Palmitate protects hepatocytes from oxidative stress and triacylglyceride accumulation by stimulation of nitric oxide synthesis in the presence of high glucose and insulin concentration

References

• Sanyal AJ. Mechanisms of disease pathogenesis of non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Nat Clin Pract Gastroenterol Hepatol 2005;2:46–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Loomba R, Sirlin CB, Schwimmer JB, Lavine JE. Advances in pediatric non alcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2009;50:1282–1293.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri P, Baillie RA, Wiest MM, Mirshahi F, Choudhury J, Cheung O, Sargeant C, Contos MJ, Sanyal AJ. A lipidomic analysis of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Hepatology 2007;46:1081–1090.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Angulo P. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. N Engl J Med 2002;346:1221–1231.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Malaguarnera M, Di Rosa M, Nicoletti F, Malaguarnera L. Molecular mechanisms involved in NAFLD progression. J Mol Med 2009;87:679–695.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Puri P, Wiest MM, Cheung O, Mirshahi F, Sargeant C, Min HK, Contos MJ, Sterling RK, Fuchs M, Zhou H, Watkins SM, Sanyal AJ. The plasma lipidomic signature of nonalcolholic steatohepatitis. Hepatology 2009;50:1827–1838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Postic C, Girard J. Contribution of de novo fatty acid synthesis to hepatic steatosis and insulin resistance: lessons from genetically engeneered mice. J Clin Invest 2008;118:829–838.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Donelly KL, Smith CI, Schwarzenberg SJ, Jessurun J, Boldt MD, Parks E. Sources of fatty acids stored in liver and secreted via lipoproteins in patients with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Clin Invest 2005;115:1343–1351.
   Google Scholar
• Nehra V, Angulo P, Buchman AL, Lindor KD. Nutritional and metabolic considerations in the etiology of non alcoholic steatohepatitis. Dig Dis Sci 2001;46:2347–2352.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shimabukuro M, Zhou YT, Levi M, Unger RH. Fatty acid-induced β cell apoptosis: a link between obesity and diabetes. PNAS 1998;95:2498–2502.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mahli H, Bronk SF, Werneburg NW, Gores GJ. Free fatty acids induce JNK-dependent hepatocyte lipoapoptosis. J Biol Chem 2006;28:12093–12101.
   Google Scholar
• Feldstein AE, Werneburg NW, Canbay A, Guicciardi ME, Bronk SF, Rydzewske R, Burgart LJ, Gores GJ. Free fatty acids promote hepatic lipotoxicity by stimulating TNF-alpha expression via a lysosomal pathway. Hepatology 2004;40:185–194.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Wei Y, Pagliassotti MJ. Saturated fatty acids promote endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver injury in rats with hepatic steatosis. Endocrinology 2006;147:943–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Wang D, Topczewski F, Pagliassotti MJ. Saturated fatty acids induce endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis independently of ceramide in liver cells. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2006;291:275–281.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Wang D, Gentile CL, Pagliassotti MJ. Reduced endoplasmatic reticulum luminal calcium links saturated acid-mediated endoplasmic reticulilum stress and cell death in liver cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2009;331:31–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipoe GL, Ho CT, Liong EC, Leung TM, Lau TYH, Fung ML, Nanji AA. Voluntary oral feeding of rats not requiring a very high fat diet is a clinically relevant animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Histol Histopathol 2009;24:1161–1169.
   Google Scholar
• Turpeinen AM, Basu S, Mutanen M. A high linoleic acid diet increases oxidative stress in vivo and affects nitric oxide metabolism in humans, prostaglandins. Leukot Essent Fatty Acids 1998;59:29–239.
   Google Scholar
• Li ZZ, Berk M, McIntyre TM, Feldstein AE. Hepatic lipid partitioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. J Biol Chem 2009;284:5637–5644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gentile CL, Pagliassotti MJ. The role of fatty acids in the development and progression of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease. J Nutr Biochem 2008;19:567–576.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tipoe GL, Ho CT, Liong EC, Leung TM, Lau TY, Fung ML, Nanji AA. Voluntary oral feeding of rats not requiring a very high fat diet is a clinically relevant animal model of non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Histol Histopathol 2009;24:1161–1169.
   Google Scholar
• Mantena SK, King AL, Andringa KK, Eccleston HB, Bailey SM. Mitochondrial dysfunction and oxidative stress in the pathogenesis of alcoholic- and obesity-induced fatty liver diseases. Free Radic Biol Med 2008;44:1259–1272.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown GC. Nitric oxide and mitochondria. Front Biosci 2007;12:1024–1033.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedovich I. Fundamental aspects of reactive oxygen species, or what's the matter with oxygen? Ann NY Acad Sci 1999; 893:13–18.
   Google Scholar
• Roediger WE, Hems R, Wiggins D, Gibbons GF. Inhibition of hepatocyte lipogenesis by nitric oxide donor: could nitric oxide regulate lipid synthesis? IUBMB Life 2004:56: 35–40.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Oetjen E, Schweickhardt C, Unthan-Fechner K, Probst I. Stimulation of glycogenolysis by glucagon, noradrenaline and non-degradable adenosine analogues is counteracted by adenosine and ATP in cultured hepatocytes. Biochem J 1990;182:337–344.
   Google Scholar
• Musser DA, Oseroff AR. The use of tetrazolium salts to determinate sites of damage to the mitochondrial electron transport chain in intact cells following in vivo photodynamic therapy with photophrine II. Photochem Photobiol 1994;59:621–626.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ding AH, Nathan CF, Stuer DJ. Release of reactive nitrogen intermediates and reactive oxygen intermediates from mouse peritoneal macrophages. J Immunol 1988;141:2407–2412.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiswedel I, Hirsch D, Nourooz-Zadeh J, Flechsig A, Lueck-Lambrecht A, Augustin W. Analysis of monohydroxyeicosatetraenoic acids and F2-isoprostanes as markers of lipid peroxidation in rat brain mitochondria. Free Radic Res 2002;36:1–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiswedel I, Hirsch D, Kropf S, Gruening M, Pfister E, Schewe T, Sies H. Flavanol- rich cocoa drink lowers plasma F2-isoprostane concentrations in humans. Free Radic Biol Med 2004;37:411–421.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Folch J, Lees M, Stanley GH. A simple method for the isolation and purification of total lipids from animal tissues. J Biol Chem 1957;226:497–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schlame M, Shanske S, Doty S, König T, Sculco T, Dimauro S, Blanck T. Microanalysis of cardiolipin in small biopsies including skeletal muscle from patients with mitochondrial disease. J Lipid Res 1990;40:1585–1592.
   Google Scholar
• Valianpour F, Wanders RJA, Barth PG, Overmars H, van Gennip AH. Quantitative and compositional study of cardiolipin in platelets by electrospray ionization mass spectrometry: application for the identification of Barth syndrome patients. Clin Chem 2002;48:1390–1397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pope S, Land JM, Heales JR. Oxidative stress and mitochondrial dysfunction in neurodegeneration; cardiolipin a critical target? Biochim Biophys Acta 2008:1777: 794–799.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wiswedel I, Gardemann A, Storch A, Peter D, Schild L. Degradation of phospholipids by oxidative stress-exceptional significance of cardiolipin. Free Radic Res 2010;44:135–145.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowry OH, Rosebrough NJ, Farr AL, Randall RJ. Protein measurement with the Folin phenol reagent. J Biol Chem 1951;193:265–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Klein HH, Ullmann S, Drenckhan M, Grimmsmann T, Unthan-Fechtner K, Probst I. Differential modulation of insulin actions by dexamethasone: studies in primary cultures of adult rat hepatocytes. J Hepathol 2002;37:432–440.
   Google Scholar
• Li ZZ, Berk M, McIntyre TM, Feldstein AE. Hepatic lipid partiioning and liver damage in nonalcoholic fatty live disease. J Biol Chem 2009;284:5637–5644.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wang D, Wei Y, Pagliassotti MJ. Saturated fatty acids promote endoplasmic reticulum stress and liver injury in rats with hepatic steatosis. Endocrinology 2006;147:943–951.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wei Y, Wang D, Pagliassotti MJ. Saturated fatty acid-mediated endoplasmic reticulum stress and apoptosis are augmented by trans-10, cis-12-conjugated linoleic acid in liver cells. Mol Cell Biochem 2007;303:105–113.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hu P, Han Z, Couvillon AD, Exton JH. Critical role of endogenous Akt/IAPs and MEK1/ERK pathways in counteracting endoplasmic reticulum stress-induced cell death. J Biol Chem 2007;279:49420–49429.
   Google Scholar
• Hyoda K, Hosoi T, Horie N, Okuma Y, Ozawa K, Nomura Y. P13K-Akt inactivation induced CHOP expression in endoplasmic reticulum-stressed cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2006;340:286–290.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pagliassotti MJ, Wei Y, Wang D. Insulin protects liver cells from saturated fatty acid-induced apoptosis via inhibition of c-Jun NH2 terminal kinase activity. Endocrinology 2007;148:3338–3345.
   Google Scholar
• Schild L, Jaroscakova I, Lendeckel U, Wolf G, Keilhoff G. Neuronal nitric oxide synthase controls enzyme activity pattern of mitochondria and lipid metabolism. FASEB J 2006;20:145–147.
   Google Scholar
• Nisoli E, Clementi E, Paolucci C, Cozzi V, Tonello C, Sciorati C, Bracale R, Valerio A, Francolini M, Moncada S, Carruba MO. Mitochondrial biogenesis in mammals: the role of endogenous nitric oxide. Science 2003;299:896–899.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halliwell B, Zhao K, Whiteman M. Nitric oxide and peroynitrite. The ugly, the uglier and the not so good: a personal view of recent controversies. Free Radic Res 1999;31:651–669.
   Google Scholar
• Goldstein S, Czapski G, Lind J, Merènyl G. Tyrosin nitration by simultaneous generation of NO and O2- under physiological conditions. How the radicals do the job J Biol Chem 2000;275:3031–3036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sanyal AJ, Campbell-Sargent C, Mirshahi F, Rizzo WB, Contos MJ, Sterling RK, Luketic VA, Shiftman ML, Clore JN. Nonalcoholic steatohepatitis: association of insulin resistance and mitochondrial abnormalities. Gastroenterology 2001;120:1183–1192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garcia-Ruiz I, Rodriguez-Juan C, Diaz-Sanjuan T, Martinez MA, Munoz-Yague T, Solis-Herruzo JA. Effects of rosiglitazone on the liver histology and mitochondrial function in ob/ob mice. Hepatology 2007;46:414–423.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mantena SK, Vaughn DP, Jr, Andringa KK, Eccleston HB, King AL, Abrams GA, Doeller JE, Kraus DW, Darley-Usmar MD, Balley SM. High fat diet induces dysregulation of hepatic oxygen gradients and mitochondrial function in vivo. Biochem J 2009;417:183–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schild L, Dombrowski F, Lendeckel U, Schulz C, Gardemann A, Keilhoff G. Impairment of endothelial nitric oxide synthase causes abnormal fat and glycogen deposition in liver. Biochim Biophys Acta 2008;1782:180–187.
   Google Scholar