23
Views
3
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Definitions and Characteristics of Salt-sensitivity and Resistance of Blood Pressure: Should the Diagnosis Depend on Diastolic Blood Pressure?

, , , &
Pages 1037-1049 | Received 11 Nov 1991, Accepted 12 Mar 1992, Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • MacGregor G A. Sodium is more important than calcium in essential hypertension. Hypertension 1985; 7: 628–637
  • McCarron D A. Is calcium more important than sodium in the pathogenesis of essential hypertension?. Hypertension 1985; 7: 607–627
  • Simpson F O. Salt and hypertension: a skeptical review of the evidence. Clin Sci 1979; 57: 463–480
  • Lever A F., Beretta-Piccoli C, Davies J J., et al. Sodium and potassium in essential hypertension. Br Med J 1981; 382: 1–15
  • Kawasaki T, Delea C S., Bartter F C., et al. The effect of high sodium and low sodium intakes on blood pressure and other related variables in human subjects with idiopathic hypertension. Am J Med 1978; 64: 193–198
  • Fujita T, Henry W L., Bartter F C., et al. Factors influencing blood pressure in salt sensitive patients with hypertension. Am J Med 1980; 69: 334–344
  • Weinberger M H., Miller J Z., Luft F C., et al. Definitions and characteristics of sodium sensitivity and resistance of blood pressure. Hypertension 1936; 8, (Suppl II): II-127-II-134
  • Skrabal F, Herholz H, Neumayr M, et al. Salt sensitivity in humans is linked to enhanced sympathetic responsiveness and to enhanced proximal tubular reabsorption. Hypertension 1984; 6: 152–158
  • Luft F C., Weinberger M H. Sodium sensitivity and resistance of blood pressure: The role of the kidney and the renin-aldosterone system. Kidney Int 1987; 32: S234–S241, (Suppl 22)
  • Fujita A, Ando K, Ogata E. Systemic and regional hemodynamics in patients with salt sensitive hypertension. Hypertension 1990; 16: 235–244
  • Gill J R., Göllner H.-G., Lake C R., et al. Plasma and urinary catecholamines in salt sensitive idiopathic hypertension. Hypertension 1988; 11: 312–319
  • Sullivan J M., Rats T E. Sodium sensitivity in human subjects: Hemodynamic and hormonal responses. Hypertension 1988; 11: 717–723
  • Sharma A M., Spies K, Cetto C, Distler A. Gestörte Säure-Basenregulation bei salzsensitiven normotonen Probanden. Hochdruck 1990; 10: 98
  • Koolen M, van Brummelen P. Adrenergic activity and peripheral hemodynamics in relation to sodium sensitivity in patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1984; 6: 820–825
  • Oshima T, Matsuura H, Matsumoto K, et al. Role of cellular calcium in salt sensitivity of patients with essential hypertension. Hypertension 1988; 11: 703–707
  • Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. INTERSALT: an international cooperative study of electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: Results of 24 hour urinary sodium and potassium excretion. Br Med J 1988; 297: 319–328
  • Intersalt Cooperative Research Group. An international cooperative study on electrolyte excretion and blood pressure: Further results. J Hum Hypertens 1989; 3: 279–407
  • Aviv A. Salt sensitivity: Trophic effects of growth and vasoactive factors. Hypertension 1990; 16: 541–546
  • Friedman S M. Hypertension: A lifetime of mining salt. Hypertension 1990; 15: 541–546
  • Haller H, Philipp T h. Intrazelluläres Kalzium and Plasma-Kalzium bei Patienten mit essentieller Hypertonie. Klin Wochenschr 1988; 66: 455–461
  • Falkner B, Kusner H. Effect of sodium loading on cardiovascular responses in young blacks and whites. Hypertension 1990; 15: 36–43
  • Canessa M, Laski C, Falkner B. Red blood cell Na-transport as a predictor of blood pressure response to Na-load in young blacks and whites. Hypertension 1990; 16: 508–514
  • Sharma A, Schattenfroh M, Kribben A, Distler A. Reliability of salt sensitivity testing in normotensive subjects. Klin Wochenschr 1989; 67: 632–634
  • Weinberger M H., Fineberg N S. Sodium and volume sensitivity of blood pressure: age and pressure change over time. Hypertension 1991; 18: 67–71
  • Simon A, Levenson J. Use of arterial compliance for evaluation of hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4: 97–105
  • Williams G H., Tuck M L., Sullivan J M., et al. Parallel adrenal and renal abnormalities in young patients with essential hypertension. Am J Med 1982; 72: 907–914
  • Robertson J IS, Fraser R. Salt, volume, and hypertension: causation or correlation?. Kidney Int 1987; 32: 590–602
  • Simpson F O. Sodium intake, body sodium, and sodium excretion. Lancet 1988; ii: 25–29
  • Luft F C., Weinberger M H., Grim C E. Sodium sensitivity and resistance in normotensive humans. Am J Med 1982; 72: 726–736
  • Roos J C., Koomans H A., Dorhout E J., Mees I M., Delawi K. Renal sodium handling in normal humans subjected to low, normal and extremely high sodium supplies. Am J Physiol 1985; 249: F941–F947
  • Guyton A C. The surprising kidney-fluid mechanism for pressure control its infinite Gain. Hypertension 1990; 16: 725–730
  • Lawton W J., Sinkey C A., Fitz A E., et al. Dietary salt produces abnormal renal vasoconstrictor responses to upright posture in borderline hypertensive subjects. Hypertension 1988; 11: 529–536
  • Mark A L., Lawton W J., Abboud F M., Fitz A E., Connor W E., Heistad D D. Effects of high and low sodium intake on arterial pressure and forearm vascular resistance in borderline hypertension: A preliminary report. Circ Res 1975; 36, (Suppl I)I-95-I-98
  • Sullivan J M. Salt sensitivity: definition, conception, methodology, and long-term issues. Hypertension 1991; 17, (Suppl I): I-61-I-68
  • Michel M C., Brodde O E., Insel P A. Peripheral adrenergic receptors in hypertension. Hypertension 1990; 16: 107–120
  • Skrabal F, Kontanko P, Luft F C. Inverse regulation of alpha-2 and beta-2 adrenoceptors in salt-sensitive hypertension: An hypothesis. Life Sci 1989; 45: 2061–2076
  • Postnov Y V. An approach to the explanation of cell membrane alteration in primary hypertension. Hypertension 1990; 15: 332–337
  • Aviv A, Livne A. The Na/H antiport, cytosolic free Ca and essential hypertension: An hypothesis. Am J Hypertens 1988; 1: 410–413
  • Semplicini A, Canessa M, Mozzato M G., et al. Red blood cell Na/H and Li/Na exchange in patients with essential hypertension. Am J Hypertens 1989; 2: 903–908
  • Livne A, Balfe J W., Veitch R, et al. Increased platelet Na/H exchanges rates in essential hypertension: application of a novel test. Lancet 1987; 1: 533–536
  • Schmouder R L., Weder A B. Platelet sodium-proton exchange is increased in essential hypertension. J Hypertens 1989; 7: S-325–S-330, (Suppl)
  • Siffert W, Rosskopf D, Oswald U. Overexpression of platelet Na/H exchange activity in essential hypertension. Euro J Physiol 1990; 415: 27
  • Panza J A., Quyyumi A A., Brush J E., Epstein S E. Abnormal endothelium-dependent vascular relaxation in patients with essential hypertension. N Engl J Med 1990; 323: 22–27
  • Wedler B, Wiersbitzky M, Meyer B, et al. Definition and possible mechanisms of salt sensitivity in man. J Hypertens 1990; 8: 307, (Suppl 3)(Abstract)
  • Meyer B. Das Verhalten der Blutdruckreagibilität gegenöber infundiertem A-II und Noradrenalin bei Normotensiven und Patienten mit primärer Hypertonie in Abhängigkeit von der Natriumbilanz. Doctoral Dissertation, Univ. Greifswald. 1990
  • Laragh J H. Two forms of vasoconstriction in systemic hypertension. Am J Cardiol 1987; 60: 826–836, (Suppl)
  • Laragh J H. Issues, goals, and guidelines in selecting first-line drug therapy for hypertension. Hypertension 1989; 13, (Suppl I): I-103-I-122
  • Moore T J., Malraick C, Olemdo A, Klein R C. Salt restriction lowers resting blood pressure but not 24-h ambulatory blood pressure. Am J Hypertens 1991; 4: 410–415

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.