The Effect of Hypoxia on Endothelial Cell Function

References

• Adams D., Barakeh J., Laskey R., van Breeman C. Ion channels and regulation of intracellular calcium in vascular endothelial cells. In FASEB J 1989; 3: 2389–2400
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arlas J., Alberts A., Brindle P., Claret F., Smeal T., Karin M., Feramisco J., Montminy M. Activation of cAMP and mitogen responsive genes relies on a common nuclear factor. In Nature 1994; 370: 226–229
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arnould T., Michiels C., Alexandre I., Remade J. Effect of hypoxia upon intracellular calcium concentration of human endothelial cells. In J. Cell Physiol 1992; 152: 215–221
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Assender J., Southgate K., Hallett M., Newby A. Inhibition of proliferation, but not of Ca2+ mobilization, by cAMP and GMP in rabbit aortic smooth muscle cells. In Biochem. J 1992; 288: 527–532
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Badesch D., Orton E., Zapp L., Westcott J., Hester J., Voelkel N., Stenmark K. Decreased arterial wall prostaglandin production in neonatal calves with severe chronic pulmonary hypertension. In Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1989; 1: 489–498
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Benitz W., Kelley R., Anderson C., Lorant D., Bernfield M. Endothelial heparan sulfate proteoglycan. I. Inhibitory-effects on smooth muscle cell proliferation. In Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1990; 2: 13–24
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bennie R., Packer C., Powell D., Jin N., Rhoades R. Biphasic contractile response of pulmonary artery to hypoxia. In Am. J. Physiol 1991; 261: L156–L163
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat G., Block E. Hypoxia directly increases serotonin transport by porcine pulmonary artery endothelial cell plasma membrane vesicles. In Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1990; 3: 363–367
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bhat G., Block E. Serotonin transport in reconstituted endothelial cell plasma membrane proteoliposomes: effect of hypoxia. In Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1992; 6: 633–638
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bland R., Demling R., Selinger S., Staub N. Effects of alveolar hypoxia on lung fluid and protein transport in unanesthetized sheep. In Circ. Res 1977; 40: 269–274
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block E. Interaction between oxygen and cell membranes: modification of membrane lipids to enhance pulmonary artery endothelial cell tolerance to hypoxia. In Exp. Lung. Res 1988; 14: 937–958
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossu J., Elhamdani A., Feltz A. Voltage-dependent calcium entry in confluent bovine capillary endothelial cells. In Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc. Lett 1992a; 299: 239–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossu J., Elhamdani A., Feltz A., Tanzi F., Aunis D., Thierse D. Voltage-gated Ca2+ entry in isolated bovine capillary endothelial cells: evidence of new type of BAY K 8644-sensitive channel. In Pfluegers Arch 1992b; 420: 200–207
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bossu J., Feltz A., Rodeau J., Tanzi F. Voltage-dependent transient calcium currents in freshly dissociated capillary endothelial cells. Fed. Eur. Biochem. Soc. Lett 1989; 255: 377–380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buchan K., Martin W. Modulation of barrier function of bovine aortic and pulmonary artery endothelial cells: dissociation from cytosolic calcium content. In Br. J. Pharmacol 1992; 107: 932–938
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse R., Forstermann U., Matsuda H., Pohl U. The role of prostaglandins in the endothelium-mediated vasodilatory response to hypoxia. In Pflugers Arch 1984; 401: 77–83
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse R., Pohl U., Kellner C., Klemm U. Endothelial cells are involved in the vasodilatory response to hypoxia. In Pflugers Arch 1983; 397: 78–80
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Busse R., Trogisch G., Bassenge E. The role of endothelium in the control of vascular tone. In Basic Res. Cardiol 1985; 80: 475–490
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Da Re S., Bertagnoli S., Fourment J., Reyrat J.-M., Kahn D. Intramolecular signal transduction within the FixJ transcriptional activator: in vitro evidence for the inhibitory effect of the phosphorylatable regulatory domain. In Nucleic Acids Research 1994; 22: 1555–1561
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Daut J., Mailer-Rudolph W., von Beckerath N., Mehrke G., Gunther K., Goedel-Meinen I. Hypoxic dilation of coronary arteries is mediated by ATP-sensitive potassium channels. In Science 1990; 247: 1341–1344
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dempsey E., Stevens T., Durmowicz A., Stenmark K. Hypoxia-induced changes in the contraction, growth, and matrix synthetic properties of vascular cells. 1995
   Google Scholar
• Dobrina A., Rossi F. Metabolic properties of freshly isolated bovine endothelial cells. In Biochimica et Biophysica Acta 1983; 762: 295–301
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doukas J., Cutler A., Boswell C., Joris I., Majno G. Reversible endothelial cell relaxation induced by oxygen and glucose deprivation: A model of ischemia in vitro. Am. J. Pathol 1994; 145: 211–219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ercan Z. Role of endothelium in the secondary relaxation following contraction by various agonists in isolated rabbit superior mesenteric artery rings. In Arch. Int. Pharmacodyn 1989; 300: 107–113
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Fandrey J., Frede S., Jelkmann W. Oxygen sensing by H2O2-generating heme proteins. In Annals New York Acad. Sci 1994; 341–343
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fandrey J., Seydel F., Siegers C.-P., Jelkmann W. Role of cytochrome P450 in the control of the production of erythropoietin. In Life Sci 1990; 47: 127–134
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Farber H., Center D., Rounds S. Effect of ambient oxygen on cultured endothelial cells from different vascular beds. In Am. J. Physiol 1987; 253: H878–H883
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman A. Hypoxia on the pulmonary circulation. How and where it acts. In Circ. Res 1976; 38: 221–231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Furchgott R., Zawadzki J. The obligatory role of endothelial cells in relaxation of arterial smooth muscle by acetylcholine. In Nature 1980; 288: 373–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia J., Siflinger-Bimhoim A., Bizios R., Del Vecchio P., Fenton J., Malik A. Thrombin-induced increases in albumin clearance across cultured endothelial monolayers. In J. Cell Physiol 1986; 128: 96–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goldberg M., Dunning S., Bunn H. Regulation of the erythropoietin gene: Evidence that the oxygen sensor is a heme protein. In Science 1988; 242: 1412–1415
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez G., Montminy M. Cyclic AMP stimulates somatostatin gene transcription by phosphorylation of CREB at serine 133. In Cell 1989; 59: 675–680
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graven K., Kornfeld H., Farber H. Identification of the 36KD endothelial cell hypoxia associated protein as glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase. In Am. Rev. Resp. Dis 1993; 147: A270
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Green R., Leffler C. Hypoxia stimulates prostacyclin synthesis by neonatal lungs. In Pediat. Res 1984; 18: 832–835
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith T., Edwards D., Newby A., Lewis M., Henderson A. Production of endothelium-derived relaxant factor is dependent on oxidative phosphorylation and extracellular calcium. In Cardiovasc Res 1986; 20: 7–12
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hamasaki Y., Tai H., Said S. Hypoxia stimulates prostacyclin generation by dog lung in vitro. Prostaglandins Leukotrienes Med 1982; 8: 311–316
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hansen T., Hazinski T., Bland R. Effects of asphyxia on lung fluid balance in baby lambs. In J. Clin. Invest 1984; 74: 370–376
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harrod K., Howard G., Olson J., Gillespie M. Hypoxia inducible factor (HIF)-l in bovine main pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) cultured in low environmental oxygen. In FASEB J 1994; 8: A120
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hauge A. Hypoxia and pulmonary vascular resistance. The relative effects of pulmonary arterial and alveolar PO2. In Acta Physiol Scand 1969; 76: 121–130
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hescheler J., Delpiano M., Acker H., Pietrichka F. Ionic currents on type I cells of the rabbit carotid body measured by voltage-clamp experiments and the effect of hypoxia. In Brain Res 1989; 486: 79–88
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hieda H., Gomez-Sanchez C. Hypoxia increases endothelin release in bovine endothelial cells in culture, but epinephrine, norepinephrine, serotonin, histamine and angiotensin II do not. In Life Sciences 1990; 247: 247–251
   Google Scholar
• Holden W., McCall E. Hypoxia-induced contractions of porcine pulmonary artery strips depend on intact endothelium. In Exp. Lung. Res 1984; 7: 101–112
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hopwood A., Lincoln J., Kirkpatrick K., Burnstock G. Adenosine 5′-triphosphate, adenosine and endothelium-derived relaxing factor in hypoxic vasodilatation of the heart. In Eur. J. Pharmacol 1989; 165: 323–326
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horwitz A., Duggan K., Buck C., Beckerle M., Burridge K. Interaction of plasma membrane fibronectin receptor with talin-a transmembrane linkage. In Nature 1986; 320: 531–533
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoshino Y., Morrison K., Vanhoutte P. Mechanisms of hypoxic vasoconstriction in the canine isolated pulmonary artery: role of endothelium and sodium pump. In Am. J. Physiol 1994; 267: L120–Ll27
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hultgren J. High altitude pulmonary edema. Lung water and solute exchange, N. Staub. Marcel Dekker, Inc., New York 1978; 437–469
   Google Scholar
• Humphries D., Lee S.-L., Fanburg B., Silbert J. Effects of hypoxia and hyperoxia on proteoglycan production by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In J. Cell Physiol 1986; 126: 249–253
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hynes R. Integrins: a family of cell surface receptors. In Cell 1987; 48: 549–554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Isaacson T., Hampl V., Weir E., Nelson D., Archer S. Increased endothelium-derived NO in hypertensive pulmonary circulation of chronically hypoxic rats. In J. Appl. Physiol 1994; 76: 933–940
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johns R., Linden J., Peach M. Endothelium-dependent relaxation and cyclic GMP accumulation in rabbit pulmonary artery are selectively impaired by moderate hypoxia. In Circ. Res 1989; 65: 1508–1515
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph P., Thompson B., Hales C. Effect of hypoxia on the secretion of platelet derived growth factor by bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In Am. Rev. Resp. Dis 1990; 141: A346
   Google Scholar
• Katayose D., Ohe M., Yamauchi K., Ogata M., Shirato K., Fujita H., Shibahara S., Takishima T. Increased expression of PDGF A- and B-chain genes in rat lungs with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension. In Am. J. Physiol 1993; 264: L100–L106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kinasewitz G., Groome L., Marshall R., Leslie W., Diana J. Effect of hypoxia on permeability of pulmonary endothelium of canine visceral pleura. In J. Appl. Physiol 1986; 61: 554–560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kourembanas S., McQuillan L., Leung G., Faller D. Nitric oxide regulates the expression of vasoconstrictors and growth factors by vascular endothelium under both normoxia and hypoxia. In J. Clin. Invest 1993; 92: 99–104
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lacombe C., Da Silva J.-L., Bruneval P., Fournier J.-G., Wending F., Casadevall N., Camilleri J.-P., Bariety J., Varet B., Tambourin P. Peritubular cells are the site of erythropoietin synthesis in the murine hypoxic kidney. In J. Clin. Invest 1988; 81: 620–623
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Landolt C., Matthay M., Albertine K., Roos P., Wiener-Kronish J., Staub N. Overperfusion, hypoxia, and increased pressure cause only hydrostatic pulmonary edema in anesthetized sheep. In Circ. Res 1983; 52: 335–341
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leach R., Robertson T., Twort C., Ward J. Hypoxic vasoconstriction in rat pulmonary and mesenteric arteries. In Am. J. Physiol 1994; 266: L223–L231
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee C., Yun Y., Hoeffler J., Habener J. Cyclic-AMP-responsive transcriptional activation of CREB-327 involves interdependent phsophorylated subdomains. In EMBO J 1990; 9: 4455–4465
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee S.-L., Fanburg B. Glycolytic activity and enhancement of serotonin uptake by endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia/anoxia. In Circ. Res 1987; 60: 653–658
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li H., Elton T., Chen Y., Oparil S. Increased endothelin receptor gene expression in hypoxic rat lung. Am. J. Physiol 1994; 266: L553–LL560
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lockhart A., Saiag B. Altitude and the human pulmonary circulation. In Clin Sci 1981; 60: 599–605
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Barneo J., Lopez-Lopez J., Urena J., Gonzalez C. Chemotransduction in the carotid body: K+ current modulated by PO2 in type I chemoreceptor cells. In Science 1988; 241: 580–582
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lopez-Lopez J., Gonzalez C., Urena J., Lopez-Barneo J. Low PO2 selectively inhibits K+ channel activity in chemoreceptor cells of the mammalian carotid body. In J. Gen. Physiol 1989; 93: 1001–1015
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lynch D., Ansell P., Levene R. Effect of anoxia on gene expression in human endothelial cells. In J. Cell Biol 1988; 107: 581a
   Google Scholar
• Madden M., Vender R., Friedman M. Effect of hypoxia on prostacyclin production in cultured pulmonary artery endothelium. In Prostaglandins 1986; 31: 1049–1062
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Majack R., Goodman L., Dixit V. Cell surface thrombospondin in functionally essential for vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation. In J. Cell Biol 1988; 106: 415–422
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marshall C., Cooper D., Marshall B. Reduced availability of energy initiates pulmonary vasoconstriction. In Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med 1988; 187: 282–286
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Martin D., Grimbert F., Baconnier P., Benchetrit G. Effect of acute hypoxia on lung transvascular filtration in anesthetized dogs. In Eur. Bull. Respir 1983; 19: 7–1
   Google Scholar
• Maxwell P., Pugh C., Ratcliffe P. Inducible operation of the erythropoietin 3′ enhancer in multiple cell lines: Evidence of a widespread oxygen-sensing mechanism. In Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993; 90: 2423–2427
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McDonald R., Graven K., Farber H. Regulation of endothelial cell hypoxia associated proteins: the potential role of a heme binding protein. In Am. J. Respir. Crit. Care Med 1994; 194: A297
   Google Scholar
• Mehrke G., Pohl U., Daut J. Effects of vasoactive agonists on the membrane potential of cultured bovine aortic and guinea-pig coronary endothelium. In J. Physiol 1991; 439: 277–299
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mertens S., Noll T., Spahr R., Krutzfeldt A., Piper H. Energetic response of coronary endothelial cells to hypoxia. In Am. J. Physiol 1990; 258: H689–H694
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Messina E., Sun D., Koller A., Wolin M., Kaley G. Role of endothelium-derived prostaglandins in hypoxia-elicited arteriolar dilation in rat skeletal muscle. In Circ. Res 1992; 71: 790–796
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels C., Arnould T., Knott I., Dieu M., Remade J. Stimulation of prostaglandin synthesis by human endothelial cells exposed to hypoxia. In Am. J. Physiol 1993; 264: C866–C874
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michiels C., De Leener F., Arnould T., Dieu M., Remacle J. Hypoxia stimulates human endothelial cells to release smooth muscle cell mitogens: Role of prostaglandins and bFGF. In Exp. Cell Res 1994; 213: 43–54
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monson E., Veinstein M., Ditta G., Helinski D. The fixL protein of Rhizobium metiloti can be separated into a heme-binding oxygen-sensing domain and a functional C-terminal kinase domain. In Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1992; 89: 4280–4284
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nakaki T., Nakayama M., Kato R. Inhibition by nitric oxide and nitric oxide producing vasodilators of DNA synthesis in vascular smooth muscle cells. In Eur. J. Pharmacol 1990; 189: 347–353
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogawa S., Koga S., Kuwabara K., Brett J., Morrow B., Moms S., Bilezikian J., Silverstein S., Stem D. Hypoxia-induced increased permeability of endothelial mono-layers occurs through lowering of cellular CAMP levels. In Am J. Physiol 1992; 262: C546–C554
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oka M., Hasunuma K., Rodman D., McMurtry I. Inhibition of endothelium-derived relaxing factor causes vasoconstriction in hypertensive rat lungs. In Am. Rev. Resp. Dis 1992; 145: A208
   Google Scholar
• Oka M., Hasunuma K., Webb S., Stelzner T., Rodman D., McMurtry I. EDRF suppresses an unidentified vasoconstrictor mechanism in hypertensive rat lungs. In Am. J. Physiol 1993; 264: L587–L597
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Orton E., Reeves J., Stenmark K. Pulmonary vasodilation with structurally altered pulmonary vessels and pulmonary hypertension. In J. Appl. Physiol 1988; 65: 2459–2467
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park K., Rubin L., Gross S., Levi R. Nitric oxide is a mediator of hypoxic coronary vasodilation. Relation to adenosine and cyclooxygenase-derived metabolites. In Circ. Res 1992; 71: 992–1001
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parker F., Grangerm D., Taylor A. Estimates of isogravimetric capillary pressures during alveolar hypoxia. In Am. J. Physiol 1981; 241: H732–H739
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peake M., Harabin A., Brennan N., Sylvester J. Steady-state vascular responses to graded hypoxia in isolated lungs of five species. In J. Appl. Physiol 1981; 51: 1214–1219
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearce W., Ashwal S., Cuevas J. Direct effects of graded hypoxia on intact and denuded rabbit cranial arteries. In Am. J. Physiol 1989; 257: H824–H833
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pearson P., Lin P., Evora P., Schaff H. Endothelium-dependent response of human internal mammary artery to hypoxia. In Am. J. Physiol 1993; 264: H376–H380
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perkett E., Badesch D., Roessler M., Stenmark K., Meyrich B. Insulin-like growth factor-I and pulmonary hypertension induced by continuous air enbolization in sheep. In Am. Rev. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1992; 6: 82–87
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl U., Busse R. Hypoxia stimulates release of endothelium-derived relaxant factor. In Am. J. Physiol 1989; 256: H1595–H1600
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pohl U., Busse R., Bassenge E. Endothelial cells as oxygen sensors. Vasodilatation: Vascular Smooth Muscle. Peptides, Autonomic Nerves, and Endothelium, P. Vanhoutte. Raven Press, Ltd., New York 1988; 483
   Google Scholar
• Post J., Hume I., Archer S., Weir E. Direct role for potassium channel inhibition in hypoxic pulmonary, vasoconstriction. In Am. J. Physiol 1992; 262: C882–C890
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rabinovitch M., Konstam M., Gamble W., Papanicolaou N., Aronovitz M., Treves S., Reid L. Changes in pulmonary blood flow affect vascular response to chronic hypoxia in rats. In Circ. Res 1983; 52: 432–441
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rakugi H., Tabuchi Y., Nakamaru M., Nagano M., Higashimori K., Mikami H., Ogihara T., Suzuki N. Evidence for endothelin-1 release from resistance vessels of rats in response to hypoxia. In Biochem. Biophys. Res. Comm 1990; 169: 973–977
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Revest P., Abbott J. Membrane ion channels in endothelial cells. In Trends Pharmacol. Sci 1992; 13: 404–407
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodman D. Chronic hypoxia selectively augments rat pulmonary artery Ca 2+ and K+ channel-mediated relaxation. In Am. J. Physiol 1992; 263: L88–L94
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodman D., Hasunuma K., Peach J., McMurtry I. Inhibitor of ATP-sensitive K+ channel alters neither hypoxic contraction nor relaxation of rat aorta. In Blood Vessels 1990a; 27: 365–368
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rodman D., Mallet J., McMurtry I. Difference in effect of inhibitors of energy metabolism on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat pulmonary artery and aorta. In Am. J. Respir. Cell Mol. Biol 1991; 4: 237–242
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodman D., Yamaguchi T., Hasunuma K., O'Brien R., McMurtry I. Effects of hypoxia on endothelium-dependent relaxation of rat pulmonary artery. In Am. J. Physiol 1990b; 258: L207–L214
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodman D., Yamaguchi T., O'Brien R., McMurtry I. Hypoxic contraction of isolated rat pulmonary artery. In J. Pharmacol Exp. Ther 1988; 248: 952–957
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rounds S., McMurtry I. Inhibitors of oxidative ATP production cause transient vasoconstriction and block subsequent presser responses in rat lungs. In Circ. Res 1981; 48: 393–399
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rubanyi G., Vanhoutte P. Hypoxia releases a vasoconstrictor substance from the canine vascular endothelium. In J. Physiol 1985; 364: 45–56
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schnittler H., Wilke A., Gress T., Suttorp N., Drenckhan D. Role of actin and myosin in the control of paracellular permeability in pig, rat and human vascular endothelium. In J. Physiol 1990; 431: 379–401
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Segal S., Duling B. Conduction of vasomotor responses in arterioles: a role for cell-to-cell coupling?. Am. J. Physiol 1989; 256: H838–H845
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shasby D., Shasby S., Sullivan J., Peach M. Role of the citoskeleton in endothelial permeability. In Circ. Res 1981; 51: 657–661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaul P., North A., Brannon T., Ujiie K., Wells L., Nisen P., Lowenstein C., Snyder S., Star R. Hypoxia enhances endothelial and neuronal nitric oxide synthase gene expression in rat lung. In Ped. Res 1993; 26A
   Google Scholar
• Shweiki D., Itin A., Soffer D., Keshet E. Vascular endothelial growth factor induced by hypoxia may mediate hypoxia-initiated angiogenesis. In Nature 1992; 359: 843–848
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stasek J., Patterson C., Garcia J. Protein kinase C phosphorylates caldesmon77 and vimentin and enhances albumin permeability across cultured bovine pulmonary artery endothelial cells. In J. Cell Physiol 1992; 153: 62–75
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelzner T., O'Brien R., Sato K., Weil J. Hypoxia-induced increases in pulmonary transvascular protein escape. Modulation by glucocorticoids. In J. Clin. Invest 1988; 82: 1840–1847
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelzner T., O'Brien R., Yanagisawa M., Sakurai T., Sato K., Webb S., Zamora M., McMurtry I., Fisher J. Increased lung endothelin-1 production in rats with idiopathic pulmonary hypertension. In Am. J. Physiol 1992; 262: L614–L620
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stelzner T., Weil J., O'Brien R. Role of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in the induction of endothelial barrier properties. In J. Cell Physiol 1989; 139: 157–166
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stenmark K., Fasules J., Voelkel N., Henson J., Tucker A., Wilson H., Reeves J. Severe pulmonary hypertension and arterial adventitial changes in newborn calves at 4300 m. J. Appl. Physiol 1987; 62: 821–830
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens T., Cornfield D., McMurtry I., Rodman D. Acute reductions in PO2 depolarize pulmonary artery endothelial cells and decrease ‘Ca2+’i. In Am. J. Physiol 1994a; 266: H1416–H1421
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stevens T., Nakahashi Y., Cornfield D., McMurtry I., Cooper D., Rodman D. Ca2+ -inhibitable adenylyl cyclase modulates pulmonary artery endothelial cell barrier function. In Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1994b, In Press
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sylvester J., McGowan C. The effects of agents that bind to cytochrome P-450 on hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. In Circ. Res 1978; 43: 429–437
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Voelkel N., Gerber J., McMurtry I., Nies A., Reeves J. Release of vasodilator prostaglandin, PGI2, from isolated rat lung during vasoconstriction. In Circ. Res 1981; 48: 207–213
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Von Euler U., Lilestrand G. Observations on the pulmonary arterial blood pressure in the cat. In Acta Phys. Scandinav 1946; 12: 301–320
   Google Scholar
• Wang G., Semenza G. Characterization of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 and regulation of DNA binding activity by hypoxia. In Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993a; 268: 21513–21518
   Google Scholar
• Wang G., Semenza G. General involvement of hypoxia-inducible factor 1 in transcriptional response to hypoxia. In Proc. Natl. Acad. Sci. USA 1993b; 90: 4304–4308
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Warren J., Maltby N., MacCormack D., Barnes P. Pulmonary endothelium-derived relaxing factor is impaired in hypoxia. In Clin. Sci 1989; 77: 671–676
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whittaker N., Bunting S., Salmon J., Moncada S., Vane J., Johnson R., Morton D., Kinner J., Gorman R., McGuire J., Sun F. The chemical structure of prostaglandin X (prostacyclin). In Prostaglandins 1976; 12: 915–928
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wysolmerski R., Lagunoff D. Involvement of myosin light-chain kinase in endothelial cell retraction. In Proc. Nad. Acad. Sci. USA 1990; 87: 16–20
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yoshimoto S., Ishizaki Y., Sasaki T., Murota S.-I. Effect of carbon dioxide and oxygen on endothelin production by cultured porcine cerebral endothelial cells. In Stroke 1991; 22: 378–383
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan X.-J., Goldman W., Tod M., Rubin L., Blaustein M. Hypoxia reduces potassium currents in cultured rat pulmonary but not mesenteric arteries. In Am. J. Physiol 1993; 264: L116–L123
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yuan X.-J., Tod M., Rubin L., Blaustein M. Contrasting effects of hypoxia on tension in rat puhnonary and mesenteric arteries. In Am. J. Physiol 1990; 259: H281–H289
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zamora M., Dempsey E., Walchak S., Stelzner T. BQ 123, an ETA receptor antagonist, inhibits endothelin-l-mediated proliferation of human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. In Am. J. Resp. Cell Mol. Biol 1993; 9: 429–433
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar