Further Evidence of an Association Between Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder and Cigarette Smoking: Findings from a High-Risk Sample of Siblings

References

• Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone S. Is maternal smoking during pregnancy a risk factor for attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder in children. Am J Psychiatry 1996; 153: 1138–1142
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kristiansson E, Fried P, Waddnson B. Maternal smoking during pregnancy affects children's vigilance performance. Drug Alcohol Depend 1989; 24: 11–19
   Google Scholar
• Weilzman M, Gortmaker S, Sobol A. Maternal smoking and behavior problems of children. Pediatrics 1992; 90: 342–349
   Google Scholar
• Saxton D. The behaviour of infants whose mothers smoke in pregnancy. Early Hum Dev 1978; 2: 363–369
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Naeye R L, Peters EC. Mental development of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1984; 64: 601–607
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sexton M, Fox N, Hebel J. Prenatal exposure to tobacco II: effects on cognitive functioning at age three. Int J Epidemiol 1990; 19: 72–77
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rantakallio P. A follow-up study up to die age of 14 of children whose mothers smoked during pregnancy. Acta Paediatrica Scand 1983; 72: 747–753
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Butler N R, Goldstein H. Smoking in pregnancy and subsequent child development. Br Med J 1973; 4: 573–575
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nichols P L, Chen TC. Minimal Brain Dysfunction: A Prospective Study. Lawrence Erlbaum Associates, Inc., Hillsdale, NJ 1981
   Google Scholar
• Dunn H, McBurney A, Ingram S. Maternal cigarette smoking during pregnancy and the child's subsequent development II: neurological and intellectual maturation to the age of 61/2 years. Can J Public Health 1977; 68: 43–50
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Denson R, Nanson J, McWatters J. Hyperkinesis and maternal smoking. Canadian Psychiatric Association Journal 1975; 20: 183–187
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Richardson G, Day N. Detrimental effects of prenatal cocaine exposure: illusion or reality. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1994; 33: 28–34
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hagino N, Lee J. Effect of maternal nicotine on the development of sites for [3h]nicotine binding in the fetal brain. Int J Dev Neurosci 1985; 3: 567–571
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Van De Kamp J, Collins A. Prenatal nicotine alters nicotinic receptor development in die mouse brain. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1994; 47: 889–900
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barrios V, Rodriguez-Sanchez M N, Arilla E. Effect of maternal exposure to nicotine in the rat on level and binding of somatostatin in brain of developing offspring. Neuropharmacology 1991; 30: 579–584
   Google Scholar
• Fung YK. Postnatal behavioural effects of maternal nicotine exposure in rats. J Pharm Pharmacol 1988; 40: 870–872
   Google Scholar
• Johns J M, Louis T M, Becker RF. Behavioral effects of prenatal exposure to nicotine in guinea pigs. Neurotcoricol Teratol 1982; 4: 365–369
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fung Y K, Lau YS. Effects of prenatal nicotine exposure on rat striatal dopaminergic and nicotinic systems. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 1989; 33: 1–6
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Makin J, Fried P A, Watkinson B. A comparison of active and passive smoking during pregnancy: long-term effects. Neurotoxicol Teratol 1991; 13: 5–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Barkley R A, Fischer M, Edelbrock CS. The adolescent outcome of hyperactive children diagnosed by research criteria I: an 8-year prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29: 546–557
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hartsough C S, Lambert NM. Pattern and progression of drug use among hyperactives and controls: a prospective short-term longitudinal study. J Child Psychol Psychiatry 1987; 28: 543–553
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pomerleau O, Downey K, Stelson F. Cigarette smoking in adult patients diagnosed with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder. J Subst Abuse 1995; 7: 373–378
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Milberger S, Biederman J, Faraone SV. Attention deficit hyperactivity disorder is associated with early initiation of cigarette smoking in children and adolescents. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1997; 36: 37–44
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D, Yamaguchi K. From beer to crack: developmental patterns of drug involvement. Am J Public Health 1993; 83: 851–855
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D, Kessler R, Marguiles R. Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: a developmental analysis. Journal of Youth and Adolescence 1978; 7: 13–40
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone S V, Biederman J, Sprich S. Psychometric properties of DSM-III criteria for attention deficit disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1993; 32: 166–174
   Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone S V, Keenan K. Further evidence for family-genetic risk factors in attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): patterns of comorbidity in probands and relatives in psychiatrically and pediatrically referred samples. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 728–738
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantwell DP. Psychiatric illness in the families of hyperactive children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1972; 27: 414–417
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone S, Bicderman J. Genetics of attention-deficit hyperactivity disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1994; 3: 285–302
   Google Scholar
• Faraone S, Bicderman J. Is attention deficit hyperactivity disorder familial. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1994; 1: 271–287
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone S, Biederman J, Krifcher-Lehman B. Evidence for the independent familial transmission of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and learning disabilities: results from a family genetic study. Am J Psychiatry 1993; 150: 891–895
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone S V, Biederman J, Krifcher-Lehman B. Intellectual performance and school failure in children with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder and in their siblings. J Abnorm Psychol 1993; 102: 616–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison J R, Stewart MA. A family study of the hyperactive child syndrome. Biol Psychiatry 1971; 3: 189–195
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Welner Z, Welner A, Stewart M. A controlled study of siblings of hyperactive children. J Nerv Mem Dis 1977; 165: 110–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Faraone S, Milberger S. A prospective four-year follow-up study of attention deficit hyperactivity and related disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1996; 53: 437–446
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hollingshead AB. our-Factor Index of Social Status. Yale University, Department of Sociology, New Haven, CT 1975
   Google Scholar
• Orvaschel H, Puig-Antich J. Schedule for Affective Disorders and Schizophrenia for School-Age Children: Epidemiologic, 4th Version, Ft. Lauderdale. Nova University, Center for Psychological Study, FL 1987
   Google Scholar
• Breton J, Bergeron L, Valla J. Do children aged 9 through 11 years understand the DISC version 2.25 questions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1995; 34: 946–956
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Achenbach T M, McConaughy S H, Howell CT. Child/adolescent behavioral and emotional problems: implications of cross-informant correlations for situational specificity. Psychol Bull 1987; 101: 213–232
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Edelbrock C, Costello M, Dulcan M. Parent-child agreement on child psychiatric symptoms assessed via structured interview. J Child Psychol Psychiat 1986; 27: 181–190
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gucterman E M, O'Brien J D, Young G. Structured diagnostic interviews for children and adolescents: current status and future directions. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1987; 23: 621–630
   Google Scholar
• Gershon E S, Hamovit J, Guroff JJ. A family study of schizoaffective, bipolar I, bipolar II, unipolar, and normal control probands. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1982; 39: 1157–1167
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weissman M M, Gershon E S, Kidd KK. Psychiatric disorders in the relatives of probands with affective disorders Arch Gen Psychiatry 1984; 41: 13–21
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Rosenbaum J F, Hirshfeld DR. Psychiatric correlates of behavioral inhibition in young children of parents with and without psychiatric disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 21–26
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wechsler D. Manual for the Wechsler Intelligence Scale for Children-Revised. Psychological Corporation, New York 1974
   Google Scholar
• Sattler JM. Assessment of Children. J.M. Saltier, San Diego, CA 1988
   Google Scholar
• Reich W, Shayka J J, Taibleson C. Diagnostic Interview for Children and Adolescents, Parent Version (DICA-R-P). Washington University Division of Child Psychiatry, St Louis, MO 1991
   Google Scholar
• Huber PJ. The behavior of maximum likelihood estimates under non-standard conditions. Proceedings of the Fifth Berkeley Symposium on Mathematical Statistics and Probability 1967; 1: 221–233
   Google Scholar
• Stata Corporation. Stata Reference Manual: Release 3.1, 6th Edition. Stata Corporation, College Station, TX 1992
   Google Scholar
• Breslau N. Psychiatric comorbidity of smoking and nicotine dependence. Behav Genet 1995; 25: 95–101
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babor T F, Hofmann M, DelBoca FK. Types of alcoholics I: Evidence for an empirically derived typology based on indicators of vulnerability and severity. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992; 49: 599–608
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Borland B L, Heckman HK. Hyperactive boys and their brothers: a 25-year follow-up study. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1976; 33: 669–675
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gittelman R, Mannuzza S, Shenker R. Hyperactive boys almost grown up I: psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1985; 42: 937–947
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Howell D, Huessy H, Hassuk B. Fifteen-year follow-up of a behavioral history of attention deficit disorder. Pediatrics 1985; 76: 185–190
   Google Scholar
• Hechtman L, Weiss G. Controlled prospective fifteen year follow-up of hyperacuves as adults: nonmedical drug and alcohol use and antisocial behaviour. Can J Psychiatry 1986; 31: 557–567
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mannuzza S, Gittelman-Klein R, Addalli KA. Young adult mental status of hyperactive boys and their brothers: a prospective follow-up study. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1991; 30: 743–751
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loney J, Whaley-Klahn M A, Kosier T. Hyperactive boys and their brothers at 21: predictions of aggressive and antisocial outcomes. Meeting of the Society for Life History Research, Monterey, CA, 1981
   Google Scholar
• Klinteberg B, Andersson T, Magnusson D. Hyperactive behavior in childhood as related to subsequent alcohol problems and violent offending: a longitudinal study of male subjects. Personality and Individual Differences 1993; 15: 381–388
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G, Hechtman L, Perlman T. Hyperactives as young adults: a controlled prospective ten-year follow-up of 75 children. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1979; 36: 675–681
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biederman J, Wilens T, Mick E. Psychoactive substance use disorder in adults with attention deficit hyperactivity disorder: effects of ADHD and psychiatric comorbidity. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 1652–1658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• August G J, Stewart M A, Holmes CS. A four-year follow-up of hyperactive boys with and without conduct disorder. Br J Psychiatry 1983; 143: 192–198
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Breslau N, Kilbey M, Andreski P. Nicotine dependence and major depression: new evidence from a prospective investigation. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 31–35
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glassman A H, Stetner F, Walsh BT. Heavy smokers, smoking cessation, and clonidine: results of a double-blind, randomized trial. JAMA 1988; 259: 2863–2866
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anda R F, Williamson D F, Escobedo LG. Depression and the dynamics of smoking: a national perspective. JAMA 1990; 264: 1541–1545
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newtomb D R, Maddahian E, Bender PM. Risk factors for drug use among adolescents: concurrent and longitudinal analyses. Am J Public Health 1986; 76: 525–531
   Google Scholar
• West M O, Prinz RJ. Parental alcoholism and childhood psychopathology. Psychol Bull 1987; 102: 204–218
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Guebaly N, Offord DR. The offspring of alcoholics: a critical review. Am J Psychiatry 1977; 134: 357–365
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D B, Logan JA. Patterns of drug use from adolescence to young adulthood, I: periods of risk for initiation, continued use, and discontinuation. Am J Public Health 1984; 74: 660–666
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bry BH. Predicting drug abuse: review and reformulation. Int J Addict 1983; 18: 223–233
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jessor R, Jessor SL. Adolescent development and the onset of drinking. J Stud Alcohol 1975; 36: 27–51
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Newcomb MD. Understanding the multidimensional nature of use and abuse: the role of consumption, risk factors, and protective factors. Vulnerability to Drug Abuse, M Glantz, R. Pickens. American Psychological Association Press, Washington, DC 1991; 255–299
   Google Scholar
• Glantz M, Pickens R. Vulnerability to drug abuse: introduction and overview. Vulnerability to Drug Abuse, M Glantz, R. Pickens. American Psychological Association, Washington, DC 1992; 1–15
   Google Scholar
• Zucker R A, Fitzgerald HE. Early developmental factors and risk for alcohol problems. Alcohol Health and Research World 1991; 15: 18–24
   Google Scholar
• Mannuzza S, Klein K G, Bessler A. Adult outcome of hyperactive boys: educational achievement, occupational rank, and psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1993; 50: 565–576
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Weiss G. Attention Deficit Hyperactivity Disorder. Child and Adolescent Psychiatric Clinics of North America 1992
   Google Scholar
• Mannuzza S, Gittelman Klein R, Bonagura N. Hyperactive boys almost grown up V: replication of psychiatric status. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1991; 48: 77–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Faraone S V, Biederman J, Keenan K. A family-genetic study of girls with DSM-III attention deficit disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1991; 148: 112–117
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massachusetts Medical Society. Trends in smoking initiation among adolescents and young adults: United States, 1980–1989. MMWR 1995; 44: 521–524
   Google Scholar
• Fielding JE. Smoking: health effects and control. N Engl J Med 1985; 313: 491–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Action Alert! The Nation's Health Official Newspaper of the American Health Association. 1995; 4
   Google Scholar
• Freedman R, Adler L, Bickford P. Schizophrenia and nicotinic receptors. Harvard Review of Psychiatry 1994; 2: 179–192
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks M J, Pauly J R, Gross SD. Nicotine binding and nicotinic receptor subunit RNA after chronic nicotine treatment. J Neurosci 1992; 12: 2765–2784
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marks M J, Grady S R, Collins AC. Downregulation of nicotinic receptor function after chronic nicotine infusion. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 1993; 266: 1268–1276
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Slotkin T A, Lappi S E, Seidler FJ. Impact of fetal nicotine exposure on development of rat brain regions: critical sensitive periods or effects of withdrawal. Brain Res Bull 1993; 31: 319–328
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fergusson D M, Horwood L J, Lynskey MT. Maternal smoking before and after pregnancy: effects on behavioral outcomes in middle childhood. Pediatrics 1993; 92: 815–822
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar