References
- Mabie W C, Gonzales A R, Sibai B M, et al. A comparative trial of labetalol and hydralazine in acute management of severe hypertension complicating pregnancy. Obstet Gynecol 1987; 70: 328–31
- Pickles C J, Broughton Pipkin F, Symonds E M. A randomised placebo controlled trial of labetalol in the treatment of mild to moderate pregnancy induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1992; 99: 964–8
- Pickles C J, Symonds E M, Pipkin F B. The fetal outcome in a randomized double‐blind controlled trial of labetalol versus placebo in pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1989; 96: 38–43
- Lunell N O, Nylund L, Lewander R, Sarby B. Acute effect of an antihypertensive drug, labetalol, on uteroplacental blood flow. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1982; 89: 640–4
- Jouppila P, Kirkinen P, Koivula A, Ylikorkala O. Labetalol does not alter the placental and fetal blood flow or maternal prostanoids in pre‐eclampsia. Br J Obstet Gynaecol 1986; 93: 543–7
- Pirhonen J P, Erkkola R U, Makinen Jl, Ekblad U U. Single dose of labetalol in normotensive pregnancy: effects on maternal hemodynamics and uterine and fetal flow velocity waveforms. Biol Neonate 1991; 59: 204–8
- Lüscher T F. Imbalance of endothelium‐derived relaxing and contracting factors–A new concept in hypertension?. Am J Hypertension 1990; 3: 317–30
- Vane J R, Enggård E E, Botting R M. Regulatory functions of vascular endothelium. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 27–36
- Fitzgerald D J, Mayo G, Catella F, Entman S S, FitzGerald G A. Increased thromboxane in normal pregnancy is mainly derived from platelets. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1987; 157: 325–30
- Srivastava K C, Awasthi K K. Effects of labetalol on the arachidonic metabolism in human blood platelets, and in lung and aorta of the rat. Prostag Leukotr Med 1983; 12: 1–9
- Greer I A, McLaren M, Forbes C D. Synergistic inhibitory effects of adrenoceptor antagonists and prostacyclin, and umbilical artery derived prostacyclin‐like activity on platelet aggregation. Eur J Obstet Gynecol Reprod Biol 1990; 35: 109–18
- Greer I A, Walker J J, McLaren M, Calder A A, Forbes C D. A comparative study of the effects of adrenoceptor antagonists on platelet aggregation and thromboxane generation. Thromb Haemostas 1985; 54: 480–4
- Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O. Beta blockers inhibit fetal thromboxane A7 production in vitro. Biol Neonate 1988; 54: 169–72
- Jaffe E R, Nachman R L, Becker C G, Minick C R. Culture of human endothelial cells derived from umbilical veins: identification by morphologic and immunologic criteria. J Clin Invest 1973; 52: 2745–56
- Ristimaki A, Renkonen R, Saijonmaa O, Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L. Human serum stimulates endothelin‐1 synthesis more potently than prostacyclin production by cultured vascular endothelial cells. Life Sci 1991; 49: 603–9
- Richards D A, Maconochie J G, Bland R E, Woodings E P, Martin L E. Relationship between plasma concentrations and pharmacological effects of labetalol. Eur J Clin Pharmacol 1977; 11: 85–90
- Michael C A. Use of labetalol in the treatment of severe hypertension during pregnancy. Br. J Clin Pharmacol 1979; 8S: 211–5
- Rogers R C, Sibai B M, Whybrew W. Labetalol pharmacokinetics in pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Am J Obstet Gynecol 1990; 162: 362–6
- Ylikorkala O, Viinikka L. Measurement of 6‐keto‐PGF1α in human plasma with radioimmunoassay: effect of prostacyclin infusion. Prostaglandins Med 1981; 6: 427–36
- Tulppala M, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O. Thromboxane dominance and prostacyclin deficiency in habitual abortion. Lancet 1991; 337: 879–81
- Mikkola T, Ristimaki A, Viinikka L, Ylikorkala O. Human serum, plasma, and platelets stimulate prostacyclin and endothelin‐1 synthesis in human vascular endothelial cells. Life Sci 1993; 53: 283–9
- Fitzgerald D J, Entman S S, Mulloy K, FitzGerald G A. Decreased prostacyclin biosynthesis preceding the clinical manifestation of pregnancy‐induced hypertension. Circulation 1987; 75: 956–63