Reactive oxygen species in cancer

References

• Storz P. Reactive oxygen species in tumor progression. Front Biosci 2005;10:1881–1896.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Szatrowski TP, Nathan CF. Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. Cancer Res 1991;51:794–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babior BM. NADPH oxidase: an update. Blood 1999;93: 1464–1476.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Han D, Williams E, Cadenas E. Mitochondrial respiratory chain-dependent generation of superoxide anion and its release into the intermembrane space. Biochem J 2001;353: 411–416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crompton M. The mitochondrial permeability transition pore and its role in cell death. Biochem J 1999;341: 233–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P. Reactive oxygen species-mediated mitochondria-to-nucleus signaling: a key to aging and radical-caused diseases. Sci STKE 2006;2006:re3.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bienert GP, . Specific aquaporins facilitate the diffusion of hydrogen peroxide across membranes. J Biol Chem 2007; 282:1183–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WK, Thevenod F. A role for mitochondrial aquaporins in cellular life-and-death decisions? Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2006;291:C195–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dansen TB, Wirtz KW. The peroxisome in oxidative stress. IUBMB Life 2001;51:223–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• del Rio LA, . Metabolism of oxygen radicals in peroxisomes and cellular implications. Free Radic Biol Med 1992;13:557–580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh I. Mammalian peroxisomes: metabolism of oxygen and reactive oxygen species. Ann N Y Acad Sci 1996;804:612–627.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonekamp NA, . Reactive oxygen species and peroxisomes: struggling for balance. Biofactors 2009;35: 346–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bae YS, . Platelet-derived growth factor-induced H(2)O(2) production requires the activation of phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase. J Biol chem 2000;275:10527–10531.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdon RH. Superoxide and hydrogen peroxide in relation to mammalian cell proliferation. Free Radic biol med 1995;18:775–794.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goustin AS, . Growth factors and cancer. Cancer Res 1986;46:1015–1029.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaresan M, . Requirement for generation of H2O2 for platelet-derived growth factor signal transduction. Science 1995;270:296–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tiku ML, Liesch JB, Robertson FM. Production of hydrogen peroxide by rabbit articular chondrocytes. Enhancement by cytokines. J Immunol 1990;145:690–696.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lo YY, Cruz TF. Involvement of reactive oxygen species in cytokine and growth factor induction of c-fos expression in chondrocytes. J Biol chem 1995;270:11727–11730.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meier B, . Human fibroblasts release reactive oxygen species in response to interleukin-1 or tumour necrosis factor-alpha. Biochem J 1989;263:539–545.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roy D, Sarkar S, Felty Q. Levels of IL-1 beta control stimulatory/inhibitory growth of cancer cells. Front Biosci 2006;11:889–898.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ohba M, . Production of hydrogen peroxide by transforming growth factor-beta 1 and its involvement in induction of egr-1 in mouse osteoblastic cells. J Cell Biol 1994;126:1079–1088.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen Q, Olashaw N, Wu J. Participation of reactive oxygen species in the lysophosphatidic acid-stimulated mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase activation pathway. J biol chem 1995;270:28499–28502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Griendling KK, . Angiotensin II stimulates NADH and NADPH oxidase activity in cultured vascular smooth muscle cells. Circ Res 1994;74:1141–1148.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aunoble B, . Major oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes involved in epithelial ovarian cancer (review). Int J Oncol 2000;16:567–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Minamoto T, Mai M, Ronai Z. K-ras mutation: early detection in molecular diagnosis and risk assessment of colorectal, pancreas, and lung cancers–a review. Cancer Detect Prev 2000;24:1–12.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Minamoto T, Ougolkov AV, Mai M. Detection of oncogenes in the diagnosis of cancers with active oncogenic signaling. Expert Rev Mol Diagn 2002;2:565–575.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Chiarugi P, Fiaschi T. Redox signalling in anchorage-dependent cell growth. Cell Signal 2007;19:672–682.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ferraro D, . Pro-metastatic signaling by c-Met through RAC-1 and reactive oxygen species (ROS). Oncogene 2006;25:3689–3698.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shin EA, . Arachidonic acid induces the activation of the stress-activated protein kinase, membrane ruffling and H2O2 production via a small GTPase Rac1. FEBS Lett 1999:452:355–359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Balkwill F. Tumour necrosis factor and cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2009;9:361–371.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Berasain C; . Inflammation and liver cancer: new molecular links. Ann NY Acad Sci 2009:1155:206–221.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xiao H, Yang CS. Combination regimen with statins and NSAIDs: a promising strategy for cancer chemoprevention. Int J Cancer 2008:123:983–990.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Babior BM. The respiratory burst oxidase. Curr Opin Hematol 1995;2:55–60.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Segal AW, Shatwell KP. The NADPH oxidase of phagocytic leukocytes. Ann NY Acad Sci 1997;832:215–222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cui S, . Activated murine macrophages induce apoptosis in tumor cells through nitric oxide-dependent or -independent mechanisms. Cancer Res 1994;54:2462–2467.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Copin JC, Gasche Y, Chan PH. Overexpression of copper/zinc superoxide dismutase does not prevent neonatal lethality in mutant mice that lack manganese superoxide dismutase. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1571–1576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bendayan M, Reddy JK. Immunocytochemical localization of catalase and heat-labile enoyl-CoA hydratase in the livers of normal and peroxisome proliferator-treated rats. Lab Invest 1982;47:364–369.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hashimoto F, Hayashi H. Significance of catalase in peroxisomal fatty acyl-CoA beta-oxidation: NADH oxidation by acetoacetyl-CoA and H2O2. J Biochem 1990;108:426–431.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Litwin JA, Volkl A, Muller-Hocker J, Hashimoto T, Fahimi H D. Immunocytochemical localization of peroxisomal enzymes in human liver biopsies. Am J Pathol 1987;128: 141–150.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hofmann B, Hecht HJ, Flohe L. Peroxiredoxins. Biol Chem 2002;383:347–364.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee SG, . A family of novel peroxidases, peroxiredoxins. Biofactors 1999;10:207–209.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wood ZA, . Structure, mechanism and regulation of peroxiredoxins. Trends Biochem Sci 2003;28:32–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Neumann CA, . Essential role for the peroxiredoxin Prdx1 in erythrocyte antioxidant defence and tumour suppression. Nature 2003;424:561–565.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Holmgren A. Thioredoxin structure and mechanism: conformational changes on oxidation of the active-site sulfhydryls to a disulfide. Structure 1995;3:239–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arner ES, Holmgren A. Physiological functions of thioredoxin and thioredoxin reductase. Eur J Biochem 2000;267:6102–6109.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mustacich D, Powis G. Thioredoxin reductase. Biochemical J 2000;346:1–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigelius-Flohe R. Tissue-specific functions of individual glutathione peroxidases. Free Radic biol Med 1999;27:951–965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ursini F, . Diversity of glutathione peroxidases. Methods in Enzymol 1995;252:38–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carlberg I, Mannervik B. Purification and characterization of the flavoenzyme glutathione reductase from rat liver. J Biol Chem 1975;250:5475–5480.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beutler E. Effect of flavin compounds on glutathione reductase activity: in vivo and in vitro studies. J Clin Invest 1969;48:1957–1966.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend DM, Tew KD. The role of glutathione-S-transferase in anti-cancer drug resistance. Oncogene 2003;22:7369–7375.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, . Antioxidant role of glutathione S-transferases: protection against oxidant toxicity and regulation of stress-mediated apoptosis. Antioxid & Redox signal 2004;6:289–300.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hayes JD, Flanagan JU, Jowsey IR. Glutathione transferases. Annu Rev Pharmacol Toxicol 2005;45:51–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colavitti R, . Reactive oxygen species as downstream mediators of angiogenic signaling by vascular endothelial growth factor receptor-2/KDR. J Biol Chem 2002;277: 3101–3108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Finkel T. Redox-dependent signal transduction. FEBS Lett 2000;476:52–54.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hensley K, Floyd RA. Reactive oxygen species and protein oxidation in aging: a look back, a look ahead. Arch Biochem Biophys 2002;397:377–383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani K. Oxidant signaling in vascular cell growth, death, and survival : a review of the roles of reactive oxygen species in smooth muscle and endothelial cell mitogenic and apoptotic signaling. Circulation Res 2000; 87:179–183.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rhee SG, . Hydrogen peroxide: a key messenger that modulates protein phosphorylation through cysteine oxidation. Sci STKE 2000:53:pel.
   Google Scholar
• Khavari TA, Rinn J. Ras/Erk MAPK signaling in epidermal homeostasis and neoplasia. Cell Cycle 2007;6:2928–2931.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roberts PJ, Der CJ. Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 2007; 26:3291–3310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Irani K, . Mitogenic signaling mediated by oxidants in Ras-transformed fibroblasts. Science 1997; 275:1649–1652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reddy KB, Glaros S. Inhibition of the MAP kinase activity suppresses estrogen-induced breast tumor growth both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Oncol 2007;30:971–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lander HM, . A molecular redox switch on p21(ras). Structural basis for the nitric oxide-p21(ras) interaction. J Biol chem 1997;272:4323–4326.
   Google Scholar
• Chan DW, . Loss of MKP3 mediated by oxidative stress enhances tumorigenicity and chemoresistance of ovarian cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2008;29:1742–1750.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McCubrey JA, . Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007; 1773:1263–1284.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steelman LS, . Contributions of the Raf/MEK/ERK, PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR and Jak/STAT pathways to leukemia. Leukemia 2008;22:686–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar B, . Oxidative stress is inherent in prostate cancer cells and is required for aggressive phenotype. Cancer Res 2008; 68:1777–1785.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee WC, . Role of ERK in hydrogen peroxide-induced cell death of human glioma cells. Neurochem Res 2005; 30:263–270.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rygiel TP, . The Rac activator Tiam1 prevents keratinocyte apoptosis by controlling ROS-mediated ERK phosphorylation. J Cell Sci 2008;121:1183–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ostrakhovitch EA, Cherian MG. Inhibition of extracellular signal regulated kinase (ERK) leads to apoptosis inducing factor (AIF) mediated apoptosis in epithelial breast cancer cells: the lack of effect of ERK in p53 mediated copper induced apoptosis. J cell biochem 2005; 95:1120–1134.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhou J, . Salvicine inactivates beta 1 integrin and inhibits adhesion of MDA-MB-435 cells to fibronectin via reactive oxygen species signaling. Mol Cancer Res 2008; 6:194–204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cullen JJ, . The role of manganese superoxide dismutase in the growth of pancreatic adenocarcinoma. Cancer Res 2003;63:1297–1303.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lewis A, . Metastatic progression of pancreatic cancer: changes in antioxidant enzymes and cell growth. Clin Exp Metastasis 2005;22:523–532.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mazzio EA, Soliman KF. Glioma cell antioxidant capacity relative to reactive oxygen species produced by dopamine. J Appl Toxicol 2004;24:99–106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang Y, . Overexpression of copper zinc superoxide dismutase suppresses human glioma cell growth. Cancer Res 2002;62:1205–1212.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Osada S, . Extracellular signal-regulated kinase phosphorylation due to menadione-induced arylation mediates growth inhibition of pancreas cancer cells. Cancer Chemother Pharmacol 2008;62:315–320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shi Y, Sahu RP, Srivastava SK. Triphala inhibits both in vitro and in vivo xenograft growth of pancreatic tumor cells by inducing apoptosis. BMC Cancer 2008;8:294.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brunet A, . Akt promotes cell survival by phosphorylating and inhibiting a Forkhead transcription factor. Cell 1999;96:857–868.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pastorino JG, Tafani M, Farber JL. Tumor necrosis factor induces phosphorylation and translocation of BAD through a phosphatidylinositide-3-OH kinase-dependent pathway. J Biol Chem 1999;274:19411–19416.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xin M, Deng X. Nicotine inactivation of the proapoptotic function of Bax through phosphorylation. J Biol Chem 2005;280:10781–10789.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kawamura N, . Akt1 in osteoblasts and osteoclasts controls bone remodeling. PLoS One 2007;2:e1058.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qi XJ, Wildey GM, Howe PH. Evidence that Ser87 of BimEL is phosphorylated by Akt and regulates BimEL apoptotic function. J Biol Chem 2006;281:813–823.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limaye V, . Sphingosine kinase-1 enhances endothelial cell survival through a PECAM-1-dependent activation of PI-3K/Akt and regulation of Bcl-2 family members. Blood 2005;105:3169–3177.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdick AD, . Benzo(a)pyrene quinones increase cell proliferation, generate reactive oxygen species, and transactivate the epidermal growth factor receptor in breast epithelial cells. Cancer Res 2003;63:7825–7833.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Park SA, . 4-hydroxyestradiol induces anchorage-independent growth of human mammary epithelial cells via activation of IkappaB kinase: potential role of reactive oxygen species. Cancer Res 2009;69:2416–2424.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Liu LZ, . Reactive oxygen species regulate epidermal growth factor-induced vascular endothelial growth factor and hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha expression through activation of AKT and P70S6K1 in human ovarian cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2006;41:1521–1533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mochizuki T, . Inhibition of NADPH oxidase 4 activates apoptosis via the AKT/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 pathway in pancreatic cancer PANC-1 cells. Oncogene 2006;25:3699–3707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, Toker A. 3′-phosphoinositide-dependent kinase-1 (PDK-1) in PI 3-kinase signaling. Front Biosci 2002;7:d886–d902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ogg S, Ruvkun G. The C. elegans PTEN homolog, DAF-18, acts in the insulin receptor-like metabolic signaling pathway. Mol Cell 1998;2:887–893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun H, . PTEN modulates cell cycle progression and cell survival by regulating phosphatidylinositol 3,4,5,-trisphosphate and Akt/protein kinase B signaling pathway. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1999;96:6199–6204.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higaki Y, . Oxidative stress stimulates skeletal muscle glucose uptake through a phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase-dependent pathway. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2008;294:E889–E897.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Prasad N, . Oxidative stress and vanadate induce tyrosine phosphorylation of phosphoinositide-dependent kinase 1 (PDK1). Biochemistry 2000;39:6929–6935.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee SR, . Reversible inactivation of the tumor suppressor PTEN by H2O2. J Biol Chem 2002;277:20336–20342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huo YY, . PTEN deletion leads to deregulation of antioxidants and increased oxidative damage in mouse embryonic fibroblasts. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44: 1578–1591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Basseres DS, Baldwin AS. Nuclear factor-kappaB and inhibitor of kappaB kinase pathways in oncogenic initiation and progression. Oncogene 2006;25:6817–6830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas DK, Iglehart JD. Linkage between EGFR family receptors and nuclear factor kappaB (NF-kappaB) signaling in breast cancer. J Cell Physiol 2006;209:645–652.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Biswas DK, . NF-kappa B activation in human breast cancer specimens and its role in cell proliferation and apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2004;101:10137–10142.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rayet B, Gelinas C. Aberrant rel/nfkb genes and activity in human cancer. Oncogene 1999;18:6938–6947.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmed KM, Cao N, Li JJ. HER-2 and NF-kappaB as the targets for therapy-resistant breast cancer. Anticancer Res 2006;26:4235–4243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bourguignon LY, Xia W, Wong G. Hyaluronan-mediated CD44 interaction with p300 and SIRT1 regulates beta-catenin signaling and NFkappaB-specific transcription activity leading to MDR1 and Bcl-xL gene expression and chemoresistance in breast tumor cells. J Biol Chem 2009;284:2657–2671.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffey DC, . Inhibition of transcription factor nuclear factor-kappaB by a mutant inhibitor-kappaBalpha attenuates resistance of human head and neck squamous cell carcinoma to TNF-alpha caspase-mediated cell death. Br J Cancer 2000;83:1367–1374.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li N, Karin M. Is NF-kappaB the sensor of oxidative stress? Faseb J 1999;13:1137–1143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schreck R, Albermann K, Baeuerle PA. Nuclear factor kappa B: an oxidative stress-responsive transcription factor of eukaryotic cells (a review). Free Radic Res Commun 1992;17:221–237.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg AA, . Tumor necrosis factor and interleukin-1 lead to phosphorylation and loss of I kappa B alpha: a mechanism for NF-kappa B activation. Mol Cell Biol 1993;13: 3301–3310.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Beg AA, . I kappa B interacts with the nuclear localization sequences of the subunits of NF-kappa B: a mechanism for cytoplasmic retention. Genes Dev 1992;6:1899–1913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bonizzi G, . Activation of IKKalpha target genes depends on recognition of specific kappaB binding sites by RelB:p52 dimers. Embo J 2004;23:4202–4210.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Delhase M, . Positive and negative regulation of IkappaB kinase activity through IKKbeta subunit phosphorylation. Science 1999;284:309–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacker H, Karin M. Regulation and function of IKK and IKK-related kinases. Sci STKE 2006;357:re13.
   Google Scholar
• Bergmann M, . IkappaBalpha degradation and nuclear factor-kappaB DNA binding are insufficient for interleukin-1beta and tumor necrosis factor-alpha-induced kappaB-dependent transcription. Requirement for an additional activation pathway. J Biol Chem 1998;273: 6607–6610.
   Google Scholar
• Claudio E, . Molecular mechanisms of TNFalpha cytotoxicity: activation of NF-kappaB and nuclear translocation. Exp Cell Res 1996;224:63–71.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ling L, Cao Z, Goeddel DV. NF-kappaB-inducing kinase activates IKK-alpha by phosphorylation of Ser-176. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 1998;95:3792–3797.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ghoda L, Lin X, Greene WC. The 90-kDa ribosomal S6 kinase (pp90rsk) phosphorylates the N-terminal regulatory domain of IkappaBalpha and stimulates its degradation in vitro. J Biol Chem 1997;272:21281–21288.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singh S, Darnay BG, Aggarwal BB. Site-specific tyrosine phosphorylation of IkappaBalpha negatively regulates its inducible phosphorylation and degradation. J Biol Chem 1996;271:31049–31054.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karin M. The IkappaB kinase-a bridge between inflammation and cancer. Cell Res 2008;18:334–342.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Janssen-Heininger YM, Poynter ME, Baeuerle PA. Recent advances towards understanding redox mechanisms in the activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28:1317–1327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Q, Engelhardt JF. Interleukin-1beta induction of NFkappaB is partially regulated by H2O2-mediated activation of NFkappa B-inducing kinase. J Biol Chem 2006;281:1495–1505.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Manna SK, . Overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses tumor necrosis factor-induced apoptosis and activation of nuclear transcription factor-kappaB and activated protein-1. J Biol Chem 1998;273:13245–13254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ruiz-Ramos R, . Sodium arsenite induces ROS generation, DNA oxidative damage, HO-1 and c-Myc proteins, NF-kappaB activation and cell proliferation in human breast cancer MCF-7 cells. Mutat Res 2009;674:109–115.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang Y, . The endogenous reactive oxygen species promote NF-kappaB activation by targeting on activation of NF-kappaB-inducing kinase in oral squamous carcinoma cells. Free Radic Res 2007;41:963–971.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, Doppler H, Toker A. Protein kinase Cdelta selectively regulates protein kinase D-dependent activation of NF-kappaB in oxidative stress signaling. Mol Cell Biol 2004;24:2614–2626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, Toker A. Protein kinase D mediates a stress-induced NF-kappaB activation and survival pathway. The EMBO J 2003;22:109–120.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cowell CF, . Mitochondrial diacylglycerol initiates protein-kinase D1-mediated ROS signaling. J Cell Sci 2009;122:919–928.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Doppler H, Storz P. A novel tyrosine phosphorylation site in protein kinase D contributes to oxidative stress-mediated activation. J Biol chem 2007;282:31873–31881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, Doppler H, Toker A. Activation loop phosphorylation controls protein kinase D-dependent activation of nuclear factor kappaB. Mol Pharmacol 2004;66:870–879.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Imbert V, . Tyrosine phosphorylation of I kappa B-alpha activates NF-kappa B without proteolytic degradation of I kappa B-alpha. Cell 1996;86:787–798.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mukhopadhyay A, Manna SK, Aggarwal BB. Pervanadate-induced nuclear factor-kappaB activation requires tyrosine phosphorylation and degradation of IkappaBalpha. Comparison with tumor necrosis factor-alpha. J Biol chem 2000;275:8549–8555.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta A, Rosenberger SF, Bowden GT. Increased ROS levels contribute to elevated transcription factor and MAP kinase activities in malignantly progressed mouse keratinocyte cell lines. Carcinogenesis 1999;20:2063–2073.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burdon RH, Gill V, Rice-Evans C. Oxidative stress and tumour cell proliferation. Free Radic Res Commun 1990; 11:65–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felty Q, Roy D. Estrogen, mitochondria, and growth of cancer and non-cancer cells. J Carcinog 2005;4:1.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Felty Q, Singh KP, Roy D. Estrogen-induced G1/S transition of G0-arrested estrogen-dependent breast cancer cells is regulated by mitochondrial oxidant signaling. Oncogene 2005;24:4883–4893.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Felty Q, . Estrogen-induced mitochondrial reactive oxygen species as signal-transducing messengers. Biochemistry 2005;44:6900–6909.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sarsour EH, . Manganese superoxide dismutase activity regulates transitions between quiescent and proliferative growth. Aging cell 2008;7:405–417.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang M, . Manganese superoxide dismutase suppresses hypoxic induction of hypoxia-inducible factor-1alpha and vascular endothelial growth factor. Oncogene 2005;24: 8154–8166.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Parkash J, Felty Q, Roy D. Estrogen exerts a spatial and temporal influence on reactive oxygen species generation that precedes calcium uptake in high-capacity mitochondria: implications for rapid nongenomic signaling of cell growth. Biochemistry 2006;45:2872–2881.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Menon SG, . Differential susceptibility of nonmalignant human breast epithelial cells and breast cancer cells to thiol antioxidant-induced G(1)-delay. Antioxid Redox Signal 2005;7:711–718.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Behrend L, Henderson G, Zwacka RM. Reactive oxygen species in oncogenic transformation. Biochem Soc Trans 2003;31:1441–1444.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Browne SE, . Treatment with a catalytic antioxidant corrects the neurobehavioral defect in ataxia-telangiectasia mice. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;36:938–942.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reichenbach J, . Elevated oxidative stress in patients with ataxia telangiectasia. Antioxidants & redox signaling 2002;4:465–469.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cadenas E. Mitochondrial free radical production and cell signaling. Mol Aspects Med 2004;25:17–26.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Simon HU, Haj-Yehia A, Levi-Schaffer F. Role of reactive oxygen species (ROS) in apoptosis induction. Apoptosis 2000;5:415–418.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chung YM, Bae YS, Lee SY. Molecular ordering of ROS production, mitochondrial changes, and caspase activation during sodium salicylate-induced apoptosis. Free Radic Biol Med 2003;34:434–442.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P. Mitochondrial ROS–radical detoxification, mediated by protein kinase D. Trends Cell Biol 2007;17:13–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gottlieb E, Vander Heiden MG, Thompson C. B. Bcl-x(L) prevents the initial decrease in mitochondrial membrane potential and subsequent reactive oxygen species production during tumor necrosis factor alpha-induced apoptosis. Mol Cell Biol 2000;20:5680–5689.
   Google Scholar
• Li PF, Dietz R, von Harsdorf R. p53 regulates mitochondrial membrane potential through reactive oxygen species and induces cytochrome c-independent apoptosis blocked by Bcl-2. EMBO J 1999;18:6027–6036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee CH, . Novel 2-step synthetic indole compound 1,1,3-tri(3-indolyl)cyclohexane inhibits cancer cell growth in lung cancer cells and xenograft models. Cancer 2008;113: 815–825.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Qanungo S, . Epigallocatechin-3-gallate induces mitochondrial membrane depolarization and caspase-dependent apoptosis in pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2005;26:958–967.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shim H, . Acacetin-induced apoptosis of human breast cancer MCF-7 cells involves caspase cascade, mitochondria-mediated death signaling and SAPK/JNK1/2-c-Jun activation. Mol Cells 2007;24:95–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang R, . In vitro and in vivo induction of apoptosis by capsaicin in pancreatic cancer cells is mediated through ROS generation and mitochondrial death pathway. Apoptosis 2008;13:1465–1478.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saitoh M, . Mammalian thioredoxin is a direct inhibitor of apoptosis signal-regulating kinase (ASK) 1. EMBO J 1998;17:2596–2606.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Takeda K, . Roles of MAPKKK ASK1 in stress-induced cell death. Cell Struct Funct 2003;28:23–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• You H, Yamamoto K, Mak TW. Regulation of transactivation-independent proapoptotic activity of p53 by FOXO3a. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2006;103:9051–9056.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schulze-Osthoff K, . Depletion of the mitochondrial electron transport abrogates the cytotoxic and gene-inductive effects of TNF. EMBO J 1993;12:3095–3104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xu YC, . Involvement of TRAF4 in oxidative activation of c-Jun N-terminal kinase. J Biol Chem 2002;277: 28051–28057.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wong GH, Goeddel DV. Induction of manganous superoxide dismutase by tumor necrosis factor: possible protective mechanism. Science 1988;242:941–944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiu TT, . Protein kinase D2 mediates lysophosphatidic acid-induced interleukin 8 production in nontransformed human colonic epithelial cells through NF-kappaB. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2007;292:C767–C777.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mihailovic T, . Protein kinase D2 mediates activation of nuclear factor kappaB by Bcr-Abl in Bcr-Abl+ human myeloid leukemia cells. Cancer Res 2004;64:8939–8944.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Song J, . PKD prevents H2O2-induced apoptosis via NF-kappaB and p38 MAPK in RIE-1 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2009;378:610–614.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, . Functional dichotomy of A20 in apoptotic and necrotic cell death. Biochem J 2005;387:47–55.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, Doppler H, Toker A. Protein kinase D mediates mitochondrion-to-nucleus signaling and detoxification from mitochondrial reactive oxygen species. Mol Cell Biol 2005;25:8520–8530.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zhang W, . Protein kinase D specifically mediates apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1-JNK signaling induced by H2O2 but not tumor necrosis factor. J Biol Chem 2005;280: 19036–19044.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kundu N, . Sublethal oxidative stress inhibits tumor cell adhesion and enhances experimental metastasis of murine mammary carcinoma. Clin Exp Metastasis 1995;13:16–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pelicano H, . Mitochondrial dysfunction and reactive oxygen species imbalance promote breast cancer cell motility through a CXCL14-mediated mechanism. Cancer Res 2009;69:2375–2383.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitchler M. J, . Epigenetic silencing of SOD2 by histone modifications in human breast cancer cells. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;45:1573–1580.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hitchler MJ, . Epigenetic regulation of manganese superoxide dismutase expression in human breast cancer cells. Epigenetics 2006;1:163–171.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Broom OJ, Massoumi R, Sjolander A. Alpha2beta1 integrin signalling enhances cyclooxygenase-2 expression in intestinal epithelial cells. J Cell Physiol 2006;209:950–958.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Svineng G, . The role of reactive oxygen species in integrin and matrix metalloproteinase expression and function. Connect Tissue Res 2008;49:197–202.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddei ML, . Integrin-mediated cell adhesion and spreading engage different sources of reactive oxygen species. Antioxid Redox Signal 2007;9:469–481.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ben Mahdi MH, Andrieu V, Pasquier C. Focal adhesion kinase regulation by oxidative stress in different cell types. IUBMB Life 2000;50:291–299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chiarugi P. From anchorage dependent proliferation to survival: lessons from redox signalling. IUBMB Life 2008;60:301–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Werner E, Werb Z. Integrins engage mitochondrial function for signal transduction by a mechanism dependent on Rho GTPases. J Cell Biol 2002;158:357–368.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Giannoni E, . Redox regulation of anoikis resistance of metastatic prostate cancer cells: key role for Src and EGFR-mediated pro-survival signals. Oncogene 2009;28: 2074–2086.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Radisky DC, . Rac1b and reactive oxygen species mediate MMP-3-induced EMT and genomic instability. Nature 2005;436:123–127.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wu WS. The signaling mechanism of ROS in tumor progression. Cancer Metastasis Rev 2006;25:695–705.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tobar N, . RAC1 activity and intracellular ROS modulate the migratory potential of MCF-7 cells through a NADPH oxidase and NFkappaB-dependent mechanism. Cancer Lett 2008;267:125–132.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Moldovan L, . The actin cytoskeleton reorganization induced by Rac1 requires the production of superoxide. Antioxid Redox signal 1999;1:29–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Eiseler T, . Protein kinase D1 regulates cofilin-mediated F-actin reorganization and cell motility through slingshot. Nat cell Biol 2009;11:545–556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim JS, Huang TY, Bokoch GM. Reactive oxygen species regulate a slingshot-cofilin activation pathway. Mol Biol Cell 2009;20:2650–2660.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sundaresan M, . Regulation of reactive-oxygen-species generation in fibroblasts by Rac1. Biochem J 1996;318: 379–382.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gianni D, . The involvement of the tyrosine kinase c-Src in the regulation of reactive oxygen species generation mediated by NADPH oxidase-1. Mol Biol Cell 2008;19:2984–2994.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diaz B, . Tks5-dependent, nox-mediated generation of reactive oxygen species is necessary for invadopodia formation. Sci Signal 2009;2:ra53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown NS, Bicknell R. Hypoxia and oxidative stress in breast cancer. Oxidative stress: its effects on the growth, metastatic potential and response to therapy of breast cancer. Breast Cancer Res 2001;3:323–327.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duffy MJ, . Metalloproteinases: role in breast carcinogenesis, invasion and metastasis. Breast Cancer Res 2000;2:252–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson AR, . Matrix metalloproteinases: biologic activity and clinical implications. J Clin Oncol 2000;18:1135–1149.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nelson KK, Melendez J. A. Mitochondrial redox control of matrix metalloproteinases. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;37: 768–784.
   Google Scholar
• Brenneisen P, Sies H, Scharffetter-Kochanek K. Ultraviolet-B irradiation and matrix metalloproteinases: from induction via signaling to initial events. Ann NY Acad Sci 2002;973: 31–43.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kheradmand F, . Role of Rac1 and oxygen radicals in collagenase-1 expression induced by cell shape change. Science 1998;280:898–902.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wenk J, . Stable overexpression of manganese superoxide dismutase in mitochondria identifies hydrogen peroxide as a major oxidant in the AP-1-mediated induction of matrix-degrading metalloprotease-1. J Biol Chem 1999;274: 25869–25876.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Westermarck J, Kahari VM. Regulation of matrix metalloproteinase expression in tumor invasion. Faseb J 1999;13:781–792.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rajagopalan S, . Reactive oxygen species produced by macrophage-derived foam cells regulate the activity of vascular matrix metalloproteinases in vitro. Implications for atherosclerotic plaque stability. J Clin Invest 1996;98: 2572–2579.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van Wetering S, . Reactive oxygen species mediate Rac-induced loss of cell-cell adhesion in primary human endothelial cells. J Cell Sci 2002;115:1837–1846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cheng GC, . Oxidative stress and thioredoxin-interacting protein promote intravasation of melanoma cells. Exp Cell Res 2004;300:297–307.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Roebuck KA. Oxidant stress regulation of IL-8 and ICAM-1 gene expression: differential activation and binding of the transcription factors AP-1 and NF-kappaB (Review). Int J Mol Med 1999;4:223–230.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Huot J, . Oxidative stress-induced actin reorganization mediated by the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase/heat shock protein 27 pathway in vascular endothelial cells. Circ Res 1997;80:383–392.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dewhirst MW, Cao Y, Moeller B. Cycling hypoxia and free radicals regulate angiogenesis and radiotherapy response. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:425–437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hockel M, Vaupel P. Tumor hypoxia: definitions and current clinical, biologic, and molecular aspects. J Natl Cancer Inst 2001;93:266–276.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pani G, . Redox-based escape mechanism from death: the cancer lesson. Antioxidants Redox Signal 2009;11: 2791–2806.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dang CV, Semenza GL. Oncogenic alterations of metabolism. Trends Biochem Sci 1999;24:68–72.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ganapathy V, Thangaraju M, Prasad P. D. Nutrient transporters in cancer: relevance to Warburg hypothesis and beyond. Pharmacol Ther 2009;121:29–40.
   Google Scholar
• Hsu PP, Sabatini DM. Cancer cell metabolism: Warburg and beyond. Cell 2008;134:703–707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Harris AL. Hypoxia--a key regulatory factor in tumour growth. Nat Rev Cancer 2002;2:38–47.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kaelin WG, Jr. Ratcliffe PJ. Oxygen sensing by metazoans: the central role of the HIF hydroxylase pathway. Mol Cell 2008;30:393–402.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pouyssegur J, Dayan F, Mazure NM. Hypoxia signalling in cancer and approaches to enforce tumour regression. Nature 2006;441:437–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Erler JT, . Lysyl oxidase is essential for hypoxia-induced metastasis. Nature 2006;440:1222–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rofstad EK, . Acidic extracellular pH promotes experimental metastasis of human melanoma cells in athymic nude mice. Cancer Res 2006;66:6699–6707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Claffey KP, . Expression of vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor by melanoma cells increases tumor growth, angiogenesis, and experimental metastasis. Cancer Res 1996;56:172–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Senger DR, . Vascular permeability factor, tumor angiogenesis and stroma generation. Invasion Metastasis 1994;14:385–394.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Rabbani ZN, . Antiangiogenic action of redox-modulating Mn(III) ortho-tetrakis-N-ethylpyridylporphyrin, MnTE-2-PyP(5+), via suppression of oxidative stress in a mouse model of breast tumor. Free Radic Biol Med 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown LF, . Vascular permeability factor/vascular endothelial growth factor: a multifunctional angiogenic cytokine. Exs 1997;79:233–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Murakami M, Simons M. Fibroblast growth factor regulation of neovascularization. Curr Opin Hematol 2008;15:215–220.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M. Hypoxia signalling through mTOR and the unfolded protein response in cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:851–864.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Spitz DR, . Glucose deprivation-induced oxidative stress in human tumor cells. A fundamental defect in metabolism? Ann NY Acad Sci 2000;899:349–362.
   Google Scholar
• Bertout JA, Patel SA, Simon MC. The impact of O2 availability on human cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:967–975.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner LB, Corn, PG. Hypoxic regulation of mRNA expression. Cell Cycle 2008;7:1916–1924.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Xia C, . Reactive oxygen species regulate angiogenesis and tumor growth through vascular endothelial growth factor. Cancer Res 2007;67:10823–10830.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Govindarajan B, . Overexpression of Akt converts radial growth melanoma to vertical growth melanoma. J Clin Invest 2007;117:719–729.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, . PTEN regulate angiogenesis through PI3K/Akt/VEGF signaling pathway in human pancreatic cancer cells. Mol Cell Biochem; 2009.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wartenberg M, . Inhibition of tumor-induced angiogenesis and matrix-metalloproteinase expression in confrontation cultures of embryoid bodies and tumor spheroids by plant ingredients used in traditional chinese medicine. Lab Invest 2003;83:87–98.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milligan SA, Owens MW, Grisham MB. Augmentation of cytokine-induced nitric oxide synthesis by hydrogen peroxide. Am J Physiol 1996;271:L114–L120.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Bao S, . Glioma stem cells promote radioresistance by preferential activation of the DNA damage response. Nature 2006;444:756–760.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Visvader JE, Lindeman GJ. Cancer stem cells in solid tumours: accumulating evidence and unresolved questions. Nat Rev Cancer 2008;8:755–768.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Trachootham D, Alexandre J, Huang P. Targeting cancer cells by ROS-mediated mechanisms: a radical therapeutic approach? Nat Rev Drug Discov 2009;8:579–591.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Diehn M, . Association of reactive oxygen species levels and radioresistance in cancer stem cells. Nature 2009;458:780–783.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tothova Z, . FoxOs are critical mediators of hematopoietic stem cell resistance to physiologic oxidative stress. Cell 2007;128:325–339.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shackleton M, . Generation of a functional mammary gland from a single stem cell. Nature 2006;439:84–88.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ward JF. Biochemistry of DNA lesions. Radiat Res Suppl 1985;8:S103–S111.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Imlay JA, Chin SM, Linn S. Toxic DNA damage by hydrogen peroxide through the Fenton reaction in vivo and in vitro. Science 1988;240:640–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Maynard S, . Base excision repair of oxidative DNA damage and association with cancer and aging. Carcinogenesis 2009;30:2–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiseman H, Halliwell B. Damage to DNA by reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: role in inflammatory disease and progression to cancer. Biochem J 1996;313:17–29.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mitra S, . Complexities of the DNA base excision repair pathway for repair of oxidative DNA damage. Environ Mol Mutagen 2001;38:180–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Levine RL. Carbonyl modified proteins in cellular regulation, aging, and disease. Free Radic Biol Med 2002;32:790–796.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Squier TC, Bigelow DJ. Protein oxidation and age-dependent alterations in calcium homeostasis. Front Biosci 2000:5:D504–D526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wells-Knecht MC, . Age-dependent increase in orthotyrosine and methionine sulfoxide in human skin collagen is not accelerated in diabetes. Evidence against a generalized increase in oxidative stress in diabetes. J Clin Invest 1997;100:839–846.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meng TC, Fukada T, Tonks NK. Reversible oxidation and inactivation of protein tyrosine phosphatases in vivo. Molecular Cell 2002;9:387–399.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burhans WC, Weinberger M. DNA replication stress, genome instability and aging. Nucleic Acids Res 2007;35:7545–7556.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Epe B. Role of endogenous oxidative DNA damage in carcinogenesis: what can we learn from repair-deficient mice? Biol Chem 2002;383:467–475.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Franco R, . Oxidative stress, DNA methylation and carcinogenesis. Cancer Lett 2008;266:6–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gardner HW. Oxygen radical chemistry of polyunsaturated fatty acids. Free Radic Biol Med 1989;7:65–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• North JA, Spector AA, Buettner GR. Cell fatty acid composition affects free radical formation during lipid peroxidation. Am J Physiol 1994;267:C177–C188.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burcham PC. Genotoxic lipid peroxidation products: their DNA damaging properties and role in formation of endogenous DNA adducts. Mutagenesis 1998;13:287–305.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Catala A. Lipid peroxidation of membrane phospholipids generates hydroxy-alkenals and oxidized phospholipids active in physiological and/or pathological conditions. Chem Phys Lipids 2009;157:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lauschke H, . Lipid peroxidation as additional marker in patients with colorectal cancer. Results of a preliminary study. Eur Surg Res 2002;34:346–350.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alexandre J, . Accumulation of hydrogen peroxide is an early and crucial step for paclitaxel-induced cancer cell death both in vitro and in vivo. Int J Cancer 2006;119:41–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bairati I, . Randomized trial of antioxidant vitamins to prevent acute adverse effects of radiation therapy in head and neck cancer patients. J Clin Oncol 2005;23:5805–5813.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Llobet D, . Antioxidants block proteasome inhibitor function in endometrial carcinoma cells. Anticancer Drugs 2008;19:115–124.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gahr S, . The combination of the histone-deacetylase inhibitor trichostatin A and gemcitabine induces inhibition of proliferation and increased apoptosis in pancreatic carcinoma cells. Int J Oncol 2007;31:567–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee KH, . Epigenetic silencing of MicroRNA miR-107 regulates cyclin-dependent kinase 6 expression in pancreatic cancer. Pancreatology 2009;9:293–301.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar S, . EGCG inhibits growth, invasion, angiogenesis and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Front Biosci 2008;13:440–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shankar S, Suthakar G, Srivastava RK. Epigallocatechin-3-gallate inhibits cell cycle and induces apoptosis in pancreatic cancer. Front Biosci 2007;12:5039–5051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Srivastava SK, Singh SV. Cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and inhibition of nuclear factor kappa B activation in anti-proliferative activity of benzyl isothiocyanate against human pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis 2004;25: 1701–1709.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donadelli M, . Synergistic inhibition of pancreatic adenocarcinoma cell growth by trichostatin A and gemcitabine. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1773:1095–1106.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sahu RP, . Benzyl isothiocyanate mediated generation of reactive oxygen species causes cell cycle arrest and induces apoptosis via activation of MAPK in human pancreatic cancer cells. Carcinogenesis; 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marchetti M, . Sulindac enhances the killing of cancer cells exposed to oxidative stress. PLoS One 2009;4:e5804.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Loaiza-Perez AI, . Aryl hydrocarbon receptor activation of an antitumor aminoflavone: basis of selective toxicity for MCF-7 breast tumor cells. Mol Cancer Ther 2004;3: 715–725.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLean L, . Aminoflavone induces oxidative DNA damage and reactive oxidative species-mediated apoptosis in breast cancer cells. Int J Cancer 2008;122:1665–1674.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chen CY, . Isokotomolide A, a new butanolide extracted from the leaves of Cinnamomum kotoense, arrests cell cycle progression and induces apoptosis through the induction of p53/p21 and the initiation of mitochondrial system in human non-small cell lung cancer A549 cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2007;574:94–102.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kuo PL, Chen CY, Hsu YL. Isoobtusilactone A induces cell cycle arrest and apoptosis through reactive oxygen species/apoptosis signal-regulating kinase 1 signaling pathway in human breast cancer cells. Cancer Res 2007;67: 7406–7420.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McLachlan A, . Pancratistatin: a natural anti-cancer compound that targets mitochondria specifically in cancer cells to induce apoptosis. Apoptosis 2005;10:619–630.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhya T, . Potential of traditional ayurvedic formulation, Triphala, as a novel anticancer drug. Cancer Lett 2006;231:206–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sandhya T, Mishra KP. Cytotoxic response of breast cancer cell lines, MCF 7 and T 47 D to triphala and its modification by antioxidants. Cancer Lett 2006;238:304–313.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Siedlakowski P, . Synergy of Pancratistatin and Tamoxifen on breast cancer cells in inducing apoptosis by targeting mitochondria. Cancer Biol Ther 2008;7:376–384.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dayal D, . Mitochondrial complex II dysfunction can contribute significantly to genomic instability after exposure to ionizing radiation. Radiat Res 2009;172:737–745.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Carew JS, . Mitochondrial DNA mutations in primary leukemia cells after chemotherapy: clinical significance and therapeutic implications. Leukemia 2003;17:1437–1447.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vaughn AE, Deshmukh M. Glucose metabolism inhibits apoptosis in neurons and cancer cells by redox inactivation of cytochrome c. Nat Cell Biol 2008;10:1477–1483.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aykin-Burns N, . Increased levels of superoxide and H2O2 mediate the differential susceptibility of cancer cells versus normal cells to glucose deprivation. Biochem J 2009;418:29–37.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ahmad IM, . 2-Deoxyglucose combined with wild-type p53 overexpression enhances cytotoxicity in human prostate cancer cells via oxidative stress. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:826–834.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Coleman MC, . 2-deoxy-D-glucose causes cytotoxicity, oxidative stress, and radiosensitization in pancreatic cancer. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:322–331.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fath MA, . Mitochondrial electron transport chain blockers enhance 2-deoxy-D-glucose induced oxidative stress and cell killing in human colon carcinoma cells. Cancer Biol Ther 2009;8:1228–1236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Algul H, . Mechanisms of disease: chronic inflammation and cancer in the pancreas--a potential role for pancreatic stellate cells? Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2007;4:454–462.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Greer JB, Whitcomb DC. Inflammation and pancreatic cancer: an evidence-based review. Curr Opin Pharmacol; 2009.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenfels AB, . Pancreatitis and the risk of pancreatic cancer. International Pancreatitis Study Group. N Engl J Med 1993;328:1433–1437.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antosiewicz J, . c-Jun NH(2)-terminal kinase signaling axis regulates diallyl trisulfide-induced generation of reactive oxygen species and cell cycle arrest in human prostate cancer cells. Cancer Res 2006;66:5379–5386.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Townsend DM, Tew KD. Pharmacology of a mimetic of glutathione disulfide, NOV-002. Biomed Pharmacother 2009; 63:75–78.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Storz P, . FOXO3a promotes tumor cell invasion through the induction of matrix metalloproteinases. Mol Cell Biol 2009;29:4906–4917.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar