Treatment of ricin A-chain-induced hepatotoxicity with liposome-encapsulated N-acetylcysteine

References

• Alipour M, Omri A, Smith MG, Suntres ZE. (2007). Prophylactic effect of liposomal N-acetylcysteine against LPS-induced liver injuries. J Endotoxin Res, 13, 297–304.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Allen TM. (1988). Toxicity of drug carriers to the mononuclear phagocyte system. Adv Drug Deliv Rev, 2, 55–67.
   Google Scholar
• Baenziger JU, Fiete D. (1979). Structural determinants of Ricinus communis agglutinin and toxin specificity for oligosaccharides. J Biol Chem, 254, 9795–9799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baffy G. (2009). Kupffer cells in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease: the emerging view. J Hepatol, 51, 212–223.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balint GA. (2000). Ultrastructural study of liver cell damage induced by ricin. Exp Toxicol Pathol, 52, 413–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baluna R, Vitetta ES. (1999). An in vivo model to study immunotoxin-induced vascular leak in human tissue. J Immunother, 22, 41–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Battelli MG, Buonamici L, Polito L, Bolognesi A, Stirpe F. (1996). Hepatoxicity of ricin, saporin or a saporin immunotoxin: xanthine oxidase activity in rat liver and blood serum. Virchows Arch, 427, 529–535.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Begriche K, Igoudjil A, Pessayre D, Fromenty B. (2006). Mitochondrial dysfunction in NASH: causes, consequences and possible means to prevent it. Mitochondrion, 6, 1–28.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bingen A, Creppy EE, Gut JP, Dirheimer G, Kirn A. (1987). The Kupffer cell is the first target in ricin-induced hepatitis. J Submicrosc Cytol, 19, 247–256.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Blakey DC, Skilleter DN, Price RJ, Thorpe PE. (1988). Uptake of native and deglycosylated ricin A-chain immunotoxins by mouse liver parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells in vitro and in vivo. Biochim Biophys Acta, 968, 172–178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourrie BJ, Casellas P, Blythman HE, Jansen FK. (1986). Study of the plasma clearance of antibody–ricin-A-chain immunotoxins. Evidence for specific recognition sites on the A chain that mediate rapid clearance of the immunotoxin. Eur J Biochem, 155, 1–10.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cutrn JC, Perrelli MG, Cavalieri B, Peralta C, Rosell Catafau J, Poli G. (2002). Microvascular dysfunction induced by reperfusion injury and protective effect of ischemic preconditioning. Free Radic Biol Med, 33, 1200–1208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doan LG. (2004). Ricin: mechanism of toxicity, clinical manifestations, and vaccine development. A review. J Toxicol Clin Toxicol, 42, 201–208.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiserich JP, Hristova M, Cross CE, Jones AD, Freeman BA, Halliwell B, van der Vliet A. (1998). Formation of nitric oxide-derived inflammatory oxidants by myeloperoxidase in neutrophils. Nature, 391, 393–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• El-Nikhely N, Helmy M, Saeed HM, Abou Shama LA, Abd El-Rahman Z. (2007). Ricin A Chain from Ricinus sanguineus: DNA sequence, structure and toxicity. Protein J, 26, 481–489.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fiani ML, Blum JS, Stahl PD. (1993). Endosomal proteolysis precedes ricin A-chain toxicity in macrophages. Arch Biochem Biophys, 307, 225–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fox ES, Leingang KA. (1998). Inhibition of LPS-mediated activation in rat Kupffer cells by N-acetylcysteine occurs subsequent to NF-kappaB translocation and requires protein synthesis. J Leukoc Biol, 63, 509–514.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glantzounis GK, Yang W, Koti RS, Mikhailidis DP, Seifalian AM, Davidson BR. (2006). The role of thiols in liver ischemia-reperfusion injury. Curr Pharm Des, 12, 2891–2901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hassoun EA, Wang X. (1999). Time- and concentration-dependent production of superoxide anion, nitric oxide, DNA damage and cellular death by ricin in the J774A.1 macrophage cells. J Biochem Mol Toxicol, 13, 179–185.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• He Q, Kim J, Sharma RP. (2005). Fumonisin B1 hepatotoxicity in mice is attenuated by depletion of Kupffer cells by gadolinium chloride. Toxicology, 207, 137–147.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ischiropoulos H. (1998). Biological tyrosine nitration: a pathophysiological function of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species. Arch Biochem Biophys, 356, 1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ishida T, Harashima H, Kiwada H. (2002). Liposome clearance. Biosci Rep, 22, 197–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jaeschke H, Hasegawa T. (2006). Role of neutrophils in acute inflammatory liver injury. Liver Int, 26, 912–919.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnston DE, Jasuja R. (1994). Purification of cultured primary rat hepatocytes using selection with ricin A subunit. Hepatology, 20, 436–444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korcheva V, Wong J, Corless C, Iordanov M, Magun B. (2005). Administration of ricin induces a severe inflammatory response via nonredundant stimulation of ERK, JNK, and P38 MAPK and provides a mouse model of hemolytic uremic syndrome. Am J Pathol, 166, 323–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Korcheva V, Wong J, Lindauer M, Jacoby DB, Iordanov MS, Magun B. (2007). Role of apoptotic signaling pathways in regulation of inflammatory responses to ricin in primary murine macrophages. Mol Immunol, 44, 2761–2771.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar O, Lakshmana Rao PV, Pradhan S, Jayaraj R, Bhaskar AS, Nashikkar AB, Vijayaraghavan R. (2007). Dose dependent effect of ricin on DNA damage and antioxidant enzymes in mice. Cell Mol Biol (Noisy-le-grand), 53, 92–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar O, Sugendran K, Vijayaraghavan R. (2003). Oxidative stress associated hepatic and renal toxicity induced by ricin in mice. Toxicon, 41, 333–338.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Licastro F, Morini MC, Bolognesi A, Stirpe F. (1993). Ricin induces the production of tumour necrosis factor-alpha and interleukin-1 beta by human peripheral-blood mononuclear cells. Biochem J, 294 (Pt 2), 517–520.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lord MJ, Jolliffe NA, Marsden CJ, Pateman CS, Smith DC, Spooner RA, Watson PD, Roberts LM. (2003). Ricin. Mechanisms of cytotoxicity. Toxicol Rev, 22, 53–64.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Magnússon S, Berg T. (1993). Endocytosis of ricin by rat liver cells in vivo and in vitro is mainly mediated by mannose receptors on sinusoidal endothelial cells. Biochem J, 291 (Pt 3), 749–755.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magnusson S, Kjeken R, Berg T. (1993). Characterization of two distinct pathways of endocytosis of ricin by rat liver endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res, 205, 118–125.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mandal AK, Das S, Basu MK, Chakrabarti RN, Das N. (2007). Hepatoprotective activity of liposomal flavonoid against arsenite-induced liver fibrosis. J Pharmacol Exp Ther, 320, 994–1001.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsopoulos P, Omri A, Alipour M, Vermeulen N, Smith MG, Suntres ZE. (2008). Effectiveness of liposomal-N-acetylcysteine against LPS-induced lung injuries in rodents. Int J Pharm, 363, 106–111.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitsopoulos P, Suntres ZE. (2010). Cytotoxicity and gene array analysis of alveolar epithelial A549 cells exposed to paraquat. Chem Biol Interact, 188, 427–436.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon DF, Hassoun EA, Stohs SJ. (1992). Ricin-induced hepatic lipid peroxidation, glutathione depletion, and DNA single-strand breaks in mice. Toxicon, 30, 977–984.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muldoon DF, Stohs SJ. (1994). Modulation of ricin toxicity in mice by biologically active substances. J Appl Toxicol, 14, 81–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neuschwander-Tetri BA, Bellezzo JM, Britton RS, Bacon BR, Fox ES. (1996). Thiol regulation of endotoxin-induced release of tumour necrosis factor alpha from isolated rat Kupffer cells. Biochem J, 320 (Pt 3), 1005–1010.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oku N, Namba Y. (1994). Long-circulating liposomes. Crit Rev Ther Drug Carrier Syst, 11, 231–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patsoukis N, Georgiou CD. (2004). Determination of the thiol redox state of organisms: new oxidative stress indicators. Anal Bioanal Chem, 378, 1783–1792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pattison DI, Davies MJ. (2006). Reactions of myeloperoxidase-derived oxidants with biological substrates: gaining chemical insight into human inflammatory diseases. Curr Med Chem, 13, 3271–3290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rainey GJ, Young JA. (2004). Antitoxins: novel strategies to target agents of bioterrorism. Nat Rev Microbiol, 2, 721–726.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramsden CS, Drayson MT, Bell EB. (1989). The toxicity, distribution and excretion of ricin holotoxin in rats. Toxicology, 55, 161–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ratnam DV, Ankola DD, Bhardwaj V, Sahana DK, Kumar MN. (2006). Role of antioxidants in prophylaxis and therapy: A pharmaceutical perspective. J Control Release, 113, 189–207.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts RA, Ganey PE, Ju C, Kamendulis LM, Rusyn I, Klaunig JE. (2007). Role of the Kupffer cell in mediating hepatic toxicity and carcinogenesis. Toxicol Sci, 96, 2–15.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roche JK, Stone MK, Gross LK, Lindner M, Seaner R, Pincus SH, Obrig TG. (2008). Post-exposure targeting of specific epitopes on ricin toxin abrogates toxin-induced hypoglycemia, hepatic injury, and lethality in a mouse model. Lab Invest, 88, 1178–1191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandvig K, Torgersen ML, Engedal N, Skotland T, Iversen TG. (2010). Protein toxins from plants and bacteria: probes for intracellular transport and tools in medicine. FEBS Lett, 584, 2626–2634.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schep LJ, Temple WA, Butt GA, Beasley MD. (2009). Ricin as a weapon of mass terror–separating fact from fiction. Environ Int, 35, 1267–1271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Scherphof GL, Kamps JA. (2001). The role of hepatocytes in the clearance of liposomes from the blood circulation. Prog Lipid Res, 40, 149–166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schümann J, Wolf D, Pahl A, Brune K, Papadopoulos T, van Rooijen N, Tiegs G. (2000). Importance of Kupffer cells for T-cell-dependent liver injury in mice. Am J Pathol, 157, 1671–1683.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sha O, Yew DT, Ng TB, Yuan L, Kwong WH. (2010). Different in vitro toxicities of structurally similar type I ribosome-inactivating proteins (RIPs). Toxicol In Vitro, 24, 1176–1182.
   Google Scholar
• Simmons BM, Stahl PD, Russell JH. (1987). In vivo depletion of mannose receptor bearing cells from rat liver by ricin A chain: effects on clearance of beta-glucuronidase. Biochem Biophys Res Commun, 146, 849–854.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skilleter DN, Foxwell BM. (1986). Selective uptake of ricin A-chain by hepatic non-parenchymal cells in vitro. Importance of mannose oligosaccharides in the toxin. FEBS Lett, 196, 344–348.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Skilleter DN, Paine AJ, Stirpe F. (1981). A comparison of the accumulation of ricin by hepatic parenchymal and non-parenchymal cells and its inhibition of protein synthesis. Biochim Biophys Acta, 677, 495–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stirpe F. (2004). Ribosome-inactivating proteins. Toxicon, 44, 371–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stone WL, Smith M. (2004). Therapeutic uses of antioxidant liposomes. Mol Biotechnol, 27, 217–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE. (2002). Role of antioxidants in paraquat toxicity. Toxicology, 180, 65–77.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Hepworth SR, Shek PN. (1992). Protective effect of liposome-associated alpha-tocopherol against paraquat-induced acute lung toxicity. Biochem Pharmacol, 44, 1811–1818.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Shek PN. (1996). Treatment of LPS-induced tissue injury: role of liposomal antioxidants. Shock, 6 Suppl 1, S57–S64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Shek PN. (1998). Prophylaxis against lipopolysaccharide-induced acute lung injury by alpha-tocopherol liposomes. Crit Care Med, 26, 723–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Shek PN. (2000). Prophylaxis against lipopolysaccharide-induced lung injuries by liposome-entrapped dexamethasone in rats. Biochem Pharmacol, 59, 1155–1161.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Suntres ZE, Stone WL, Smith MG. (2005). Ricin-Induced Tissue Toxicity: The Role of Oxidative Stress. J Med CBR Def 3.
   Google Scholar
• Thorpe PE, Detre SI, Foxwell BM, Brown AN, Skilleter DN, Wilson G, Forrester JA, Stirpe F. (1985). Modification of the carbohydrate in ricin with metaperiodate-cyanoborohydride mixtures. Effects on toxicity and in vivo distribution. Eur J Biochem, 147, 197–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Traeger T, Mikulcak M, Eipel C, Abshagen K, Diedrich S, Heidecke CD, Maier S, Vollmar B. (2010). Kupffer cell depletion reduces hepatic inflammation and apoptosis but decreases survival in abdominal sepsis. Eur J Gastroenterol Hepatol, 22, 1039–1049.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Uchida K. (2007). Future of toxicology–lipid peroxidation in the future: from biomarker to etiology. Chem Res Toxicol, 20, 3–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasserman V, Kizelsztein P, Garbuzenko O, Kohen R, Ovadia H, Tabakman R, Barenholz Y. (2007). The antioxidant tempamine: in vitro antitumor and neuroprotective effects and optimization of liposomal encapsulation and release. Langmuir, 23, 1937–1947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westwood FR, Jones DV, Aldridge A. (1996). The synovial membrane, liver, and tongue: target organs for a ricin A-chain immunotoxin (ZD0490). Toxicol Pathol, 24, 477–483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Liu L, Yen RD, Catana A, Nantz MH, Zern MA. (2004). Liposome-mediated extracellular superoxide dismutase gene delivery protects against acute liver injury in mice. Hepatology, 40, 195–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu J, Nantz MH, Zern MA. (2002). Targeting hepatocytes for drug and gene delivery: emerging novel approaches and applications. Front Biosci, 7, d717–d725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zenilman ME, Fiani M, Stahl P, Brunt E, Flye MW. (1988). Use of ricin A-chain to selectively deplete Kupffer cells. J Surg Res, 45, 82–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar