Dietary supplementation with α-tocopherol reduces neuroinflammation and neuronal degeneration in the rat brain after kainic acid-induced status epilepticus

References

• Vezzani A, Granata T. Brain inflammation in epilepsy: experimental and clinical evidence. Epilepsia 2005;46:1724–1743.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravizza T, Gagliardi B, Noè F, Boer K, Aronica E, Vezzani A. Innate and adaptive immunity during epileptogenesis and spontaneous seizures: evidence from experimental models and human temporal lobe epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2008; 29:142–160.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shapiro LA, Wang L, Ribak CE. Rapid astrocyte and microglia activation following pilocarpine-induced seizures in rats. Epilepsia 2008;49(Suppl 2):33–41.
   Google Scholar
• Turrin NP, Rivest S. Innate immune reaction in response to seizures: implications for the neuropathology associated with epilepsy. Neurobiol Dis 2004;16:321–334.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schafers M, Sorkin L. Effect of cytokines on neuronal excitability. Neurosci Lett 2008;437:188–193.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vezzani A, Ravizza T, Balosso S, Aronica E. Glia as a source of cytokines: implications for neuronal excitability and survival. Epilepsia 2008;49:24–32.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Auvin S, Shin D, Mazarati A, Nakagawa JA, Miyamoto J, Sankar R. Inflammation exacerbates seizure-induced injury in the immature brain. Epilepsia 2007;48:27–34.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Galic MA, Riazi K, Heida JG, Mouihate A, Fournier NM, Spencer SJ, . Postnatal inflammation increases seizure susceptibility in adult rats. J Neurosci 2008;28:6904–6913.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Somera-Molina KC, Nair S, van Eldik LJ, Watterson DM, Wainwright MS. Enhanced microglial activation and proinflammatory cytokine upregulation are linked to increased susceptibility to seizures and neurologic injury in a ‘two-hit’ seizure model. Brain Res 2009;1282:162–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kamat CD, Godal S, Mhatre M, Williamson KS, Pye QN, Hensley K. Antioxidants in central nervous system diseases: preclinical promise and translational challenges. J Alzheimers Dis 2008;15:473–493.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Burton GW, Traber MG, Acuff RV, Walters DN, Kayden H, Hughes L, Ingold KU. Human plasma and tissue alpha-tocopherol concentrations in response to supplementation with use of deuterated natural and synthetic vitamin E. Am J Clin Nutr 1998;67:669–684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gohil K, Oommen S, Quach HT, Vasu VT, Aung HH, Schock B, . Mice lacking alpha-tocopherol transfer protein gene have severe alpha-tocopherol deficiency in multiple regions of the central nervous system. Brain Res 2008;1201:167–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ribeiro MCP, de Avila DS, Schneider CYM, Hermesa FS, Furiana AF, Oliveira MS, . α-Tocopherol protects against pentylenetetrazol- and methylmalonate-induced convulsions. Epilepsy Res 2005;66:185–190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomè AR, Feng D, Freitas RM. The effects of alpha-tocopherol on hippocampal oxidative stress prior to in pilocarpine-induced seizures. Neurochem Res 2010;35:580–587.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Annahazi A, Mracsko E, Sule Z, Karg E, Penke B, Bari F, Farkas E. Pre-treatment and post-treatment with alpha-tocopherol attenuates hippocampal neuronal damage in experimental cerebral hypoperfusion. Eur J Pharmacol 2007; 157:120–128.
   Google Scholar
• Godbout JP, Berg BM, Kelley KW, Johnson RW. α-Tocopherol reduces lipopolysaccharide-induced peroxide radical formation and interleukin-6 secretion in primary murine microglia and in brain. J Neuroimmunol 2004;149:101–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gonzalez-Perez O, Gonzales-Castaneda RE, Huerta M, Luquin S, Gomez-Pinedo U, Sanchez-Almaraz E, . Beneficial effects of α-lipoic acid plus vitamin E on neurological deficit, reactive gliosis and neuronal remodeling in the penumbra of the ischemic rat brain. Neurosci Lett 2002; 321:100–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li Y, Liu L, Barger SW, Mrak RE, Griffin WST. Vitamin E suppression of microglial activation is neuroprotective. J Neurosci Res 2001;66:163–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Stolzing A, Widmer R, Jung T, Voss P, Grune T. Tocopherol-mediated modulation of age-related changes in microglial cells: turnover of extracellular oxidized protein material. Free Rad Biol Med 2006;40:2126–2135.
   Google Scholar
• Galli F, Azzi A. Present trends in vitamin E research. Biofactors 2010;36:33–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pitkanen A, Sutula TP. Is epilepsy a progressive disorder? Prospects for new therapeutic approaches in temporal-lobe epilepsy. Lancet Neurol 2002;1:173–181.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sperk G. Kainic acid seizures in the rat. Prog Neurobiol 1994;42:1–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Betti M, Ambrogini P, Minelli A, Floridi A, Lattanzi D, Ciuffoli S, . Maternal dietary loads of alpha-tocopherol depress protein kinase C signaling and synaptic plasticity in rat postnatal developing hippocampus and promote permanent deficits in adult offspring. J Nutr Biochem 2011;22: 60–70.
   Google Scholar
• Campanella M, Sciorati C, Tarozzo G, Beltramo M. Flow cytometric analysis of inflammatory cells in ischemic rat brain. Stroke 2002;33:586–592.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico B, Betti M, Luchetti F, Battistelli M, Falcieri E, Ferri P, . Flow cytometric profiles, biomolecular and morpohological aspects of transfixed leukocytes and red cells. Cytometry B Clin Cytom 2010;78:267–278.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Massaro EJ, Elstein KH, Zucker RM, Bair KW. Limitations of the fluorescent probe viability assay. Mol Toxicol 1989;2:271–284.
   Google Scholar
• Ohkawa H, Ohishi N, Yagi K. Assay for lipid peroxides in animal tissues by thiobarbituric acid reaction. Anal Biochem 1979;95:351–358.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Meydani M, Lipman RD, Han SN, Wu D, Beharka A, Martin KR, . The effect of long-term dietary supplementation with antioxidants. Ann NY Acad Sci 1998;854:352–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Canonico B, Zamai L, Burattini S, Granger V, Mannello F, Gobbi P, . Evaluation of leukocyte stabilisation in TransFix-treated blood samples by flow cytometry and transmission electron microscopy. J Immunol Methods 2004; 295:67–78.
   Google Scholar
• Mardones P, Rigotti A. Cellular mechanisms of vitamin E uptake: relevance in a-tocopherol metabolism and potential implications for disease. J Nutr Biochem 2004;15:252–260.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yokota T, Igarashi K, Uchihara T, Jishage K, Tomita H, Inaba A, . Delayed-onset ataxia in mice lacking alpha -tocopherol transfer protein: model for neuronal degeneration caused by chronic oxidative stress. Proc Natl Acad Sci USA 2001;98:15185–15190.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brigelius-Flohè R. Vitamin E: the shrew waiting to be tamed. Free Rad Biol Med 2009;46:543–554.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nishio K, Ishida N, Saito Y, Ogawa-Akazawa Y, Shichiri M, Yoshida Y, . α-Tocopheryl phosphate: uptake, hydrolysis, and antioxidant action in cultured cells and mouse. Free Radic Biol Med 2011;50:1974–1980.
   Google Scholar
• Atkinson J, Harroun T, Wassall SR, Stillwell W, Katsaras J. The location and behavior of a-tocopherol in membranes. Mol Nutr Food Res 2010;54:1–11.
   Google Scholar
• Murray CA, Lynch MA. Dietary supplementation with vitamin E reverses the age-related deficit in long term potentiation in dentate gyrus. J Biol Chem 1998;273:12161–12168.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Milatovic D, Gupta RC, Dettbarn WD. Involvement of nitric oxide in kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in rat brain. Brain Res 2002;957:330–337.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Waldbaum S, Patel M. Mitochondria, oxidative stress, and temporal lobe epilepsy. Epilepsy Res 2010;88:23–45.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta YK, Briyal S, Chaudhary G. Protective effect of trans-resveratrol against kainic acid-induced seizures and oxidative stress in rats. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2002;71:245–249.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gupta YK, Briyal S, Sharma M. Protective effect of curcumin against kainic acid-induced seizures and oxidative stress in rats. Indian J Physiol Pharmacol 2009;53:39–46.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Shin EG, Jeong JH, Kim AY, Koh YH, Nah SY, Kim WK, . Protection against kainate neurotoxicity by gingenosides: attenuation of convulsive behavior, mitochondrial dysfunction, and oxidative stress. J Neurosci Res 2009;87:710–722.
   Google Scholar
• Zaja-Milatovic S, Gupta RC, Aschner M, Montine TJ, Milatovic D. Pharmacological suppression of oxidative damage and dendritic degeneration following kainic acid-induced excitotoxicity in mouse cerebrum. Neurotoxicology 2008; 29:621–627.
   Google Scholar
• Wang JY, Wen LL, Huang YN, Chen YT, Ku MC. Dual effects of antioxidants in neurodegeneration: direct neuroprotection against oxidative stress and indirect protection via suppression of glia-mediated inflammation. Curr Pharmacol Des 2006; 12:3521–3533.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rimbach G, Moehring J, Huebbe P, Lodge JK. Gene-regulatory activity of alpha-tocopherol. Molecules 2010;15: 1746–1761.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pogue AI, Cui JG, Li YY, Zhao Y, Culicchia F, Lukiw WJ. Micro RNA-125b (miRNA-125b) function in astrogliosis and glial cell proliferation. Neurosci Lett 2010;476:18–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Block ML, Zecca L, Hong JS. Microglia-mediated neurotoxicity: uncovering the molecular mechanisms. Nat Rev Neurosci 2007;8:57–69.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ravizza T, Rizzi M, Perego C, Richichi C, Veliskova J, Moshè SL, . Inflammatory response and glia activation in developing rat hippocampus after status epilepticus. Epilepsia 2005;46:113–117.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar