SDS-coated atovaquone nanosuspensions show improved therapeutic efficacy against experimental acquired and reactivated toxoplasmosis by improving passage of gastrointestinal and blood–brain barriers

References

• Amelsberg A, Schteingart CD, Stein J, Simmonds WJ, Sawada GA, Ho NF, Hofmann AF. (1997). Intestinal absorption of sodium dodecyl sulfate in the rodent: evidence for paracellular absorption. Am J Physiol, 272, G498–G506.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anderberg EK, Artursson P. (1993). Epithelial transport of drugs in cell culture. VIII: Effects of sodium dodecyl sulfate on cell membrane and tight junction permeability in human intestinal epithelial (Caco-2) cells. J Pharm Sci, 82, 392–398.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo FG, Huskinson J, Remington JS. (1991). Remarkable in vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against tachyzoites and tissue cysts of Toxoplasma gondii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 35, 293–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Araujo FG, Huskinson-Mark J, Gutteridge WE, Remington JS. (1992). In vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone 566C80 against the cyst form of Toxoplasma gondii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 36, 326–330.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baggish AL, Hill DR. (2002). Antiparasitic agent atovaquone. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 46, 1163–1173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boulenc X, Breul T, Gautier J-C Saudemon, P, Joyeux H, Roques C, Berger T, Fabreet G. (1995). Sodium lauryl sulphate increases tiludronate paracellular transport using human epithelial caco-2 monolayers. Int J Pharm, 123, 71–83.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirgwin K, Hafner R, Leport C, Remington J, Andersen J, Bosler EM, Roque C, Rajicic N, McAuliffe V, Morlat P, Jayaweera DT, Vilde JL, Luft BJ. (2002). Randomized phase II trial of atovaquone with pyrimethamine or sulfadiazine for treatment of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with acquired immunodeficiency syndrome: ACTG 237/ANRS 039 Study. AIDS Clinical Trials Group 237/Agence Nationale de Recherche sur le SIDA, Essai 039. Clin Infect Dis, 34, 1243–1250.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Conley FK, Jenkins KA, Remington JS. (1981). Toxoplasma gondii infection of the central nervous system. Use of the peroxidase-antiperoxidase method to demonstrate toxoplasma in formalin fixed, paraffin embedded tissue sections. Hum Pathol, 12, 690–698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dunay IR, Heimesaat MM, Bushrab FN, Müller RH, Stocker H, Arasteh K, Kurowski M, Fitzner R, Borner K, Liesenfeld O. (2004). Atovaquone maintenance therapy prevents reactivation of toxoplasmic encephalitis in a murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 48, 4848–4854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferguson DJ, Huskinson-Mark J, Araujo FG, Remington JS. (1994). An ultrastructural study of the effect of treatment with atovaquone in brains of mice chronically infected with the ME49 strain of Toxoplasma gondii. Int J Exp Pathol, 75, 111–116.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fontana G, Licciardi M, Mansueto S, Schillaci D, Giammona G. (2001). Amoxicillin-loaded polyethylcyanoacrylate nanoparticles: influence of PEG coating on the particle size, drug release rate and phagocytic uptake. Biomaterials, 22, 2857–2865.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hughes WT. (1995). The role of atovaquone tablets in treating Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia. J Acquir Immune Defic Syndr Hum Retrovirol, 8, 247–252.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hughes W, Leoung G, Kramer F, Bozzette SA, Safrin S, Frame P, Clumeck N, Masur H, Lancaster D, Chan C. (1993). Comparison of atovaquone (566C80) with trimethoprim-sulfamethoxazole to treat Pneumocystis carinii pneumonia in patients with AIDS. N Engl J Med, 328, 1521–1527.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jong A, Huang SH. (2005). Blood-brain barrier drug discovery for central nervous system infections. Curr Drug Targets Infect Disord, 5, 65–72.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kalaria DR, Sharma G, Beniwal V, Ravi Kumar MN. (2009). Design of biodegradable nanoparticles for oral delivery of doxorubicin: in vivo pharmacokinetics and toxicity studies in rats. Pharm Res, 26, 492–501.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaplan JE, Benson C, Holmes KH, Brooks JT, Pau A, Masur H; Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC); National Institutes of Health; HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. (2009). Guidelines for prevention and treatment of opportunistic infections in HIV-infected adults and adolescents: recommendations from CDC, the National Institutes of Health, and the HIV Medicine Association of the Infectious Diseases Society of America. MMWR Recomm Rep, 58, 1–207; quiz CE1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Katlama C, Mouthon B, Gourdon D, Lapierre D, Rousseau F. (1996). Atovaquone as long-term suppressive therapy for toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS and multiple drug intolerance. Atovaquone Expanded Access Group. AIDS, 10, 1107–1112.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Keck CM. (2006). Cyclosporine Nanosuspensions: Optimised Size Characterisation & Oral Formulations. Berlin, Germany: Free University.
   Google Scholar
• Kovacs JA. (1992). Efficacy of atovaquone in treatment of toxoplasmosis in patients with AIDS. The NIAID-Clinical Center Intramural AIDS Program. Lancet, 340, 637–638.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kreuter J, Gelperina S. (2008). Use of nanoparticles for cerebral cancer. Tumori, 94, 271–277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuhn S, Gill MJ, Kain KC. (2005). Emergence of atovaquone-proguanil resistance during treatment of Plasmodium falciparum malaria acquired by a non-immune north American traveller to west Africa. Am J Trop Med Hyg, 72, 407–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mishra PR, Al Shaal L, Müller RH, Keck CM. (2009). Production and characterization of Hesperetin nanosuspensions for dermal delivery. Int J Pharm, 371, 182–189.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Montoya JG, Liesenfeld O. (2004). Toxoplasmosis. Lancet, 363, 1965–1976.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mosmann T. (1983). Rapid colorimetric assay for cellular growth and survival: application to proliferation and cytotoxicity assays. J Immunol Methods, 65, 55–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mueller RH. (1991). Colloidal Carriers for Controlled Drug Delivery and Targeting. Stuttgart: Wissenschaftliche Verlagsgesellschaft mbH.
   Google Scholar
• Nakamura T, Yamada M, Teshima M, Nakashima M, To H, Ichikawa N, Sasaki H. (2007). Electrophysiological characterization of tight junctional pathway of rabbit cornea treated with ophthalmic ingredients. Biol Pharm Bull, 30, 2360–2364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patravale VB, Date AA, Kulkarni RM. (2004). Nanosuspensions: a promising drug delivery strategy. J Pharm Pharmacol, 56, 827–840.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reischl U, Bretagne S, Krüger D, Ernault P, Costa JM. (2003). Comparison of two DNA targets for the diagnosis of Toxoplasmosis by real-time PCR using fluorescence resonance energy transfer hybridization probes. BMC Infect Dis, 3, 7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rolan PE, Mercer AJ, Weatherley BC, Holdich T, Meire H, Peck RW, Ridout G, Posner J. (1994). Examination of some factors responsible for a food-induced increase in absorption of atovaquone. Br J Clin Pharmacol, 37, 13–20.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Romand S, Pudney M, Derouin F. (1993). In vitro and in vivo activities of the hydroxynaphthoquinone atovaquone alone or combined with pyrimethamine, sulfadiazine, clarithromycin, or minocycline against Toxoplasma gondii. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 37, 2371–2378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roux FS, Mokni R, Hughes CC, Clouet PM, Lefauconnier JM, Bourre JM. (1989). Lipid synthesis by rat brain microvessel endothelial cells in tissue culture. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol, 48, 437–447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schöler N, Krause K, Kayser O, Müller RH, Borner K, Hahn H, Liesenfeld O. (2001). Atovaquone nanosuspensions show excellent therapeutic effect in a new murine model of reactivated toxoplasmosis. Antimicrob Agents Chemother, 45, 1771–1779.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shakweh M, Besnard M, Nicolas V, Fattal E. (2005). Poly (lactide-co-glycolide) particles of different physicochemical properties and their uptake by peyer’s patches in mice. Eur J Pharm Biopharm, 61, 1–13.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shubar HM, Dunay IR, Lachenmaier S, Dathe M, Bushrab FN, Mauludin R, Muller RH, Fitzner R, Borner K, Liesenfeld O. (2009). The role of apolipoprotein E in uptake of atovaquone into the brain in murine acute and reactivated toxoplasmosis. J Drug Target, 1–11.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Soukupová J, Kvítek L, Panáček A, Nevěčná T, Zbořil R. (2008). Comprehensive study on surfactant role on silver nanoparticles (NPs) prepared via modified Tollens process. Mater Chem Phys, 111, 77–81.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun L, Zhang C, Chen L, Liu J, Jin H, Xu H, Ding L. (2009). Preparation of alumina-coated magnetite nanoparticle for extraction of trimethoprim from environmental water samples based on mixed hemimicelles solid-phase extraction. Anal Chim Acta, 638, 162–168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teeranachaideekul V, Junyaprasert VB, Souto EB, Müller RH. (2008). Development of ascorbyl palmitate nanocrystals applying the nanosuspension technology. Int J Pharm, 354, 6.
   Google Scholar
• Torres RA, Weinberg W, Stansell J, Leoung G, Kovacs J, Rogers M, Scott J. (1997). Atovaquone for salvage treatment and suppression of toxoplasmic encephalitis in patients with AIDS. Atovaquone/Toxoplasmic Encephalitis Study Group. Clin Infect Dis, 24, 422–429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yan F, Zhang C, Zheng Y, Mei L, Tang L, Song C, Sun H, Huang L. (2010). The effect of poloxamer 188 on nanoparticle morphology, size, cancer cell uptake, and cytotoxicity. Nanomedicine, 6, 170–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, Fang XL. (2008). [Significant role of poloxamer in drug transport across blood-brain barrier]. Yao Xue Xue Bao, 43, 890–897.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar