References
- Ohta Y, Tsuchihashi T, Arakawa K, et al. Prevalence and lifestyle characteristics of hypertensive patients with metabolic syndrome followed at an outpatient clinic in Fukuoka, Japan. Hypertens Res 2007;30:1077–82
- Taniguchi Y, Hayashi T, Tsumura K, et al. Serum uric acid and the risk for hypertension and Type 2 diabetes in Japanese men; The Osaka Health Survey. J Hypertens 2001;19:1209–15
- Iseki K, Oshiro S, Tozawa M, et al. Significance of hyperuricemia on the early detection of renal failure in a cohort of screened subjects. Hypertension Res 2001;24:691–7
- Cannon PJ, Stason WB, Demartini FE, et al. Hyperuricemia in primary and renal hypertension. N Engl J Med 1966;275:457–64
- Messerli FH, Frohlich ED, Dreslinski GR, et al. Serum uric acid in essential hypertension: an indicator of renal vascular involvement. Ann Intern Med 1980;93:817–21
- Yamanaka H; Japanese Society of Gout and Nucleic Acid Metabolism. Japanese guideline for the management of hyperuricemia and gout: second edition. Nucleosides Nucleotides Nucleic Acids 2011;30:1018–29
- Ohtahara A, Hisatome I, Yamamoto Y, et al. The release of the substrate for xanthine oxidase in hypertensive patients was suppressed by angiotensin converting enzyme inhibitors and alpha1-blockers. J Hypertens 2001;19:575–82
- Kuramoto K, Ichikawa S, Hirai A, et al. Azelnidipine and amlodipine: a comparison of their pharmacokinetics and effects on ambulatory blood pressure. Hypertens Res 2003;26:201–8
- Fukao K, Shimada K, Hiki M, et al. Effects of calcium channel blockers on glucose tolerance, inflammatory state, and circulating progenitor cells in non-diabetic patients with essential hypertension: a comparative study between azelnidipine and amlodipine on glucose tolerance and endothelial function – a crossover trial (AGENT). Cardiovasc Diabetol 2011;10:79
- Nakamura T, Sugaya T, Kawagoe Y, et al. Azelnidipine reduces urinary protein excretion and urinary liver-type fatty acid binding protein in patients with hypertensive chronic kidney disease. Am J Med Sci 2007;333:321–6
- Shinomiya K, Mizushige K, Fukunaga M, et al. Antioxidant effect of a new calcium antagonist, azelnidipine, in cultured human arterial endothelial cells. J Int Med Res 2004;32:170–5
- Yamanaka H, Kamatani N. Gout. Igaku to yakugaku. Jpn J Med Pharm Sci 1993;1357–63. ( in Japanese)
- Yamamoto T, Moriwaki Y, Takahashi S, et al. A simple method of selecting gout patients for treatment with uricosuric agents, using spot urine and blood samples. J Rheumatol 2002;29:1937–41
- Muscelli E, Natali A, Bianchi S, et al. Effect of insulin on renal sodium and uric acid handling in essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1996;9:746–52
- Ward HJ. Uric acid as an independent risk factor in the treatment of hypertension. Lancet 1998;352:670–1
- Johnson RJ, Kang DH, Feig D, et al. Is there a pathogenetic role for uric acid in hypertension and cardiovascular and renal disease? Hypertension 2003;41:1183–90
- Pupek-Musialik D, Tykarski A, Rutz A. Effect of nifedipine on proximal tubular function in patients with essential hypertension. Pol Arch Med Wewn 1994;91:193–200
- Mizuta E, Hamada T, Igawa O, et al. Calcium antagonists: current and future applications based on new evidence. The mechanisms on lowering serum uric acid level by calcium channel blockers. Clin Calcium 2010;20:45–50
- Faulds D, Sorkin EM. Felodipine. A review of the pharmacology and therapeutic use of the extended release formulation in older patients. Drugs Aging 1992;2:374–88
- Iimura O, Shimamoto K. Efficacy and mode of action of manidipine: a new calcium antagonist. Am Heart J 1993;125:635–41
- Moriwaki Y, Yamamoto T, Takahashi S, et al. Spot urine uric acid to creatinine ratio used in the estimation of uric acid excretion in primary gout. J Rheumatol 2001;28:1306–10
- Kimura Y, Hirooka Y, Sagara Y, Sunagawa K. Long-acting calcium channel blocker, azelnidipine, increases endothelial nitric oxide synthase in the brain and inhibits sympathetic nerve activity. Clin Exp Hypertens 2007;29:13–21
- Choi HK, Soriano LC, Zhang Y, Rodríguez LA. Antihypertensive drugs and risk of incident gout among patients with hypertension: population based case-control study. BMJ 2012;344:d8190
- Ogihara T, Kikuchi K, Matsuoka H, et al. The Japanese Society of Hypertension Guidelines for the Management of Hypertension (JSH 2009). Hypertens Res 2009;32:3–107