Melatonin is protective against 6-hydroxydopamine-induced oxidative stress in a hemiparkinsonian rat model

References

• Parkinson J. An essay on the shaking palsy. 1817. J Neuropsychiatry Clin Neurosci 2002;14:223–236; discussion 222.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jankovic J. Parkinson's disease: clinical features and diagnosis. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2008;79:368–376.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bernheimer H, Birkmayer W, Hornykiewicz O, Jellinger K, Seitelberger F. Brain dopamine and the syndromes of Parkinson and Huntington. Clinical, morphological and neurochemical correlations. J Neurol Sci 1973;20:415–455.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schapira AH, Cooper JM, Dexter D, Clark JB, Jenner P, Marsden CD. Mitochondrial complex I deficiency in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1990;54:823–827.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ebadi M, Srinivasan SK, Baxi MD. Oxidative stress and antioxidant therapy in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 1996;48:1–19.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jenner P, Olanow CW. Oxidative stress and the pathogenesis of Parkinson's disease. Neurology 1996;47:S161–S170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dexter DT, Carter CJ, Wells FR, Javoy-Agid F, Agid Y, Lees A, et al. Basal lipid peroxidation in substantia nigra is increased in Parkinson's disease. J Neurochem 1989;52:381–389.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sofic E, Paulus W, Jellinger K, Riederer P, Youdim MB. Selective increase of iron in substantia nigra zona compacta of parkinsonian brains. J Neurochem 1991;56:978–982.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sengstock GJ, Olanow CW, Menzies RA, Dunn AJ, Arendash GW. Infusion of iron into the rat substantia nigra: nigral pathology and dose-dependent loss of striatal dopaminergic markers. J Neurosci Res 1993;35:67–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ungerstedt U. Postsynaptic supersensitivity after 6-hydroxy-dopamine induced degeneration of the nigro-striatal dopamine system. Acta Physiol Scand Suppl 1971;367:69–93.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cohen G, Heikkila RE. The generation of hydrogen peroxide, superoxide radical, and hydroxyl radical by 6-hydroxydopamine, dialuric acid, and related cytotoxic agents. J Biol Chem 1974;249:2447–2452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blum D, Torch S, Lambeng N, Nissou M, Benabid AL, Sadoul R, Verna JM. Molecular pathways involved in the neurotoxicity of 6-OHDA, dopamine and MPTP: contribution to the apoptotic theory in Parkinson's disease. Prog Neurobiol 2001;65:135–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Monteiro HP, Winterbourn CC. 6-Hydroxydopamine releases iron from ferritin and promotes ferritin-dependent lipid peroxidation. Biochem Pharmacol 1989;38:4177–4182.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Glinka YY, Youdim MB. Inhibition of mitochondrial complexes I and IV by 6-hydroxydopamine. Eur J Pharmacol 1995;292:329–332.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• de Araujo DP, De Sousa CN, Araujo PV, Menezes CE, Sousa Rodrigues FT, Escudeiro SS, et al. Behavioral and neurochemical effects of alpha-lipoic Acid in the model of Parkinson's disease induced by unilateral stereotaxic injection of 6-ohda in rat. Evid Based Complement Alternat Med 2013;2013:571378.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kumar R, Agarwal AK, Seth PK. Free radical-generated neurotoxicity of 6-hydroxydopamine. J Neurochem 1995;64: 1703–1707.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sedaghat R, Roghani M, Khalili M. Neuroprotective effect of thymoquinone, the nigella sativa bioactive compound, in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemi-parkinsonian rat model. Iran J Pharm Res 2014;13:227–234.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rezaei M, Alirezaei M. Protective effects of Althaea officinalis L. extract in 6-hydroxydopamine-induced hemi-Parkinsonism model: behavioral, biochemical and histochemical evidence. J Physiol Sci 2014;64:171–176.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Perumal AS, Gopal VB, Tordzro WK, Cooper TB, Cadet JL. Vitamin E attenuates the toxic effects of 6-hydroxydopamine on free radical scavenging systems in rat brain. Brain Res Bull 1992;29:699–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Esposito E, Cuzzocrea S. Antiinflammatory activity of melatonin in central nervous system. Curr Neuropharmacol 2010;8:228–242.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ. Melatonin: clinical relevance. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2003;17:273–285.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ianas O, Olinescu R, Badescu I. Melatonin involvement in oxidative processes. Endocrinologie 1991;29:147–153.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Gitto E, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Leon J, et al. Pharmacological utility of melatonin in reducing oxidative cellular and molecular damage. Pol J Pharmacol 2004;56:159–170.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Mohanan PV, Yamamoto HA. Preventive effect of melatonin against brain mitochondria DNA damage, lipid peroxidation and seizures induced by kainic acid. Toxicol Lett 2002;129: 99–105.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acuna-Castroviejo D, Martin M, Macias M, Escames G, Leon J, Khaldy H, Reiter RJ. Melatonin, mitochondria, and cellular bioenergetics. J Pineal Res 2001;30:65–74.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leon J, Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin mitigates mitochondrial malfunction. J Pineal Res 2005;38:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jimenez-Aranda A, Fernandez-Vazquez G, Mohammad ASM, Reiter RJ, Agil A. Melatonin improves mitochondrial function in inguinal white adipose tissue of Zucker diabetic fatty rats. J Pineal Res 2014;57:103–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan DX, Reiter RJ, Manchester LC, Yan MT, El-Sawi M, Sainz RM, et al. Chemical and physical properties and potential mechanisms: melatonin as a broad spectrum antioxidant and free radical scavenger. Curr Top Med Chem 2002;2: 181–197.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Pieri C, Marra M, Moroni F, Recchioni R, Marcheselli F. Melatonin: a peroxyl radical scavenger more effective than vitamin E. Life Sci 1994;55:PL271–PL276.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galano A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. Melatonin as a natural ally against oxidative stress: a physicochemical examination. J Pineal Res 2011;51:1–16.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Galano A, Tan DX, Reiter RJ. On the free radical scavenging activities of melatonin's metabolites, AFMK and AMK. J Pineal Res 2013;54:245–257.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Qi W. Biochemical reactivity of melatonin with reactive oxygen and nitrogen species: a review of the evidence. Cell Biochem Biophys 2001;34: 237–256.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Limson J, Nyokong T, Daya S. The interaction of melatonin and its precursors with aluminium, cadmium, copper, iron, lead, and zinc: an adsorptive voltammetric study. J Pineal Res 1998;24:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin AM, Ho LT. Melatonin suppresses iron-induced neurodegeneration in rat brain. Free Radic Biol Med 2000;28: 904–911.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kabuto H, Yokoi I, Ogawa N. Melatonin inhibits iron-induced epileptic discharges in rats by suppressing peroxidation. Epilepsia 1998;39:237–243.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tomas-Zapico C, Coto-Montes A. A proposed mechanism to explain the stimulatory effect of melatonin on antioxidative enzymes. J Pineal Res 2005;39:99–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo JC, Tan DX, Sainz RM, Lopez-Burillo S, Reiter RJ. Oxidative damage to catalase induced by peroxyl radicals: functional protection by melatonin and other antioxidants. Free Radic Res 2003;37:543–553.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acuna-Castroviejo D, Escames G, Macias M, Munoz Hoyos A, Molina Carballo A, Arauzo M, Montes R. Cell protective role of melatonin in the brain. J Pineal Res 1995;19:57–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, McMillan CR, Tenn CC, Niles LP. Physiological neuroprotection by melatonin in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2006;1068:230–236.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jin BK, Shin DY, Jeong MY, Gwag MR, Baik HW, Yoon KS, et al. Melatonin protects nigral dopaminergic neurons from 1-methyl-4-phenylpyridinium (MPP+) neurotoxicity in rats. Neurosci Lett 1998;245:61–64.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kim YS, Joo WS, Jin BK, Cho YH, Baik HH, Park CW. Melatonin protects 6-OHDA-induced neuronal death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic system. Neuroreport 1998;9:2387–2390.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dabbeni-Sala F, Di Santo S, Franceschini D, Skaper SD, Giusti P. Melatonin protects against 6-OHDA-induced neurotoxicity in rats: a role for mitochondrial complex I activity. FASEB J 2001;15:164–170.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Capitelli C, Sereniki A, Lima MM, Reksidler AB, Tufik S, Vital MA. Melatonin attenuates tyrosine hydroxylase loss and hypolocomotion in MPTP-lesioned rats. Eur J Pharmacol 2008;594:101–108.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ma J, Shaw VE, Mitrofanis J. Does melatonin help save dopaminergic cells in MPTP-treated mice? Parkinsonism Relat Disord 2009;15:307–314.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antolin I, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, del Brio Mde L, Herrera F, Martin V, Rodriguez C. Protective effect of melatonin in a chronic experimental model of Parkinson's disease. Brain Res 2002;943:163–173.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas B, Mohanakumar KP. Melatonin protects against oxidative stress caused by 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in the mouse nigrostriatum. J Pineal Res 2004;36:25–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Acuna-Castroviejo D, Coto-Montes A, Gaia Monti M, Ortiz GG, Reiter RJ. Melatonin is protective against MPTP-induced striatal and hippocampal lesions. Life Sci 1997;60:PL23–PL29.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Saravanan KS, Sindhu KM, Mohanakumar KP. Melatonin protects against rotenone-induced oxidative stress in a hemiparkinsonian rat model. J Pineal Res 2007;42:247–253.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Rodriguez C. Ultrastructural confirmation of neuronal protection by melatonin against the neurotoxin 6-hydroxydopamine cell damage. Brain Res 1999;818:221–227.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Grealish S, Xie L, Kelly M, Dowd E. Unilateral axonal or terminal injection of 6-hydroxydopamine causes rapid-onset nigrostriatal degeneration and contralateral motor impairments in the rat. Brain Res Bull 2008;77:312–319.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paxinos G, Watson C, Pennisi M, Topple A. Bregma, lambda and the interaural midpoint in stereotaxic surgery with rats of different sex, strain and weight. J Neurosci Methods 1985;13:139–143.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hacioglu G, Seval-Celik Y, Tanriover G, Ozsoy O, Saka-Topcuoglu E, Balkan S, Agar A. Docosahexaenoic acid provides protective mechanism in bilaterally MPTP-lesioned rat model of Parkinson's disease. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2012;50:228–238.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tanriover G, Seval-Celik Y, Ozsoy O, Akkoyunlu G, Savcioglu F, Hacioglu G, et al. The effects of docosahexaenoic acid on glial derived neurotrophic factor and neurturin in bilateral rat model of Parkinson's disease. Folia Histochem Cytobiol 2010;48:434–441.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Patki G, Lau YS. Melatonin protects against neurobehavioral and mitochondrial deficits in a chronic mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Pharmacol Biochem Behav 2011;99: 704–711.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kayir H, Goktalay G, Yildirim M, Uzbay TI. Clozapine inhibits development and expression of nicotine-induced locomotor sensitization in rats. Synapse 2009;63:15–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wasowicz W, Neve J, Peretz A. Optimized steps in fluorometric determination of thiobarbituric acid-reactive substances in serum: importance of extraction pH and influence of sample preservation and storage. Clin Chem 1993;39:2522–2526.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alam ZI, Jenner A, Daniel SE, Lees AJ, Cairns N, Marsden CD, et al. Oxidative DNA damage in the parkinsonian brain: an apparent selective increase in 8-hydroxyguanine levels in substantia nigra. J Neurochem 1997;69:1196–1203.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tan D, Chen LD, Poeggeler B, Manchester LC, Reiter, RJ. Melatonin: a potent, endogenous hydroxyl radical scavenger. Endocrine J 1993;1:57–60.
   Google Scholar
• Joo WS, Jin BK, Park CW, Maeng SH, Kim YS. Melatonin increases striatal dopaminergic function in 6-OHDA-lesioned rats. Neuroreport 1998;9:4123–4126.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Aguiar LM, Vasconcelos SM, Sousa FC, Viana GS. Melatonin reverses neurochemical alterations induced by 6-OHDA in rat striatum. Life Sci 2002;70:1041–1051.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rodriguez C, Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Herrera F, Martin V, Reiter RJ. Regulation of antioxidant enzymes: a significant role for melatonin. J Pineal Res 2004;36:1–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Vega-Naredo I, Poeggeler B, Sierra-Sanchez V, Caballero B, Tomas-Zapico C, Alvarez-Garcia O, et al. Melatonin neutralizes neurotoxicity induced by quinolinic acid in brain tissue culture. J Pineal Res 2005;39:266–275.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li LY, Zhao XL, Fei XF, Gu ZL, Qin ZH, Liang ZQ. Bilobalide inhibits 6-OHDA-induced activation of NF-kappaB and loss of dopaminergic neurons in rat substantia nigra. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2008;29:539–547.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rauch F, Schwabe K, Krauss JK. Effect of deep brain stimulation in the pedunculopontine nucleus on motor function in the rat 6-hydroxydopamine Parkinson model. Behav Brain Res 2010;210:46–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rizelio V, Szawka RE, Xavier LL, Achaval M, Rigon P, Saur L, et al. Lesion of the subthalamic nucleus reverses motor deficits but not death of nigrostriatal dopaminergic neurons in a rat 6-hydroxydopamine-lesion model of Parkinson's disease. Braz J Med Biol Res 2010;43:85–95.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Anton-Tay F, Diaz JL, Fernandez-Guardiola A. On the effect of melatonin upon human brain. Its possible therapeutic implications. Life Sci I 1971;10:841–850.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cotzias GC, Tang LC, Miller ST, Ginos JZ. Melatonin and abnormal movements induced by L-dopa in mice. Science 1971;173:450–452.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Shaw KM, Stern GM, Sandler M. Melatonin and parkinsonism. Lancet 1973;1:271.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Papavasiliou PS, Cotzias GC, Duby SE, Steck AJ, Bell M, Lawrence WH. Melatonin and parkinsonism. JAMA 1972;221:88–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Zaitone SA, Hammad LN, Farag NE. Antioxidant potential of melatonin enhances the response to L-dopa in 1-methyl 4-phenyl 1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-parkinsonian mice. Pharmacol Rep 2013;65:1213–1226.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khaldy H, Escames G, Leon J, Bikjdaouene L, Acuna-Castroviejo D. Synergistic effects of melatonin and deprenyl against MPTP-induced mitochondrial damage and DA depletion. Neurobiol Aging 2003;24:491–500.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Singhal NK, Srivastava G, Patel DK, Jain SK, Singh MP. Melatonin or silymarin reduces maneb- and paraquat-induced Parkinson's disease phenotype in the mouse. J Pineal Res 2011;50:97–109.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sharma R, McMillan CR, Niles LP. Neural stem cell transplantation and melatonin treatment in a 6-hydroxydopamine model of Parkinson's disease. J Pineal Res 2007;43:245–254.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Willis GL, Armstrong SM. A therapeutic role for melatonin antagonism in experimental models of Parkinson's disease. Physiol Behav 1999;66:785–795.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Iacovitti L, Stull ND, Johnston K. Melatonin rescues dopamine neurons from cell death in tissue culture models of oxidative stress. Brain Res 1997;768:317–326.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Venero JL, Absi el-H, Cano J, Machado A. Melatonin induces tyrosine hydroxylase mRNA expression in the ventral mesencephalon but not in the hypothalamus. J Pineal Res 2002; 32:6–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Schober A. Classic toxin-induced animal models of Parkinson's disease: 6-OHDA and MPTP. Cell Tissue Res 2004;318: 215–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Uria H, Antolin I, Esteban MM, Rodriguez C. Inhibition of cell proliferation: a mechanism likely to mediate the prevention of neuronal cell death by melatonin. J Pineal Res 1998;25:12–18.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller E, Walczak A, Majsterek I, Kedziora J. Melatonin reduces oxidative stress in the erythrocytes of multiple sclerosis patients with secondary progressive clinical course. J Neuroimmunol 2013;257:97–101.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ortiz GG, Benitez-King GA, Rosales-Corral SA, Pacheco-Moises FP, Velazquez-Brizuela IE. Cellular and biochemical actions of melatonin which protect against free radicals: role in neurodegenerative disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2008;6:203–214.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bai J, Dong L, Song Z, Ge H, Cai X, Wang G, Liu P. The role of melatonin as an antioxidant in human lens epithelial cells. Free Radic Res 2013;47:635–642.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kilic U, Kilic E, Tuzcu Z, Tuzcu M, Ozercan IH, Yilmaz O, et al. Melatonin suppresses cisplatin-induced nephrotoxicity via activation of Nrf-2/HO-1 pathway. Nutr Metab (Lond) 2013;10:7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Antolin I, Rodriguez C, Sainz RM, Mayo JC, Uria H, Kotler ML, et al. Neurohormone melatonin prevents cell damage: effect on gene expression for antioxidant enzymes. FASEB J 1996;10:882–890.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sian J, Dexter DT, Lees AJ, Daniel S, Agid Y, Javoy-Agid F, et al. Alterations in glutathione levels in Parkinson's disease and other neurodegenerative disorders affecting basal ganglia. Ann Neurol 1994;36:348–355.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Magalingam KB, Radhakrishnan A, Haleagrahara N. Protective effects of flavonol isoquercitrin, against 6-hydroxy dopamine (6-OHDA)-induced toxicity in PC12 cells. BMC Res Notes 2014;7:49.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Liu F, Ng TB. Effect of pineal indoles on activities of the antioxidant defense enzymes superoxide dismutase, catalase, and glutathione reductase, and levels of reduced and oxidized glutathione in rat tissues. Biochem Cell Biol 2000;78: 447–453.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Reiter RJ, Tan DX, Manchester LC, Paredes SD, Mayo JC, Sainz RM. Melatonin and reproduction revisited. Biol Reprod 2009;81:445–456.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Antoli I, Herrera F, Martin V, Rodriguez C. Melatonin regulation of antioxidant enzyme gene expression. Cell Mol Life Sci 2002;59:1706–1713.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kotler M, Rodriguez C, Sainz RM, Antolin I, Menendez-Pelaez A. Melatonin increases gene expression for antioxidant enzymes in rat brain cortex. J Pineal Res 1998;24:83–89.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Muralikrishnan D, Mohanakumar KP. Neuroprotection by bromocriptine against 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine-induced neurotoxicity in mice. FASEB J 1998;12: 905–912.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thomas B, Muralikrishnan D, Mohanakumar KP. In vivo hydroxyl radical generation in the striatum following systemic administration of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine in mice. Brain Res 2000;852:221–224.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thiffault C, Aumont N, Quirion R, Poirier J. Effect of MPTP and L-deprenyl on antioxidant enzymes and lipid peroxidation levels in mouse brain. J Neurochem 1995;65:2725–2733.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mayo JC, Sainz RM, Uria H, Antolin I, Esteban MM, Rodriguez C. Melatonin prevents apoptosis induced by 6-hydroxydopamine in neuronal cells: implications for Parkinson's disease. J Pineal Res 1998;24:179–192.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morgan WW, Nelson JF. Chronic administration of pharmacological levels of melatonin does not ameliorate the MPTP-induced degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway. Brain Res 2001;921:115–121.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• van der Schyf CJ, Castagnoli K, Palmer S, Hazelwood L, Castagnoli N, Jr. Melatonin fails to protect against long-term MPTP-induced dopamine depletion in mouse striatum. Neurotox Res 2000;1:261–269.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Tapias V, Cannon JR, Greenamyre JT. Melatonin treatment potentiates neurodegeneration in a rat rotenone Parkinson's disease model. J Neurosci Res 2010;88:420–427.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Horstink MW, Morrish PK. Preclinical diagnosis of Parkinson's disease. Adv Neurol 1999;80:327–333.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Uz T, Arslan AD, Kurtuncu M, Imbesi M, Akhisaroglu M, Dwivedi Y, et al. The regional and cellular expression profile of the melatonin receptor MT1 in the central dopaminergic system. Brain Res Mol Brain Res 2005;136:45–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar