45
Views
0
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Research Article

Status of End Organs in Newly Detected Rural Essential Hypertensives: A Study from Southern India

, , , &
Pages 201-208 | Received 06 Mar 2011, Accepted 18 May 2011, Published online: 09 Dec 2011

REFERENCES

  • Lopez AD, Mathers CD, Ezzati M, Jamison DT, Murray CJ. Global and regional burden of disease and risk factors, 2001: systematic analysis of population health data. Lancet 2006; 367(9524):1747–1757.
  • Das SK, Sanyal K, Basu A. Study of urban community survey in India: growing trend of high prevalence of hypertension in a developing country. Int J Med Sci 2005; 2(2):70–78.
  • Rafey M. Beyond office sphygmomanometry: ways to better assess blood pressure. Cleve Clin J Med 2009; 76(11):657–662.
  • Pickering TG, Davidson K, Gerin W, Schwartz JE. Masked hypertension. Hypertension 2002; 40(6):795–796.
  • Clement DL, De Buyzere ML, De Bacquer DA, . Prognostic value of ambulatory blood-pressure recordings in patients with treated hypertension. N Engl J Med 2003; 348(24):2407–2415.
  • Wolf-Maier K, Cooper RS, Kramer H, . Hypertension treatment and control in five European countries, Canada, and the United States. Hypertension 2004; 43(1):10–17.
  • Meenakshisundaram R, Sweni S, Dhanalakshmi G, Sridevi R, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Knowledge attitude, behavior, and practice of interns toward errors in sphygmomanometer and blood pressure measurement. J Clin Hypertens (Greenwich) 2009; 11(12):748–752.
  • Guidelines Subcommittee. 1999 World Health Organization-International Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension. J Hypertens 1999 17(2);151–183.
  • Hitha B, Pappachan JM, Pillai HB, . Microalbuminuria in patients with essential hypertension and its relationship to target organ damage: an Indian experience. Saudi J Kidney Dis Transpl 2008; 19(3):411–419.
  • Mancia G, Laurent S, Agabiti-Rosei E, . Reappraisal of European guidelines on hypertension management: a European Society of Hypertension Task Force document. J Hypertens 2009; 27(11):2121–2158.
  • Pedrinelli R, Dell’Omo G, Di Bello V, Pontremoli R, Mariani M. Microalbuminuria, an integrated marker of cardiovascular risk in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16(2):79–89.
  • Meenakshisundaram R, Kamaraj K, Murugan S, Thirumalaikolundusubramanian P. Aortic stiffness and distensibility among hypertensives. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2009; 1173(Suppl 1):E68–E71.
  • Vakili BA, Okin PM, Devereux RB. Prognostic implications of left ventricular hypertrophy. Am Heart J 2001; 141(3): 334–341.
  • Leung H, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, . Impact of current and past blood pressure on retinal arteriolar diameter in an older population. J Hypertens 2004; 22(8):1543–1549.
  • Wong TY, McIntosh R. Hypertensive retinopathy signs as risk indicators of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Br Med Bull 2005; 73–74:57–70.
  • Chobanian AV, Bakris GL, Black HR, . The Seventh Report of the Joint National Committee on prevention, detection, evaluation, and treatment of high blood pressure: the JNC 7 Report. JAMA 2003; 289(19):2560–2572.
  • Keith NM, Wagener HP, Barker NW. Some different types of essential hypertension: their course and prognosis. Am J Med Sci 1974; 268(6):336–345.
  • Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, . 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). J Hypertens 2007; 25(6):1105–1187.
  • Sokolow M, Lyon TP. The ventricular complex in left ventricular hypertrophy as obtained by unipolar precordial and limb leads. Am Heart J 1949; 37(2):161–186.
  • Oh JK, Seward JB, Tajik Jamil A. Echocardiography. New York: Lippincot-Raven Press, 1999.
  • Freigenbam H. Echocardiography. Philadelphia, PA: Williams and Wilkians, 1986.
  • JP Statpages.org. http://statpages.org/#Comparisons [cited 2010], accessed on February 2, 2011.
  • Torun D, Sezer S, Arat Z, . The frequency of combined target organ damage and the beneficial effect of ambulatory blood pressure monitoring in never treated mild-to-moderate hypertensive patients. Int Heart J 2005; 46(6):1073–1082.
  • Shantha GP, Bhaskar E, Kumar AA, . Accuracy of retinal changes in predicting microalbuminuria among elderly hypertensive patients: a cross-sectional study from a teaching hospital in South India. Int Urol Nephrol 2009; 41(1): 137–143.
  • Bilge AK, Atilgan D, Onur I, . Relationship between left ventricular hypertrophy, hypertensive retinopathy, microalbuminuria and echocardiographic modalities in newly diagnosed hypertensive patients. Int J Cardiovasc Imaging 2010; 26(4):405–412.
  • Lorell BH, Carabello BA. Left ventricular hypertrophy: pathogenesis, detection, and prognosis. Circulation 2000; 102(4):470–479.
  • Dinneen SF, Gerstein HC. The association of microalbuminuria and mortality in non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus. A systematic overview of the literature. Arch Intern Med 1997; 157(13):1413–1418.
  • Hillege HL, Fidler V, Diercks GF, . Urinary albumin excretion predicts cardiovascular and noncardiovascular mortality in general population. Circulation 2002; 106(14): 1777–1782.
  • Committee ESoH-ESoC G. 2003 European Society of Hypertension-European Society of Cardiology guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension. J Hypertens 2003; 21(6):1011–1053.
  • Cerasola G, Mulè G, Nardi E, . Usefulness of microalbuminuria in cardiovascular risk stratification of essential hypertensive patients. Nephron Clin Pract 2004; 96(4):c123–c30.
  • Coresh J, Selvin E, Stevens LA, . Prevalence of chronic kidney disease in the United States. JAMA 2007; 298(17):2038–2047.
  • Cirillo M, Senigalliesi L, Laurenzi M, . Microalbuminuria in nondiabetic adults: relation of blood pressure, body mass index, plasma cholesterol levels, and smoking: the Gubbio Population Study. Arch Intern Med. 1998; 158(17): 1933–1939.
  • Wachtell K, Ibsen H, Olsen MH, . Albuminuria and cardiovascular risk in hypertensive patients with left ventricular hypertrophy: the LIFE study. Ann Intern Med 2003; 139(11):901–906.
  • Blake J, Devereux RB, Herrold EM, . Relation of concentric left ventricular hypertrophy and extracardiac target organ damage to supranormal left ventricular performance in established essential hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1988; 62(4):246–252.
  • Mann JF, Gerstein HC, Pogue J, Bosch J, Yusuf S. Renal insufficiency as a predictor of cardiovascular outcomes and the impact of ramipril: the HOPE randomized trial. Ann Intern Med 2001; 134(8):629–636.
  • Mancia G, De Backer G, Dominiczak A, . 2007 Guidelines for the management of arterial hypertension: the task force for the management of arterial hypertension of the European Society of Hypertension (ESH) and of the European Society of Cardiology (ESC). Eur Heart J 2007; 28(12): 1462–1536.
  • Salles GF, Fiszman R, Cardoso CR, Muxfeldt ES. Relation of left ventricular hypertrophy with systemic inflammation and endothelial damage in resistant hypertension. Hypertension 2007; 50(4):723–728.
  • Mulè G, Nardi E, Cottone S, . Influence of metabolic syndrome on hypertension-related target organ damage. J Intern Med 2005; 257(6):503–513.
  • Shirafkan A, Motahari M, Mojerlou M, . Association between left ventricular hypertrophy with retinopathy and renal dysfunction in patients with essential hypertension. Singapore Med J 2009; 50(12):1177–1183.
  • Verdecchia P, Reboldi G, Schillaci G, . Circulating insulin and insulin growth factor-1 are independent determinants of left ventricular mass and geometry in essential hypertension. Circulation 1999; 100(17):1802–1807.
  • Galvan AQ, Galetta F, Natali A, . Insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemia: no independent relation to left ventricular mass in humans. Circulation 2000; 102(18):2233–2238.
  • Schwab J, Schneider MP, Pauschinger M, Schmieder RE. Hypertension and diastolic dysfunction. MMW Fortschr Med 2009; 151(23):41–43.
  • Schmieder RE. The role of non-haemodynamic factors of the genesis of LVH. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2005; 20(12):2610–2612.
  • Gudmundsdottir H, Taarnhøj NC, Strand AH, . Blood pressure development and hypertensive retinopathy: 20-year follow-up of middle-aged normotensive and hypertensive men. J Hum Hypertens 2010; 24(8):505–513.
  • Leung H, Wang JJ, Rochtchina E, . Relationships between age, blood pressure, and retinal vessel diameters in an older population. Invest Ophthalmol Vis Sci 2003; 44(7): 2900–2904.
  • Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, . Cerebral white matter lesions, retinopathy, and incident clinical stroke. JAMA 2002; 288(1):67–74.
  • Wong TY, Klein R, Sharrett AR, . Retinal arteriolar narrowing and risk of coronary heart disease in men and women. The atherosclerosis risk in communities study. JAMA 2002; 287(9):1153–1159.
  • van den Born BJ, Hulsman CA, Hoekstra JB, Schlingemann RO, van Montfrans GA. Value of routine funduscopy in patients with hypertension: systematic review. BMJ 2005; 331(7508):73.
  • Lubianca Neto JF, Fuchs FD, Facco SR, . Is epistaxis evidence of end-organ damage in patients with hypertension? Laryngoscope 1999; 109(7 Pt 1):1111–1115.
  • Gagnon DR, Zhang TJ, Brand FN, Kannel WB. Hematocrit and the risk of cardiovascular disease–the Framingham study: a 34-year follow-up. Am Heart J 1994; 127(3):674–682.
  • Strand A, Gudmundsdottir H, Høieggen A, . Increased hematocrit before blood pressure in men who develop hypertension over 20 years. J Am Soc Hypertens 2007; 1(6):400–406.
  • Prasad VS, Palaniswamy C, Frishman WH. Endothelin as a clinical target in the treatment of systemic hypertension. Cardiol Rev 2009; 17(4):181–191.
  • Balakumar P, Jagadeesh G. Cardiovascular and renal pathologic implications of prorenin, renin, and the (pro)renin receptor: promising young players from the old renin-angiotensin-aldosterone system. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56(5):570–579.
  • Imig JD. Targeting epoxides for organ damage in hypertension. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2010; 56(4):329–335.
  • Li DJ, Evans RG, Yang ZW, . Dysfunction of the cholinergic anti-inflammatory pathway mediates organ damage in hypertension. Hypertension 2011; 57(2):298–307.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.