8
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Cognitive Function and Major Depression in Chronic Fatigue: The Apathy Construct

, &
Pages 19-38 | Received 01 Oct 2007, Accepted 01 Feb 2008, Published online: 04 Dec 2011

References

  • Abbey, S. E., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1990). Chronic fatigue syndrome and the psychiatrist. Canadian Journal of Psychiatry, 35, 625–633.
  • Altay, H. T., Abbey, S. E., Toner, B. B., Salit, I. E., Brooker, H., & Garfinkel, P. E. (1990). The neuropsychological dimensions of postinfectious neuromyasthenia (chronic fatigue syndrome): A preliminary report. International Journal of Psy-chaitric Medicine, 20, 141–149.
  • Axe, E. K., Satz, P., Rasgon, N. L., & Fawzy, F. I. (2004). Major depressive disorder in chronic fatigue syndrome: A CDC Surveillance Study. Journal of Chronic Fatigue Syndrome, 12(3), 7–23.
  • Basso, M. R., & Bornstein, R. A. (1999). Neuropsychological deficits in psychotic versus nonpsychotic unipolar depression. Neuropsychology, 13, 69–75.
  • Bates, D. W., Buchwald, D., Lee, J., et al. (1994). A comparison of case definitions in chronic fatigue syndrome. Clinical Infectious Disease, 8 (Suppl. 1), S11—S15. Beck, A. T., & Steer, R. A. (1987). Beck Depression Inventory: Manual. San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation.
  • Beck, A. T., Steer, R. A., & Garbin, M. G. (1988). Psychometric properties of the Beck Depression Inventory: Twenty five years of evaluation. Clinical Psychology Review, 8, 77–100.
  • Benton, A. L., & Hamsher, K. (1978). Multilingual aphasia examination (IA): Univer-sity of Iowa Press.
  • Burt, D. B., Zamber, M. J., & Niederehe, G. (1995). Depression and memory impair-ment: A meta-analysis of the association, its pattern, and specificity. Psychological Bulletin, 117, 285–305.
  • Busichio, K., Tiersky, L. A., Deluca, J., & Natelson, B. H. (2004). Neuropsychological deficits in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 278–285.
  • Castellon, S. A., Hardy, D. J., Hinkin, C. H., et al. (2006). Components of depression in HIV-1 infection: Their differential relationship to neurocognitive performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 28, 420–437.
  • Castellon, S. A., Hinkin, C. H., Wood, S., & Yarema, K. T. (1998). Apathy, depression and cognitive performance in HIV-1 infection. Journal of Neuropsychiatric Clinical Neuroscience, 10, 320–329.
  • Cummings, J. L., Mega, M., Gray, K., Rosenberg-Thompson, S., Carusi, D. A., & Gornbein, J. (1994). The Neuropsychiatric Inventory: Comprehensive assessment of psychopathology in dementia. Neurology, 44, 2308–2314.
  • DeLuca, J., Christodoulou, C., Diamond, B. J., Rosenstein, E. D., Kramer, N., & Natelson, B. H. (2004). Working memory deficits in chronic fatigue syndrome: Differentiating between speed and accuracy of information processing. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 10, 101–109.
  • Dobbs, B. M., Dobbs, A. R., & Kiss, I. (2001). Working memory deficits associated with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of the International Neuropsychological Society, 7,285–293.
  • Fukuda, K., Straus, S. E., Hickie, I., et al. (1994). The chronic fatigue syndrome: A comprehensive approach to its definition and study. Annals of Internal Medicine, 121, 953–959.
  • Grafman, J., Schwartz, V, Dale, J. K., Scheffers, M., Houser, C., & Straus, S. E. (1993). Analysis of neuropsychological functioning in patients with chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 56, 684–689.
  • Hickie, I., Lloyd, A., Wakefield, D., & Parker, G. (1990). The psychiatric status of patients with the chronic fatigue syndrome. British Journal of Psychiatry, 156, 534–540.
  • Hinkin, C. H., W. G. Van Gorp, Satz, P., Weisman, J. D., Thommes, J., & Bucking-ham, S. (1992). Depressed mood and its relationship to neuropsychological test performance in HIV-1 seropositive individuals. Journal of Clinical Experimental and Neuropsychology, 14, 289–297.
  • Hinkin, C. H., W. G. Van Gorp, Satz, P., et al. (1996). Actual versus self-reported cogni-tive dysfunction in HIV-1 infection: Memory-metamemory dissociations. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 18, 431–443.
  • Holmes, G. P., Kaplan, J. E., Gantz, N. M., et al. (1988). Chronic fatigue syndrome: A working case definition. Annals of Internal Medicine, 108, 387–389.
  • Kreusi MJP, Dale, J., & Straus, S. E. (1989). Psychiatric diagnoses in patients who have chronic fatigue syndrome. Journal of Clinical Psychiatry, 50, 53–56.
  • Lezak, M. D., Howieson, D. B., & Loring, D. W. (2004). Neuropsychological assess-ment. (4th ed.). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Lloyd, A. R., Wakefield, D., Dwyer J, & Hickie, I. (1988). What is myalgic encephali-tis? Lancet,/,1286–1287.
  • Mapou, R. L., Law, W. A., Martin, A., Kampen, D., Salazar, A. M., & Rundell, J. R. (1993). Neuropsychological performance, mood and complaints of cognitive and motor difficulties in individuals infected with the human immunodeficiency virus. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 5, 86–93.
  • Mann, R. S. (1990). Differential diagnosis and classification of apathy. American Journal of Psychiatry, 147, 22–30.
  • Mann, R. S. (1991). Apathy: A neuropsychiatric syndrome. The Journal of Neuropsy-chiatry and Clinical Neurosciences, 3, 243–254.
  • Mattis, S. (1988). DRS Dementia Rating Scale Professional Manual (pp. 3–5): Psy-chological Assessment Resources, Inc.
  • Millon, C., Salvato, F., Blaney, N., et al. (1989). A psychological assessment of chronic fatigue syndrome/chronic Epstein-Barr virus patients. Psychological Health, 3, 131–141.
  • Money, J. (1991). A standardized road-map test of direction sense. San Rafael (CA): Academic Therapy Publications; 1976.0. Spreen, E. Strauss, (Eds.), A compendium of neuropsychological tests and assessment techniques (pp. 540–41). New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Montgomery-Downs, H. E., O'Brien, L. M.,Gulliver, T. E., & Gozal, D. (2006). Polysomnographic characteristics in normal preschool and early school-aged chil-dren. Pediatrics, 117, 741–753.
  • Moore, L. H., van Gorp, W. G., Hinkin, C. H., Stem, M. J., Swales, T., & Satz, P. (1997). Subjective complaints versus actual cognitive deficits in predominantly symptomatic HIV-1 seropositive individuals. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 9, 37–44.
  • Moss-Morris, R., Petrie, K. J., Large, R. G., & Kydd, R. R. (1996). Neuropsycholog-ical deficits in chronic fatigue syndrome: Artifact or realityJournal of Neurology, Neurosurgery, and Psychiatry, 60, 474–477.
  • Paul, R. H., Brickman, A. M., Navia, B., et al. (2005). Apathy is associated with volume of the nucleus accumbens in patients in patients infected with HIV. The Journal of Neuropsychiatry and Clinical Neuroscience, 17, 167–171.
  • Reitan, R. M. (1958). Validity of the trail making test as an indicator of organic brain damage. Perceptual and Motor Skills, 8, 271–276.
  • Reyes, M., Gary, H. E., Dobbins, J. G., et al. (1997). Surveillance for chronic fatigue syndrome -four U.S. Cities, September 1989 through August 1993. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, CDC Surveillance Summaries, (Suppl. 1, SS-2), 3–14.
  • Riccio, M., Thompson, C., Wilson, B., Morgan, D. J. R., & Lant, A. F. (1992). Neuropsychological and psychiatric abnormalities in myalgic encephalomyelitis: A preliminary report. British Journal of Clinical Psychology, 31, 111–120.
  • Robins, L. N., Helzer, J. E., Croughan, J., & Ratcliff, K. S. (1981). National Institute of Mental Health Diagnostic Interview Schedule: Its history, characteristics and validity. Archives of General Psychiatry, 38, 381–389.
  • Rothman, K. J., & Greenland, S. (1998). Modern Epidemiology. (2nd ed.) (pp. 125–133, pp. 671–672). Pennsylvania: Lippencott-Raven.
  • Royall, D. R. (2000). Executive cognitive impairment: A novel perspective on demen-tia. Neuroepidemiology, 19, 293–299.
  • Ruff, R. M., & Parker, S. B. (1993). Gender and age-specific changes in motor speed and eye-hand coordination in adults: Normative values for the finger tapping and grooved pegboard tests. Perceptual and Motor Skills 76, 1219-1230. Table 4. pp. 1226–1227.
  • Sandman, C. A., Barron, J. L., Nackoul, K., Goldstein, J., & Fidler, F. (1993). Memory deficits associated with chronic fatigue immune dysfunction syndrome. Social Biology and Psychiatry, 33, 618–623.
  • Satz, P., Forney, D. L., Zaucha, K., et al. (1998). Depression, cognition, and functional correlates of recovery outcome after traumatic brain injury. Brain Injury, 12, 537–553.
  • Sharpe, M. C., Archard, L. C., Banatvala, J. E., et al. (1991). A report - Chronic fatigue syndrome: Guidelines for research. Journal of Royal Society of Medicine, 84,118–121.
  • Silva, S. G., & Mann, R. S. (1999). Apathy in neuropsychiatric disorders. CNS Spec-trums, 4, 31–50.
  • Smith, A. (1991). Cognitive changes in myalgic encephalomyelitis. In: R. Jenkins, J. Mowbray (Eds.), (pp. 179–193) Post-viral fatigue syndrome. London: John Wiley & Sons Ltd.
  • Spreen, O., & Strauss, E. (1991). A compendium of neuropsychological tests; Admin-istration, norms, and commentary. (pp. 222,326) New York: Oxford University Press.
  • Starkstein, S. E., Fedoroff, J. R, Price, T. R., Leiguarda, R., & Robinson, R. G. (1993). Apathy following cerebrovascular lesions. Stroke, 24, 1625–1630.
  • Sweet, J. J., Newman, P., & Bell, B. (1992). Significance of depression in clinical neuropsychological assessment. Clinical Psychology Review, 12, 21–45.
  • Tiersky, L. A., Johnson, S. K., Lange, G., Natelson, B. H., & DeLuca, J. (1997). Neu-ropsychology of chronic fatigue syndrome: A critical review. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 19, 560–586.
  • Van Gorp, W. G., Satz, R, Hinkin, C., et al. (1991). Metacognition in HIV-1 seropos-itive asymptomatic individuals: Self ratings versus objective neuropsychological performance. Journal of Clinical and Experimental Neuropsychology, 13, 812–819.
  • Van Hoof, E., Cluydts, R., & De Meirlier, K. (2003). Atypical depression as a secondary symptom in chronic fatigue syndrome. Medical Hypotheses, 61, 52–55.
  • Wechsler, D. (1981). WAIS-R Wechsler Adult Intelligence Scale—Revised.(pp. 142–151). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. Tables 21–22.
  • Wechsler, D. (1987). Weschler Memory Scale—Revised. (pp. 138–139). San Antonio, TX: The Psychological Corporation. Table C–5.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.