Effect of Amiloride and Spironolactone on Renal Tubular Function and Central Blood Pressure in Patients with Arterial Hypertension during Baseline Conditions and after Furosemide: A Double-Blinded, Randomized, Placebo-Controlled Crossover Trial

REFERENCES

• He FJ, MacGregor GA. How far should salt intake be reduced? Hypertension 2003; 42:1093–1099.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Intersalt: an international study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure. Results for 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. 1988.
   Google Scholar
• He FJ, MacGregor GA. Effect of modest salt reduction on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized trials. Implications for public health. J Hum Hypertens 2002; 16:761–770.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Adrogue HJ, Madias NE. Sodium and potassium in the pathogenesis of hypertension. N Engl J Med 2007; 356:1966–1978.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sacks FM, Svetkey LP, Vollmer WM Effects on blood pressure of reduced dietary sodium and the Dietary Approaches to Stop Hypertension (DASH) diet. DASH-Sodium Collaborative Research Group. N Engl J Med 2001; 344:3–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Whelton PK. Effects of oral potassium on blood pressure. Meta-analysis of randomized controlled clinical trials. J Am Med Assoc 1997; 277(20):1624–1632.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthesen SK, Larsen T, Vase H, Lauridsen TG, Pedersen EB. Effect of potassium supplementation on renal tubular function, ambulatory blood pressure and pulse wave velocity in healthy humans. Scand J Clin Lab Invest 2012; 72(1):78–86 [Epub 2011 Dec 12].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Matthesen SK, Larsen T, Lauridsen TG Effect of amiloride and spironolactone on renal tubular function, ambulatory blood pressure, and pulse wave velocity in healthy participants in a double-blinded, randomized, placebo-controlled, crossover trial. Clin Exp Hypertens 2012 [Epub ahead of print].
   Google Scholar
• Shimkets RA, Warnock DG, Bositis CM Liddle’s syndrome: heritable human hypertension caused by mutations in the beta subunit of the epithelial sodium channel. Cell 1994; 79(3):407–414.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kemendy AE, Kleyman TR, Eaton DC. Aldosterone alters the open probability of amiloride-blockable sodium channels in A6 epithelia. Am J Physiol 1992; 263:C825–C837.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pacha J, Frindt G, Antonian L, Silver RB, Palmer LG. Regulation of Na channels of the rat cortical collecting tubule by aldosterone. J Gen Physiol 1993; 102:25–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fuller PJ, Young MJ. Mechanisms of mineralocorticoid action. Hypertension 2005; 46:1227–1235.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Funder JW. Mineralocorticoid receptors: distribution and activation. Heart Fail Rev 2005; 10(1):15–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canessa CM, Schild L, Buell G Amiloride-sensitive epithelial Na+ channel is made of three homologous subunits. Nature 1994; 367(6462):463–467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Renard S, Lingueglia E, Voilley N, Lazdunski M, Barbry P. Biochemical analysis of the membrane topology of the amiloride-sensitive Na+ channel. J Biol Chem 1994; 269:12981–12986.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauridsen TG, Vase H, Bech JN, Nielsen S, Pedersen EB. Direct effect of methylprednisolone on renal sodium and water transport via the principal cells in the kidney. Eur J Endocrinol 2010; 162:961–969.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauridsen TG, Vase H, Starklint J, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Protein enriched diet increases water absorption via the aquaporin2 water channels in healthy humans. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2010; 25:2502–2510.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graffe CC, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. The effect of high and low sodium intake on urinary aquaporin-2 excretion in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302:F264–F275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graffe CC, Bech JN, Lauridsen TG, Vase H, Pedersen EB. Abnormal increase in urinary aquaporin-2 excretion in response to hypertonic saline in essential hypertension. BMC Nephrol 2012; 13:15 [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Graffe CC, Bech JN, Lauridsen TG, Pedersen EB. Urinary excretion of AQP2 and ENaC in autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease during basal conditions and after a hypertonic saline infusion. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2012; 302(8):F917–F927 [Epub ahead of print].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Deen PM, Croes H, van Aubel RA, Ginsel LA, van Os CH. Water channels encoded by mutant aquaporin-2 genes in nephrogenic diabetes insipidus are impaired in their cellular routing. J Clin Invest 1995; 95:2291–2296.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sabolic I, Katsura T, Verbavatz JM, Brown D. The AQP2 water channel: effect of vasopressin treatment, microtubule disruption, and distribution in neonatal rats. J Membr Biol 1995; 143:165–175.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marples D, Knepper MA, Christensen EI, Nielsen S. Redistribution of aquaporin-2 water channels induced by vasopressin in rat kidney inner medullary collecting duct. Am J Physiol 1995; 269:C655–C664.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nielsen S, Chou CL, Marples D, Christensen EI, Kishore BK, Knepper MA. Vasopressin increases water permeability of kidney collecting duct by inducing translocation of aquaporin-CD water channels to plasma membrane. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1995; 92:1013–1017.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yamamoto T, Sasaki S, Fushimi K Vasopressin increases AQP-CD water channel in apical membrane of collecting duct cells in Brattleboro rats. Am J Physiol 1995; 268:C1546–C1551.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kanno K, Sasaki S, Hirata Y Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in patients with diabetes insipidus. N Engl J Med 1995; 332(23):1540–1545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rai T, Sekine K, Kanno K Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 water channel protein in human and rat. J Am Soc Nephrol 1997; 8(9):1357–1362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wen H, Frokiaer J, Kwon TH, Nielsen S. Urinary excretion of aquaporin-2 in rat is mediated by a vasopressin-dependent apical pathway. J Am Soc Nephrol 1999; 10:1416–1429.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pedersen RS, Bentzen H, Bech JN, Pedersen EB. Effect of water deprivation and hypertonic saline infusion on urinary AQP2 excretion in healthy humans. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280(5):F860–F867.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Buemi M, Nostro L, Di Pasquale G et al. Aquaporin-2 water channels in spontaneously hypertensive rats. Am J Hypertens 2004; 17:1170–1178.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Energy and protein requirements. Report of a joint FAO/WHO/UNU expert consultation. World Health Organ Tech Rep Ser 1985; 724:1–206.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Hager H, Kwon TH, Vinnikova AK Immunocytochemical and immunoelectron microscopic localization of alpha-, beta-, and gamma-ENaC in rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2001; 280(6):F1093–F1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garty H, Palmer LG. Epithelial sodium channels: function, structure, and regulation. Physiol Rev 1997; 77(2):359–396. [Review].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schluter T, Rohsius R, Wanka H Amiloride lowers arterial pressure in cyp1a1ren-2 transgenic rats without affecting renal vascular function. J Hypertens 2010; 28(11):2267–2277.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang X, Takeya K, Aaronson PI, Loutzenhiser K, Loutzenhiser R. Effects of amiloride, benzamil, and alterations in extracellular Na+ on the rat afferent arteriole and its myogenic response. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2008; 295(1):F272–F282 [Epub 2008 May 21].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Drummond HA, Grifoni SC, Jernigan NL. A new trick for an old dogma: ENaC proteins as mechanotransducers in vascular smooth muscle. Physiology (Bethesda) 2008; 23:23–31.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jansen PM, Danser AH, Imholz BP, van den Meiracker AH. Aldosterone-receptor antagonism in hypertension. J Hypertens 2009; 27(4):680–691.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marrs JC. Spironolactone management of resistant hypertension. Ann. Pharmacother 2010; 44(11):1762–1769.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schupp N, Kolkhof P, Queisser N Mineralocorticoid receptor-mediated DNA damage in kidneys of DOCA-salt hypertensive rats. FASEB J 2011; 25(3):968–978 [Epub 2010 Dec 6].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Susic D, Varagic J, Frohlich ED. Cardiovascular effects of inhibition of renin–angiotensin aldosterone system components in hypertensive rats given salt excess. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2010; 298(4):H1177–H1181 [Epub 2010 Jan 29].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Batterink J, Stabler SN, Tejani AM, Fowkes CT. Spironolactone for hypertension. Cochrane Database Syst Rev 2010; 4(8):CD008169.
   Google Scholar
• Onofriescu M, Mardare NG, Segall L Randomized trial of bioelectrical impedance analysis versus clinical criteria for guiding ultrafiltration in hemodialysis patients: effects on blood pressure, hydration status, and arterial stiffness. Int Urol Nephrol 2012; 44(2):583–591 [Epub 2011 Jun 19].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Laurent S, Cockcroft J, Van Bortel L European network for non-invasive investigation of large arteries. Expert consensus document on arterial stiffness: methodological issues and clinical applications. Eur Heart J 2006; 27(21):2588–2605 [Epub 2006 Sep 25].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sonalker PA, Tofovic SP, Bastacky SI, Jackson EK. Chronic noradrenaline increases renal expression of NHE-3, NBC-1, BSC-1 and aquaporin-2. Clin Exp Pharmacol Physiol 2008; 35(5–6):594–560.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Seigneux S, Nielsen J, Olesen ET Long-term aldosterone treatment induces decreased apical but increased basolateral expression of AQP2 in CCD of rat kidney. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 293(1):F87–F99 [Epub 2007 Mar 20].
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kwon TH, Nielsen J, Knepper MA, Frokiaer J, Nielsen S. Angiotensin II AT1 receptor blockade decreases vasopressin-induced water reabsorption and AQP2 levels in NaCl-restricted rats. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2005; 288(4):F673–F684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee YJ, Song IK, Jang KJ Increased AQP2 targeting in primary cultured IMCD cells in response to angiotensin II through AT1 receptor. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2007; 292(1):F340–F350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong NL, Tsui JK. Angiotensin II upregulates the expression of vasopressin V2 mRNA in the inner medullary collecting duct of the rat. Metabolism 2003; 52(3):290–295.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar