References
- Sies H. Strategies of antioxidant defence. European Journal of Biochemistry 1993; 215: 213–219
- Toyokuni S., Okamoto K., Yodoi J., Hiai H. Persistent oxidative stress in cancer. FEBS Letters 1995; 358: 1–3
- Wiseman H., Kaur H. DNA damage and cancer: measurement and mechanisms. Cancer Letters 1995; 93: 113–120
- Clayson D., Mehta R., Iverson F. Oxidative DNA damage: The effects of certain genotoxic and opera tionally non-genotoxic carcinogens. Mutation Research 1994; 317: 25–42
- Szatrowski T. P., Nathan C. F. Production of large amounts of hydrogen peroxide by human tumor cells. Cancer Research 1991; 51: 794–798
- Stähelin B., Gey F., Eichholzer M. Plasma antioxi dant vitamins and subsequent cancer mortality in the 12-year follow-up of the prospective Basel study. American Journal of Epidemiology 1990; 133: 766–775
- Heinonen O. P., Huttunen J. K., Haapakoski J. The effect of vitamin E and beta-carotene on the incidence of lung cancer and other cancers in male smok ers. New England Journal of Medicine 1994; 330: 1029–1034
- Blot W., Li Jun-Y., Taylor P. R., Guo W., Dawsey S., Li O. The Lianxian trials: mortality rates by vitamin mineral intervention group. American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1995; 62, (suppl), 1424S–1426S
- Rowe P. M. Beta-carotene takes a collective beating. Lancet 1996; 347: 249
- Sharma M., Buettner G. Interaction of vitamin C and vitamin E during free radical sress in plasma: An ESR study. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1993; 14: 649–653
- Jentzsch A. M., Bachman H., Ffurst P., Biesalki H. K. Improved analysis of malonialdehyde in human body fluids. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1996; 20: 251–256
- Uotila J. T., Kirkkola Anna-L., Rorarius M., Tuimala R. J., Metsä-Ketelä T. The total peroxyl radical-trap ping ability of plasma and cerebrospinal fluid in normal and preeclamptic parturients. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1994; 16: 581–590
- Aejmelaeus R., Metsä-Ketelä T., Laippala P., Alho H. Is there an unidentified defence mechanism against infection in human plasma?. FEBS Letters 1996; 384: 128–130
- Erhola M., Kellokumpu-Lehtinen P., Nieminen M. M., Alanko K., Metsä-Ketelä T. Effects of anthraxcyclin based chemotherapy on total plasma antioxidant capacity in small cell lung cancer patients. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1996; 21: 383–390
- Hietanen E., Bartsch H., Bereziat J.-C. Diet and oxidative stress in breast, colon and prostate cancer patients: a case-control study. European Journal of Clinical Nutrition 1994; 48: 575–586
- Fischer-Nielsen A., Poulsen H. E., Loft S. 8-hydroxydeoxyguanosine in vitro: Effects of glutathione, ascorbate, and 5-aminosalisylic acid. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1992; 13: 121–126
- Wayner D. D. M., Burton G. W., Ingold K. U., Locke S. Quantitative measurement of total peroxyl radical-trapping antioxidant capability of human blood plasma by controlled peroxidation. FEBS Letters 1985; 187: 33–37
- Metsä-Ketelä T. Luminescent assay for total peroxyl radical capability of plasma. Bioluminescene and chemiluminescene current status, P Stanley, L Kricka. John Wiley and Sons, Chichester 1991; 389–392
- Church D. F., Pryor W. A. Free-radical chemistry of cigarette smoke and its toxicological implications. Environmental Health Perspectives 1985; 64: 111–126
- Icdo H. International classification of diseases for oncology. 1st ed. World Health Organization, Geneva 1976
- Uicc H., Tnm A. Classification of malignant tumors. 3rd ed. International Union Against Cancer, Geneva 1978
- Frei O., Stocker R., Ames B. N. Antioxidant defenses and lipid peroxidation in human blood plasma. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of America 1988; 85: 9748–9752
- Lang J. K., Gohil K., Packer L. Simultaneous determination of tocopherols, ubiquinols, and ubiquinones in blood, plasma, tissue homogenates, and subcellular fractions. Analytical Biochemistry 1986; 157: 106–116
- Ellman G. Tissue sulfhydryl groups. Archives in Biochemistry and Biophysics 1959; 82: 70–77
- Fontham E. Vitamin C, vitamin C rich foods, and cancer: Epidemiologic studies. Natural antioxidants in human health and disease, A. Frei. Academic Press Inc. 1994; 157–197
- Knekt P. Vitamin E and cancer prevention. Natural antioxidants in human health and disease, Frei Ed. Academic Press, Inc, London 1994; 199–238
- Ames B. N., Cathart R., Schwiers E., Hochstein P. Uric acid provides an antioxidant defense in humans against oxidant and radical-caused aging and cancer: A Hypothesis. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of American 1981; 78: 6858–6862
- Keaney J. F., Frei B. Antioxidant protection of low-density lipoprotein and its role in the prevention of atherosclerotic vascular disease. Natural antioxidants in human health and disease, A. Frei. Academic Press Inc, London 1994; 303–351
- Frei B., England L., Ames B. Ascorbate is an outstanding antioxidant in human blood plasma. National Academy of Sciences of the United States of American 1989; 86: 6377–4381
- Gebicki S., Gebicki J. M. Formation of peroxides in amino acids and proteins exposed to oxygen free radicals. Biochemical Journal 1993; 289: 743–749
- Pacht E. R., Hisayuki K., Mohammed J. R., Cornwell D. G., Davis W. B. Deficiency of vitamin E in the alveolar fluid of cigarette smokers. Journal of Clinical Investigations 1986; 77: 789–796
- Comstock G., Menkes M. S., Schober S. E., Vuillemier J. P., Helsing K. J. Serum levels of retinol, beta-carotene and alpha-tocopherol in older adults. American Journal of Epidemiology 1981; 127: 114–123
- Mezzetti A., Lapenna D., Pierdomenico S. D. Vitamins E, C and lipid peroxidation in plasma and arterial tissue of smokers and non-smokers. Atherosclerosis 1995; 112: 91–99
- Duthie G. G., Arthur J. R., Beattie J. A. G. Cigarette smoking, antioxidants, lipid peroxidation and coronary heart disease. Annales of the New York Academy of Sciences 1993; 686: 120–129
- Halliwell B. Free radicals and antioxidants: A personal view. Nutrition Reviews 1994; 52: 253–265
- Lapenna D., Mezzetti A., De Gioia S., Pierdomenico S. D., Danielo F., Cuccurullo F. Plasma copper and lipid peroxidation in cigarette smokers. free Radical Biology & Medicine 1995; 19: 849–852
- Schetman G., Byrd J., Gruchow H. The influence of smoking on vitamin C status in adults. American Journal of Public Health 1989; 79: 158–162
- Lykkesfeldt J., Prieme H., Loft S., Poulsen H. E. Effect of smoking cessation on plasma ascorbic acid concentration. British Medical journal 1996; 313: 91
- Ghiselli A., Serafini M., Maiani G., Azzini E., Ferro-Luzzi A. A fluorescence-based method for measuring total plasma antioxidant capacity. Free Radical Biology & Medicine 1995; 18: 29–36
- Reiter R. J., Melchiorri D., Sewerynek E. A review of the evidence supporting melatonin's role as an antioxidant. Journal of Pineal Research 1995; 18: l–11