Serum nitrate and NOx levels in preeclampsia are higher than in normal pregnancy

References

• Steegers EA, von Dadelszen P, Duvekot JJ, Pijnenborg R. Pre-eclampsia. Lancet. 2010;376(9741):631–644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Latest advances in understanding preeclampsia. Science. 2005;308(5728):1592–1594.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brosens IA, Robertson WB, Dixon HG. The role of the spiral arteries in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. Obstet Gynecol Annu. 1972;1:177–191.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Wang Y, Lewis DF, Alexander JS, Granger DN. Endothelial barrier function in preeclampsia. Front Biosci. 2007;12:2412–2424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lykke JA, Langhoff-Roos J, Sibai BM, Funai EF, Triche EW, Paidas MJ. Hypertensive pregnancy disorders and subsequent cardiovascular morbidity and type 2 diabetes mellitus in the mother. Hypertension. 2009;53(6):944–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moncada S, Higgs A. The L-arginine-nitric oxide pathway. N Engl J Med. 1993;329(27):2002–2012.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Murad F. Cellular signaling with nitric oxide and cyclic GMP. Braz J Med Biol Res. 1999;32(11):1317–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yallampalli C, Garfield RE. Inhibition of nitric oxide synthesis in rats during pregnancy produces signs similar to those of preeclampsia. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 1993;169(5):1316–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vatish M, Randeva HS, Grammatopoulos DK. Hormonal regulation of placental nitric oxide and pathogenesis of pre-eclampsia. Trends Mol Med. 2006;12(5):223–233.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao D, Che J, Li K, et al. Association of homocysteine, asymmetric dimethylarginine, and nitric oxide with preeclampsia. Arch Gynecol Obstet. 2010;282(4):371–375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Var A, Yildirim Y, Onur E, et al. Endothelial dysfunction in preeclampsia. Increased homocysteine and decreased nitric oxide levels. Gynecol Obstet Invest. 2003;56(4):221–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khalil AA, Tsikas D, Akolekar R, Jordan J, Nicolaides KH. Asymmetric dimethylarginine, arginine and homoarginine at 11–13 weeks’ gestation and preeclampsia: a case-control study. J Hum Hypertens. 2011.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaamash AH, Elsnosy ED, Makhlouf AM, Zakhari MM, Ibrahim OA, HM EL-d. Maternal and fetal serum nitric oxide (NO) concentrations in normal pregnancy, pre-eclampsia and eclampsia. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2000;68(3):207–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Teran E, Chedraui P, Vivero S, Villena F, Duchicela F, Nacevilla L. Plasma and placental nitric oxide levels in women with and without pre-eclampsia living at different altitudes. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2009;104(2):140–142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rowe J, Campbell S, Gallery ED. Nitric oxide production by decidual endothelial cells is not reduced in preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregn. 2003;22(1):63–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernardi F, Constantino L, Machado R, Petronilho F, Dal-Pizzol F. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1, arginase and superoxide dismutase in pre-eclamptic women. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2008;34(6):957–963.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matsubara K, Matsubara Y, Hyodo S, Katayama T, Ito M. Role of nitric oxide and reactive oxygen species in the pathogenesis of preeclampsia. J Obstet Gynaecol Res. 2010;36(2):239–247.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Report of the national high blood pressure education program working group on high blood pressure in pregnancy. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2000;183(1):S1–S22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsikas D. Methods of quantitative analysis of the nitric oxide metabolites nitrite and nitrate in human biological fluids. Free Radic Res. 2005;39(8):797–815.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dusse LM, Lwaleed BA, Silva RM, Cooper AJ, Carvalho MG. Nitric oxide in pre-eclampsia: be careful with the results! Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2008;138(2):242–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• D’Aniello G, Tolino A, Fisher G. Plasma L-arginine is markedly reduced in pregnant women affected by preeclampsia. J Chromatogr B Biomed Sci Appl. 2001;753(2):427–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galao AO, Pinheiro da Costa BE, d’Avila DO, Poli de Figueiredo CE. L-arginine erythrocyte transport increases during pregnancy and immediately postpartum. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;191(2):572–575.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• da Costa BP, Steibel JP, Antonello IC, Guimaraes JA, Poli de Figueiredo CE. L-arginine erythrocyte transport in normal pregnant and preeclamptic women. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(2):468–471.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pettersson A, Hedner T, Milsom I. Increased circulating concentrations of asymmetric dimethyl arginine (ADMA), an endogenous inhibitor of nitric oxide synthesis, in preeclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1998;77(8):808–813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Podjarny E, Ben-Chetrit S, Rathaus M, et al. Pregnancy-induced hypertension in rats with adriamycin nephropathy is associated with an inadequate production of nitric oxide. Hypertension. 1997;29(4):986–991.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griffith OW, Kilbourn RG. Nitric oxide synthase inhibitors: amino acids. Methods Enzymol. 1996;268:375–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandrim VC, Palei AC, Metzger IF, Gomes VA, Cavalli RC, Tanus-Santos JE. Nitric oxide formation is inversely related to serum levels of antiangiogenic factors soluble fms-like tyrosine kinase-1 and soluble endogline in preeclampsia. Hypertension. 2008;52(2):402–407.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaik AP, Sultana A, Bammidi VK, Sampathirao K, Jamil K. A meta-analysis of eNOS and ACE gene polymorphisms and risk of pre-eclampsia in women. J Obstet Gynaecol. 2011;31(7):603–607.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chen H, Zhao G, Sun M, et al. Endothelial nitric oxide synthase gene polymorphisms (G894T, 4b/a and T-786C) and preeclampsia: meta-analysis of 18 case-control studies. DNA Cell Biol. 2011.
   Google Scholar
• Schneider F, Lutun P, Baldauf JJ, et al. Plasma cyclic GMP concentrations and their relationship with changes of blood pressure levels in pre-eclampsia. Acta Obstet Gynecol Scand. 1996;75(1):40–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Clark BA, Ludmir J, Epstein FH, et al. Urinary cyclic GMP, endothelin, and prostaglandin E2 in normal pregnancy and preeclampsia. Am J Perinatol. 1997;14(9):559–562.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Baksu B, Davas I, Baksu A, Akyol A, Gulbaba G. Plasma nitric oxide, endothelin-1 and urinary nitric oxide and cyclic guanosine monophosphate levels in hypertensive pregnant women. Int J Gynaecol Obstet. 2005;90(2):112–117.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pinheiro da Costa BE, Scocco C, Poli de Figueiredo CE, Guimaraes JA. Increased serum phosphodiesterase activity in women with pre-eclampsia. BJOG. 2006;113(5):577–579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wareing M, Crocker IP, Warren AY, Taggart MJ, Baker PN. Characterization of small arteries isolated from the human placental chorionic plate. Placenta. 2002;23(5):400–409.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ramesar SV, Mackraj I, Gathiram P, Moodley J. Sildenafil citrate improves fetal outcomes in pregnant, L-NAME treated, Sprague-Dawley rats. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol. 2010;149(1):22–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Turgut NH, Temiz TK, Bagcivan I, Turgut B, Gulturk S, Karadas B. The effect of sildenafil on the altered thoracic aorta smooth muscle responses in rat pre-eclampsia model. Eur J Pharmacol. 2008;589(1–3):180–187.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Samangaya RA, Mires G, Shennan A, et al. A randomised, double-blinded, placebo-controlled study of the phosphodiesterase type 5 inhibitor sildenafil for the treatment of preeclampsia. Hypertens Pregn. 2009;28(4):369–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wareing M, Myers JE, O’Hara M, et al. Effects of a phosphodiesterase-5 (PDE5) inhibitor on endothelium-dependent relaxation of myometrial small arteries. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2004;190(5):1283–1290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wareing M, Myers JE, O’Hara M, Baker PN. Sildenafil citrate (Viagra) enhances vasodilatation in fetal growth restriction. J Clin Endocrinol Metab. 2005;90(5):2550–2555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Redman CW, Sargent IL. Pre-eclampsia, the placenta and the maternal systemic inflammatory response – a review. Placenta. 2003;24( Suppl A):S21–S27.
   Google Scholar
• Noris M, Todeschini M, Cassis P, et al. L-arginine depletion in preeclampsia orients nitric oxide synthase toward oxidant species. Hypertension. 2004;43(3):614–622.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mistry HD, Kurlak LO, Williams PJ, Ramsay MM, Symonds ME, Broughton Pipkin F. Differential expression and distribution of placental glutathione peroxidases 1, 3 and 4 in normal and preeclamptic pregnancy. Placenta. 2010;31(5):401–408.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crosswhite P, Sun Z. Nitric oxide, oxidative stress and inflammation in pulmonary arterial hypertension. J Hypertens. 2010;28(2):201–212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beckman JS, Koppenol WH. Nitric oxide, superoxide, and peroxynitrite: the good, the bad, and ugly. Am J Physiol. 1996;271( 5 Pt. 1):C1424–C1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morris NH, Eaton BM, Dekker G. Nitric oxide, the endothelium, pregnancy and pre-eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol. 1996;103(1):4–15.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Vadillo-Ortega F, Perichart-Perera O, Espino S, et al. Effect of supplementation during pregnancy with L-arginine and antioxidant vitamins in medical food on pre-eclampsia in high risk population: randomised controlled trial. BMJ. 2011;342:d2901.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neri I, Monari F, Sgarbi L, Berardi A, Masellis G, Facchinetti F. L-arginine supplementation in women with chronic hypertension: impact on blood pressure and maternal and neonatal complications. J Matern Fetal Neona. 2010;23(12):1456–1460.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar