References
- Ronningstam E. Narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry, R Michels, AM Cooper, SB Guze, LL Judd, AJ Solnit, AJ Stunkard, et al. Lippincott, Philadelphia, vol 1, chapter 18, In press
- Ronningstam E, Gunderson J, Lyons M. Changes in pathological narcissism. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 253–7
- Ronningstam E, Gunderson J. Narcissistic traits in psychiatric patients. Compr Psychiatry 1988; 29: 545–9
- Ronningstam E, Gunderson J. Identifying criteria for narcissistic personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 918–22
- Maltsberger JT. Pathological narcissism and self-regulatory processes in suicidal states. Disorders of narcissism: Diagnostic, clinical, and empirical implications, E Ronningstam. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC, In press
- Bibring E. The mechanism of depression. Affective disorders, P Greenacre. International Universities Press, New York 1953; 13–48
- Kohut H. The restoration of the self. International Universities Press, New York 1977
- Kernberg O. Borderline conditions and pathological narcissism. Jason Aronson, New York 1975
- Kernberg OF. Internal world and external reality. Jason Aronson, New York 1980
- Šrakić DM. Emotional features of narcissistic personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 720–4
- Millon T. Disorders of personality: DSM-III, Axis II. Wiley, New York 1981
- Kernberg OF. Narcissistic personality disorder. Psychiatry, R Michels, JO Cavenar, Jr, H KH Brodie, AM Cooper, SB Guze, LL Judd, et al. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1990; vol 1, chapter 18
- Shea T, Glass D, Pilkonis P, Watkins J, Docherty J. Frequency and implications of personality disorders in a sample of depressed outpatients. J Pers Disord 1987; 1: 27–42
- Reich J, Noyes R. A comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in acutely ill panic and depressed patients. J Anxiety Disord 1987; 1: 123–31
- Reich J, Troughton E. Comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in recovered depressed and panic disorder patients. J Nerv Ment Dis 1988; 176: 300–4
- Joffe R, Regan J. Personality and depression. J Psychiatr Res 1988; 22: 279–86
- Joffe R, Regan J. Brief report: personality and depression: a further evaluation. J Psychiatr Res 1989; 23: 299–301
- Alnaes R, Torgersen S. DSM-III personality disorders among patients with major depression, anxiety disorders and mixed conditions. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990; 178: 693–8
- Alnaes R, Torgersen S. Personality and personality disorders among patients with major depression in combination with dysthymic or cyclothymic disorder. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1989; 79: 363–9
- Libb JW, Stankovic S, Freeman A, Sokol R, Switzer P, Houck C. Personality disorders among depressed outpatients as identified by the MCMI. J Clin Psychol 1990; 46: 277–84
- Jackson HJ, Whiteside HL, Bates GW, Bell R, Rudd RP, Edwards J. Diagnosing personality disorders in psychiatric inpatients. Acta Psychiatr Scand 1991; 83: 206–13
- Pfohl B, Black D, Noyes R, Coryell W, Barrash J. Axis I and Axis II comorbidity findings: implications for validity. Personality disorders: new perspectives on diagnostic validity, J Oldham. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1991; 145–62
- Zimmerman M, Pfohl B, Coryell W, Corenthal C, Stangl D. Major depression and personality disorder. J Affect Disord 1991; 22: 199–210
- Pepper CM, Klein DN, Anderson RL, Riso LP, Ouimette PC, Lizardi H. DSM-III-R Axis II comorbidity in dysthymia and major depression. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 239–47
- Hyler SW, Reider R, Spitzer R. Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire (PDQ). New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 1982
- Millon T. Millon Clinical Multiaxial Inventory3rd ed. National Computer Systems, Minneapolis 1983
- Pfohl B, Stangl D, Zimmerman M. The Structured Interview for DSM-III Personality Disorders (SIDP). Department of Psychiatry, University of Iowa, Iowa City 1982
- Rado S. The problem of melancholia. Int J Psychoanal 1928; 9: 420–38
- Cohen MB, Baker G, Cohen RA, Fromm-Reichman F, Weikert E. An intensive study of twelve cases of manic depressive psychosis. Psychiatry 1954; 17: 103–38
- Freeman T. Observations on mania. Int J Psychoanal 1971; 52: 479–86
- Aleksandrowicz DR. Psychoanalytic studies of mania. Mania-an evolving concept, R Belmaker, HM Van Praag. MTP, Utrecht 1980; 309–22
- Morrison A. Shame: the underside of narcissism. Analytic, Hillsdale, New Jersey 1989
- Gibson R, Cohen MB, Cohen R. On the dynamics of the manic depressive personality. Am J Psychiatry 1959; 115: 1101–7
- Akhtar S, Thomson JA. Overview: narcissistic personality disorder. Am J Psychiatry 1982; 139: 12–20
- Stormberg D, Ronningstam E, Gunderson J, Tohen M. Pathological narcissism in bipolar patients. Paper presented at 145th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, May, 1992
- Akhtar S. Narcissistic personality disorder: descriptive features and differential diagnosis. Psychiatr Clin North Am 1989; 12: 505–30
- Pica S, Edwards J, Jackson H, Beli R, Bates G, Rudd R. Personality disorders in recent-onset bipolar disorders. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 499–510
- Kutcher S, Marton P, Korenblum M. Adolescent bipolar illness and personality disorder. J Am Acad Child Adolesc Psychiatry 1990; 29: 355–8
- O'Connell R, Mayo J, Sciutto M. PDQ-R personality disorders in bipolar patients. J Affect Disord 1991; 23: 217–21
- Turley B, Bates G, Edwards J, Jackson H. MCMI-II personality disorders in recent-onset bipolar disorders. J Clin Psychol 1992; 48: 320–9
- Peselow ED, Sanfilipo MP, Fieve RR. Relationship between hypomania and personality disorders before and after successful treatment. Am J Psychiatry 1995; 152: 232–8
- Loranger AW, Susman VL, Oldham JM, Russakoff LK. The Personality Disorder Examination: a preliminary report. J Pers Disord 1987; 1: 1–13
- Gunderson J, Ronningstam E, Bodkin A. The diagnostic interview for narcissistic patients. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 676–80
- Freud S. Psychoanalytic notes on an autobiographical account of a case of paranoia. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, J Strachey. Hogarth, London 1958; vol 12: 9–79
- Freud S. Introductory lectures on psychoanalysis. The standard edition of the complete psychological works of Sigmund Freud, J Strachey. Hogarth, London 1963; vols 15: 16
- Hogg B, Jackson H, Rudd R, Edwards J. Diagnosing personality disorders in recent-onset schizophrenia. J Nerv Ment Dis 1990; 178: 194–9
- Stanley M, Turner S, Borden J. Schizotypal features in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 511–8
- Baer L, Jenike MA, Riccardi J N I I, Holland AD, Seymour RJ, Minichiello WE, et al. Standardized assessment of personality disorders in obsessive-compulsive disorder. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 826–30
- Mavissakalian M, Hamann MS, Jones B. A comparison of DSM-III personality disorders in panic/agoraphobia and obsessive-compulsive disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 238–44
- Sciuto G, Diaferia G, Battaglia M, Perna G, Gabriele A, Bellodi L. DSM-III-R personality disorders in panic and obsessive-compulsive disorders: a comparison study. Compr Psychiatry 1991; 32: 450–7
- Fear of being fat, CP Wilson. Jason Aronson, New York 1983
- Hogan C. Psychodynamics. Fear of being fat, CP Wilson. Jason Aronson, New York 1983; 115–28
- Hogan C. Object relations. Fear of being fat, CP Wilson. Jason Aronson, New York 1983; 129–49
- Hogan C. Transference. Fear of being fat, CP Wilson. Jason Aronson, New York 1983; 153–68
- Sours JA. The anorexia nervosa syndrome. Int J Psychoanal 1974; 55: 567–76
- Goodsitt A. Self psychology and the treatment of anorexia nervosa. Handbook of psychotherapy for anorexia nervosa and bulimia, DM Garner, PE Garfinkel. Guilford, New York 1985; 55–87
- Johnson C, Connors ME. The etiology and treatment of bulimia nervosa. Basic Books, New York 1987
- Piran N, Lerner P, Garfinkel P, Kennedy S, Brouillette C. Personality disorders in anorexic patients. Int J Eating Disord 1988; 7: 589–99
- Gartner A, Marcus R, Halmi K, Loranger A. DSM-III-R personality disorders in patients with eating disorders. Am J Psychiatry 1989; 146: 1585–91
- Yates W, Sieleni B, Reich J, Brass C. Comorbidity of bulimia nervosa and personality disorders. J Clin Psychiatry 1989; 50: 57–9
- Ronningstam E. Pathological narcissism in anorexic subjects. Paper presented at the 145th Annual Meeting of the American Psychiatric Association, Washington, DC, May, 1992
- Gabbard G. Further contributions to the understanding of stage fright: narcissistic issues. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1983; 31: 423–31
- Mavissakalian M, Hamann S. DSM-III personality disorders in agoraphobia. Compr Psychiatry 1986; 27: 471–9
- Gasperini M, Battaglia M, Diaferia G, Bellodi L. Personality features related to generalized anxiety disorder. Compr Psychiatry 1990; 31: 363–8
- Vaillant GE. The alcohol-dependent and drug-dependent person. The Harvard guide to modern psychiatry2nd ed., AM Nicholi. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1988; 700–13
- Wurmser L. Psychoanalytic considerations of the etiology of compulsive drug use. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1974; 22: 820–43
- Khantzian EJ. An ego-self theory of substance dependence: a contemporary psychoanalytic perspective. Theories on drug abuse: NIDA research monograph 30, DJ Lettieri, M Sayers, HW Pearson. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, Maryland 1980; 29–33
- Khantzian EJ. Psychological (structural) vulnerabilities and the specific appeal of narcotics. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1982; 398: 24–32
- Khantzian EJ. The self-medication hypothesis of addictive disorders: focus on heroin and cocaine dependence. Am J Psychiatry 1985; 142: 1259–64
- Wieder H, Kaplan EH. Drug use in adolescents: psychodynamic meaning and pharmacogenic effect. Psychoanal Study Child 1969; 24: 399–431
- Khantzian EJ. Impulse problems and drug addictions: cause and effect relationships. Working with the impulsive person, HA Wishnie, J Nevis-Olesen. Plenum, New York 1979; 97–112
- Tähkä J. Alcoholism as a narcissistic disturbance. Psychiatr Finn 1979; 129–39
- Craig RJ. A psychometric study of the prevalence of DSM-III personality disorders among treated opiate addicts. Int J Addict 1988; 23: 115–24
- Yates W, Fulton AI, Gabel JM, Brass CT. Personality risk factors for cocaine abuse. Am J Public Health 1989; 79: 891–2
- Marsh DT, Stile SA, Stoughton NL, Trout-Landen BL. Psychopathology of opiate addiction: comparative data from the MMPI and MCMI. Am J Drug Alcohol Abuse 1988; 14: 17–27
- Yeager RJ, DiGiuseppe R, Resweber PJ, Leaf R. Comparison of Millon personality profiles of chronic residential substance abusers and a general outpatient population. Psychol Rep 1992; 71: 71–9
- DeJong C A J, Van den Brink W, Harteveld FM, Van der Wielen E G M. Personality disorders in alcoholics and drug addicts. Compr Psychiatry 1993; 34: 87–94
- Weiss RD, Mirin SM, Griffin ML, Gunderson JG, Hufford C. Personality disorders in cocaine dependence. Compr Psychiatry 1993; 34: 145–9
- Vaillant GE. The natural history of alcoholism: causes, patterns, and paths of recovery. Harvard University Press, Cambridge, Massachusetts 1985
- Gunderson J, Ronningstam E, Smith L. Narcissistic personality disorder: a review of data on DSM-III-R descriptions. J Pers Disord 1991; 5: 167–77
- Morey L. Personality disorders in DSM-III and DSM-III-R: an examination of convergence, coverage, and internal consistency. Am J Psychiatry 1988; 145: 573–7
- Klass ET, DiNardo PA, Barlow DH. DSM-III-R personality diagnoses in anxiety disorder patients. Compr Psychiatry 1989; 30: 251–8
- Zimmerman M, Coryell W. DSM-III personality disorder diagnoses in a nonpatient sample. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1989; 46: 682–9
- Millon T. Disorders of personality: DSM-III Axis II. Wiley, New York 1992
- Millon T. Personality prototypes and their diagnostic criteria. Contemporary directions in psychopathology, T Millon, G Herman. Guilford, New York 1987
- Millon T. Manual for the MCMI-II2nd ed. National Computer Systems, Minneapolis 1987
- Hyler S, Skodol AE, Kellman HD, Oldham JM, Rosnick L. Validity of the Personality Diagnostic Questionnaire-Revised: comparison with two structured interviews. Am J Psychiatry 1990; 147: 1043–8
- Zimmerman M, Coryell W. Diagnosing personality disorders in the community—a comparison of self-report and interview measures. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1990; 47: 527–31
- Hurt S, Hyler S, Frances A, Clarkin J, Brent R. Assessing borderline personality disorder with self-report, clinical interview or semistructured interview. Am J Psychiatry 1984; 141: 1228–31
- Spitzer RL, Williams J B W, Gibbon M, First MB. Structured Clinical Interview for the DSM-III-R Personality Disorders (SCID-II). American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1990
- Hirschfeld R, Herman G, Clayton P, Keller M, McDonald-Scott P, Larkin B. Assessing personality: effects of the depressive state on trait measurement. Am J Psychiatry 1983; 140: 695–9
- Akiskal H. The relationship of personality to affective disorders. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1983; 40: 801–10
- Reich J, Noyes R, Coryell W, O'Gorman T. The effect of state anxiety on personality measurement. Am J Psychiatry 1986; 143: 760–3
- Zimmerman M, Pfohl B, Stangl D, Corenthal C. Assessment of DSM-III personality disorders: the importance of interviewing an informant. J Clin Psychiatry 1986; 47: 261–3
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders3rd ed. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1980
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders3rd ed. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1987
- American Psychiatric Association. Diagnostic and statistical manual of mental disorders4th ed. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1994
- Hsu LK. Outcome of anorexia nervosa: a review of the literature. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1980; 37: 1041–6
- Docherty JP, Fiester SJ, Shea T. Syndrome diagnosis and personality disorder. American Psychiatric Association annual review, AJ Frances, RE Hales. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1986; vol 5: 315–55
- Pao PN. Elation, hypomania, and mania. J Am Psychoanal Assoc 1971; 19: 787–98
- Lewin BD. Comments on hypomanic and related states. Psychoanal Rev 1941; 28: 86–91
- Cooper A. Narcissism. American handbook of psychiatry, S Arieti, H Keith, H Brodie. Basic Books, New York 1981; vol 4: 297–316
- Cooper AM, Ronningstam E. Narcissistic personality disorder. American Psychiatric Press review of psychiatry, A Tasman, MB Riba. American Psychiatric Press, Washington, DC 1992; vol 11: 80–97
- Gabbard GO. Two subtypes of narcissistic personality disorder. Bull Menninger Clin 1989; 53: 527–32