induced differentiation of acute promyelocytic leukemia cells. Blood 1997; 90: 803–813
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bessis M. Living blood cells and their ultrastructure. Springer‐Verlag, Berlin/Heidelberg/New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Ahearn M. J., Trujillo J. M., Fowler A., Hart J. S. The association of nuclear blebs with aneuploidy in human acute leukemia. Cancer Research 1974; 34: 2887–2896
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vyas R. C., Frankel S. R., Agbor P., Miller W. H., Jr, Warrell R. P., Jr., Hittelman W. N. Probing the pathobiology of response to all‐trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia: Premature chromosome condensation/fluorescence in situ hybridization analysis. Blood 1996; 87: 218–226
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Elliott S., Taylor K., White S., Rodwell R., Marlton P., Meagher D., Wiley J., Taylor D., Wright S., Timms P. Proof of differentiative mode of action of all‐trans retinoic acid in acute promyelocytic leukemia using X‐linked clonal analysis. Blood 1992; 79: 1916–1919
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rado T. A., Wei X., Benz E. J., Jr. Isolation of lactoferrin cDNA from a human myeloid library and expression of mRNA during normal and leukemic myelopoiesis. Blood 1987; 70: 989–993
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lübbert M., Herrmann F., Koeffler H. P. Expression and regulation of myeloid‐specific genes in normal and leukemic myeloid cells. Blood 1991; 77: 909–924
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston J. J., Rintels P., Chung J., Sather J., Benz E. J., Jr., Berliner N. Lactoferrin gene promoter: Structural integrity and nonexpression in HL60 cells. Blood 1992; 79: 2998–3006
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khanna‐Gupta A., Kolibaba K., Zibello T. A., Berliner N. NB4 cells show bilineage potential and an aberrant pattern of neutrophil secondary granule protein gene expression. Blood 1994; 84: 294–302
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parmley R. T., Ogawa M., Darby C. P., Jr., Spicer S. S. Congenital neutropenia: Neutrophil proliferation with abnormal maturation. Blood 1975; 46: 723–734
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Salmon S. E., Cline M. J., Schultz J., Lehrer R. I. Myeloperoxidase deficiency. New England Journal of Medicine 1976; 282: 250–253
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rausch P. G., Pryzwansky K. B., Spitznagel J. K. Immunocytochemical identification of azurophilic and specific granule markers in the giant granules of Chediak‐Higashi neutrophils. New England Journal of Medicine 1978; 298: 693–698
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spicer S. S., Sato A., Vincent R., Eguchi M., Poon K. C. Lysosome enlargement in the Chediak‐Higashi syndrome. Federation Proceedings 1981; 40: 1451–1455
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schmalzl F., Huhn D., Asamer H., Rindler R., Braunsteiner H. Cytochemistry and ultrastructure of pathologic granulation in myelogenous leukemia. Blut 1973; 27: 243–260
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Catovsky D., Galton D. A. G., Robinson J. Myeloperoxidase‐deficient neutrophils in acute myeloid leukaemia. Scandinavian Journal of Haematology 1972; 9: 142–148
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rausch P. G., Pryzwansky K. B., Spitznagel J. K., Herion J. C. Immunocytochemical identification of abnormal polymorphonuclear neutrophils in patients with leukemia. Blood Cells 1978; 4: 369–376
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Ullyot J. L., Bainton D. F. Azurophil and specific granules of blood neutrophils in chronic myelogenous leukemia: An ultrastructural and cytochemical analysis. Blood 1974; 44: 469–482
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breton‐Gorius J., Houssay D., Dreyfus B. Partial myeloperoxidase deficiency in a case of preleukaemia. British Journal of Haematology 1975; 30: 273–288
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breton‐Gorius J., Coquin Y., Vilde J. L., Dreyfus B. Cytochemical and ultrastructural studies of aberrant granules in the neutrophils of two patients with myeloperoxidase deficiency during a preleukemic state. Blood Cells 1976; 2: 187–209
   Google Scholar
• Komiyama A., Morosawa H., Nakahata T., Miyagawa Y., Akabane T. Abnormal neutrophil maturation in a neutrophil defect with morphologic abnormality and impaired function. Journal of Pediatrics 1979; 94: 19–25
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Strauss R. G., Bove K. E., Jones J. F., Mauer A. M., Fulginiti V. A. An anomaly of neutrophil morphology with impaired function. New England Journal of Medicine 1974; 290: 478–484
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breton‐Gorius J., Mason D. Y., Buriot D., Vilde J. L., Griscelli C. Lactoferrin deficiency as a consequence of a lack of specific granules in neutrophils from a patient with recurrent infections. American Journal of Pathology 1980; 99: 413–429
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar