15
Views
4
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
Original Article

Mechanical and Structural Criteria for Orthopaedic Implants

&
Pages 575-634 | Received 16 Feb 1973, Published online: 11 Jul 2009

References

  • Ackerknecht E. H. A Short History of Medicine. Ronald, New York 1955
  • Ferguson A. B., Jr., Bechtol C. O., Laing P. G. Metals and Engineering in Bone and Joint Surgery. Williams and Wilkins, Co., Baltimore 1959; Chap. 1: 1–18
  • Weisman S. “The Skeletal Structure of Metal Implants,”. Biomechanical and Human Factors Symposium, H. Gage. ASME, New York 1967; 87
  • Thompson F. R. “An Essay on the Development of Arthroplasty of the Hip,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1966; 44: 73
  • Scales J. T. “Arthroplasty of the Hip Using Foreign Materials: A History,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 63
  • Charnley J., Guest Editor. “Section I, Symposium, Total Hip Replacement,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1970; 72
  • Crimmins D. S. “The Selection and Use of Materials for Surgical Implants,”. J. Metals 1969; 21: 38
  • Frankel V. H., Burstein A. H. “The Design of Orthopaedic Prostheses,”. Engineering in the Practice of Medicine. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1967; 148
  • Hulbert S. F., Talbert C. D., Klawitter J. J. “Investigation of the Potential of Ceramics for Surgical Applications,”. Biomaterials, A. L. Bement, Jr. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle 1971; 3
  • Hulbert S. F., Young F. A., Mathews R. S., Klawitter J. J., Talbert C. D., Stelling F. H. “Potential of Ceramic Materials as Permanently Implantable Skeletal Prostheses,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1970; 4: 433
  • Katz J. L. “Prosthetic and Restorative Materials for Bone,”. Biomaterials, A. L. Bement, Jr. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle 1971; 79
  • Mow V. C. “The Role of Lubrication in Biomechanical Joints, Trans. ASME. J. Lubrication Tech. 1969; 91F: 2
  • Weisman S. “Metals for Implantation in the Human Body. Part II: Metals and Synthetic Membranes,”. Ann. N. Y. Acad. Sci. 1968; 146: 80
  • Greener E., Lautenschlager E. “Materials for Bioengineering Applications,”. Biomedical Engineering, J. H. U. Brown, J. E. Jacobs, L. Stark. Davis, Philadelphia 1971; 287
  • Williams D. F. “Structure and Mechanical Properties of Materials,”. Bio-Med. Eng. 1971; 4: 62
  • Williams D. F. “Effects of the Environment on Materials,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 106
  • Williams D. F. “The Reactions of Tissues to Materials,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 152
  • Williams D. F. “The Effect of Materials on Blood,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 205
  • Williams D. F. “New Materials,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 260
  • Williams D. F. “Fabrication, Finishing and Selection of Materials,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 300
  • Nuki G., Ferguson J. “Studies on the Nature and Significance of Macromolecular Complexes in the Rheology of Synovial Fluid from Normal and Diseased Joints,”. Rheol. Acta 1971; 10: 8
  • Radin E. L., Paul J. L., Weisser P. “Joint Lubrication with Artificial Lubricant,”. Arthritis Rheumat. 1971; 14: 1
  • Charnley J. “The Lubrication of Animal Joints,”. New Scientist July 9, 1959; 6: 3
  • Dintenfass L. “Rheology of Synovial Fluid and Its Role in Joint Lubrication,”. Symposium of Biorheology, A. E. Copley. Wiley, New York 1965; 489
  • Dowson D. “Mode of Lubrication in Human Joints,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear of Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 45
  • MacConaill M. A. “The Function of Intra-Articular Fibro-Cartilages with Special Reference to the Knee and Inferior Radio-Ulnar Joints,”. J. Anat. 1932; 66: 210
  • McCutchen C. W. “Mechanism of Animal Joints,”. Nature 1959; 184: 1284
  • Mow M. C., Ling F. F. “On Weeping Lubrication Theory,”. Z. Angew. Math. Phys. 1969; 20: 2
  • Walker P. S., Dowson D., Longfield M. D., Wright V. “Boosted Lubrication in Synovial Joints by Fluid Entrapment and Enrichment,”. Ann. Rheumat. Dis. 1968; 27: 6
  • Davies D. V. “Properties of Synovial Fluid,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 25
  • Ogston A. G., Stanier J. E. “The Physiological Function of Hyaluronic Acid in Synovial Fluid; Viscous, Elastic and Lubricant Properties,”. J. Physiol. 1953; 119: 244
  • Ogston A. G., Stanier J. E. “The Dimensions of the Particle of Hyaluronic Acid Complex in Synovial Fluid,”. Biochem. J. 1951; 49: 585
  • Kulonen E., Mäkisara P., Seppälä P., NäntÖ V. “Physico-chemical Properties of Synovial Fluid with Reference to Rheumatoid Disease and the Effect of Hydrocortisone Treatment”. Fed. Proc. 1966; 25: 1141
  • Ogston A. G., Stanier J. E., Toms B. A., Strawbridge D. J. “Elastic Properties of Ox Synovial Fluid,”. Nature 1950; 165: 571
  • Oldroyd J. G. “Non-Newtonian Effects in Steady Motion of Some Idealized Elastico-Viscous Liquid,”. Proc. Roy. Soc. 1958; A245: 278
  • Bloch B., Dintenfass L. “Rheological Study of Human Synovial Fluid,”. Aust.-N. Z. J. Surg. 1963; 33: 108
  • Negami S. “The Dynamic and Mechanical Properties of Synovial Fluid,”. M.Sc. Thesis, Lehigh University 1964
  • Mow V. C. “Effect of Viscoelastic Lubricant on Squeeze Film Lubrication between Impinging Spheres,”. Trans. ASME, J. Lubrication Tech. 1969; 90F: 320
  • Ir., Theyse F. H., Vos R. “The Property of Synovial Fluid in Normal and Pathological Human and Animal Joints in Relation to Inverse Hydrodynamics,”. ASLE Trans. 1970; 13: 2
  • Caygill J. C., West G. H. “The Rheological Behavior of Synovial Fluid and Its Possible Relation to Joint Lubrication,”. Med. Biol. Eng. 1970; 7: 507
  • Ekholm R., Norback B. “On the Relationship between Articular Changes and Functions,”. Acta Orthopaed. Scand. 1951; 20: 81
  • Maroudas A., Bullough P. “Permeability of Articular Cartilage,”. Nature 1968; 219: 1260
  • Maroudas A., Bullough P., Swanson S. A. V., Freeman M. A. R. “The Permeability of Articular Cartilage,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1968; 50B: 166
  • McCutchen C. W. “The Frictional Properties of Animal Joints,”. Wear 1962; 5: 1
  • Mow V. C. (1973) Discussion (of Paper by Walker and Gold. Proceedings of the International Conference of Lubrication. October, 1972. J. Lubrication Technol., 95F: 340
  • Weiss C., Rosenberg L., Helfet A. J. “An Ultrastructural Study of Normal Young Adult Human Articular Cartilage,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1968; 50A: 4
  • Bullough P., Goodfellow J. “The Significance of the Fine Structure of Articular Cartilage,”. Ibid. 1968; 50B: 852
  • Mow V. C., Lai M. W., Redler I. “Ridge Patterns on the Surface of Articular Cartilage: A Scanning Electron Microscope and Biomechanical Study,”. Proceedings 1973 Biomechanics Symposium, Y. C. Fung, J. A. Brighton. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York 1972; 27
  • Clark I. C. “Articular Cartilage: A Review and Scanning Electron Microscope Study. Part 1. The Interterritorial Fibrillar Architecture,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1971; 53B: 732
  • Little K., Pimm L. H., Trueta J. “Osteoarthritis of the Hip,”. Ibid. 1958; 40B: 123
  • Meachins G., Roy S. “Surface Ultrastructure of Mature Adult Human Articular Cartilage,”. Ibid. 1969; 51B: 529
  • McCall J. G. “Ultrastructure of Human Articular Cartilage,”. J. Anat. 1969; 104: 586
  • Hamerman D., Schubert M. “Diarthrodial Joints, an Essay,”. Amer. J. Med. 1962; 33: 555
  • Kempson G. E., Spivey C. J., Swanson S. A. V., Freeman M. A. R. “Patterns of Cartilage Stiffness on Normal and Degenerate Human Femoral Heads,”. J. Biomech. 1971; 4: 597
  • Fessler J. H. “A Structural Function of Mucopolysaccharide in Connective Tissue,”. Biochem. J. 1960; 76: 124
  • Mankin H. “The Biology of Osteoarthritis,”. Laboratory for Crystallographic Biophysics, Seminar Series. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute, Troy, New York April, 1972
  • Matthews B. F. “Composition of Articular Cartilage in Osteoarthritis Changes in Collagen/Chondroitin Sulphate Ratio,”. Brit. Med. J. September 19, 1953; 2: 660
  • Chrisman O. D. “Biochemical Aspect of Degenerative Joint Disease,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1969; 64: 77
  • McCutchen C. W. “Animal Joint and Weeping Lubrication,”. New Scientist 1961; 301: 412
  • Dowson D., Unsworth A., Wright V. “Analysis of ‘Boosted Lubrication’ in Human Joints,”. J. Mat. Eng. Sci. 1970; 12: 5
  • Ling F. F. “A New Model for Articular Cartilage in Human Joints,”. Proceedings of the Thirteenth International Congress of Theoretical and Applied Mechanics, MoscowUSSR, August, 1972. J. Lubrication Technol.
  • Edwards J. “Physical Characteristics of Articular Cartilage,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineering, London 1967; 16
  • Linn F. C., Sokoloff L. “Movement and Composition of Interstitial Fluid of Cartilage,”. Arthritis Rheumat. 1965; 8: 4
  • Hayes W. C., Mockros L. F. “Viscoelastic Properties of Human Articular Cartilage,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1971; 31: 4
  • Maroudas A. “Physico-Chemical Properties of Cartilage in the Light of Ion Exchange Theory,”. Biophy. J. 1968; 8: 575
  • McCall J. G. “Load Deformation Response of the Microstructure of Articular Cartilage,”. Lubrication and Wear in Joints, V. Wright. Lippincott, Philadelphia 1969; 39
  • Redler I. “Scanning Electron Microscopy Studies of Articular Cartilage,”. Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute–Albany Medical College Seminar on Articular Cartilage December, 1971
  • Gersh J., Catchpole H. R. “The Nature of Ground Substance of Connective Tissue.”. Perspectives Biol. Med. 1960; 3: 282
  • Coletti J. M., Akeson W. H., Woo S. L.-Y. “A Comparison of the Physical Behavior of Normal Articular Cartilage and the Arthroplasty Surface,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1972; 54A: 192
  • Kempson G. E., Muir H., Swanson S. A. V., Freeman M. A. R. “Correlations of Cartilage on the Human Femoral Head,”. Biophy. Acta 1970; 215: 70
  • Kempson G. E., Freeman M. A. R., Swanson S. A. V. “The Determination of a Creep Modulus for Articular Cartilage from Indentation Tests on the Human Femoral Head,”. J. Biomech. 1971; 4: 239
  • Greenwald A. S., O'Connor J. J. “The Transmission of Load Through the Hip Joint,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 507
  • Katz J. L. “Hard Tissue as a Composite Material: I. Bounds on the Elastic Behavior,”. Biomechanics 1971; 4: 455
  • Kraus H. “On the Mechanical Properties and Behavior of Human Compact Bone,”. Advan. Biomed. Eng. Med. Phys. 1968; 2: 169
  • Kummer B. K. F. “Biomechanics of Bone, Part II,”. Biomechanics: Its Foundation and Objectives, Y. C. Fung, N. Perrone, M. Anliker. Prentice-Hall, Englewood Cliffs, New Jersey 1972; 237
  • Liboff A. R., Shamos M. H. “Solid State Physics of Bone,”. Biological Mineralization, I. Zipkin. Wiley, New York 1973; 335
  • Swanson S. A. V. “Biomechanical Characteristics of Bone,”. Advan. Biomed. Eng. 1971; 1: 137
  • Welch D. O. “The Composite Structure of Bone and Its Response to Mechanical Stress,”. Recent Advan. Eng. Sci. 1970; 5: 245
  • Harper R. A., Posner A. S. “Measurement of Non-Crystalline Calcium Phosphate in Bone Mineral,”. Proc. Soc. Exp. Biol. Med. 1966; 122: 137
  • Termine J. D., Eanes E. D. “Comparative Chemistry of Amorphous and Apatitic Calcium Phosphate Preparations,”. Calc. Tiss. Res. 1972; 10: 171
  • Glimcher M. J., Krane S. M. “The Organization and Structure of Bone and the Mechanics of Calcification,”. A Treatise on Collagen, B. S. Gould, G. N. Ramachandran. Academic, New York 1968; 2: 67
  • Termine J. D., Eanes E. D., Greenfield M. O., Nylen M. U., Harper R. A. “Hydrazine-Deproteinated Bone Mineral, Physical and Chemical Properties,”. Calc. Tiss. Res. 1973; 12: 73
  • Currey J. D. “Three Analogies to Explain the Mechanical Properties of Bone,”. Biorheology 1964; 2: 1
  • Piekarski K. “Fracture of Bone,”. J. Appl. Phys. 1970; 41: 215
  • Pritchard J. J. “General Anatomy and Histology of Bone,”. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone 2nd ed., G. H. Bourne. Academic, New York 1972; 1: 1–20, Chap. 1
  • Evans F. G., Vincentelli R. “Relation of Collagen Fiber Orientation to Some Mechanical Properties of Human Cortical Bone,”. J. Biomech. 1969; 2: 63
  • Vincentelli R., Evans F. G. “Relations Among Mechanical Properties, Collagen Fibers, and Calcification in Adult Human Cortical Bone,”. Ibid. 1971; 4: 193
  • Ascenzi A., Bonucci E. “The Tensile Properties of Single Osteons,”. Anat. Rec. 1967; 158: 375
  • Ascenzi A., Bonucci E. “The Compressive Properties of Single Osteons,”. Ibid. 1968; 161: 377
  • Ascenzi A., Bonucci E., Checcucci A. “The Tensile Properties of Single Osteons Studies Using a Microwave Extensimeter,”. Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints, F. G. Evans. Springer, Heidelberg 1966; 121–141
  • Singh I. J., Gunberg D. L. “Estimation of Age at Death in Human Males from Quantitative Histology of Bone Fragments,”. Amer. J. Phys. Anthropol. 1970; 33: 373
  • Singh I. J., Gunberg D. L. “Quantitative Histology of Changes with Age in Rat Bone Cortex,”. J. Morphol. 1971; 133: 241
  • Cohen J., Harris W. “The Three-Dimensional Anatomy of Haversian Systems,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1958; 40A: 419
  • Smith J. W. “The Arrangement of Collagen Fibers in Human Secondary Osteones,”. Ibid. 1960; 42B: 588
  • Swedlow D. B., Harper R. A., Katz J. L. “Evaluation of a New Preparative Technique for Bone Examination in the SEM,”. Proceedings of the 5th Annual Scanning Electron Microscope Symposium: Workshop on Biological Specimen Preparation for Scanning Electron Microscopy. IIT Research Institute, Chicago 1972; 335
  • Swedlow D. B., Katz J. L. “Correlational Study on Ultra and Microscopic Levels of Organizations: Compact Haversian Bone,”. Orthopaedics Research Society, 18th Annual Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1972; 31
  • Katz J. L., Ukraincik K. “On the Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Hydroxyapatite,”. J. Biomech. 1971; 4: 221
  • Katz J. L. “Elastic Properties of Calcified Tissues,”. Israel J. Med. Sci. 1971; 7: 439
  • Katz J. L. “Anisotropic Elastic Properties of Calcified Tissues,”. Biophysical Society Fifteenth Annual Meeting, New Orleans, 1971, Paper #TPM-K2
  • Katz J. L., Ukraincik K. “A Fiber Reinforced Model for Compact Haversian Bone,”. Biophysical Society Sixteenth Annual Meeting, Toronto, 1972, Paper #FPM-C15
  • Evans F. G. “Bibliography of the Physical Properties of the Skeletal System,”. Art. Limbs 1967; 11: 48
  • Dempster W. T., Liddicoat R. T. “Compact Bone as a Non-Isotropic Material,”. Amer. J. Anat. 1952; 91: 331
  • Dempster W. T., Coleman R. F. “Tensile Strength of Bone Along and Across the Grain,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1961; 16: 355
  • Hirsch C., DaSilva O. “The Effect of Orientation on Some Mechanical Properties of Femoral Cortical Specimens,”. Acta Orthopaed. 1967; 38: 1
  • Calabrisi P., Smith F. C. “The Effect of Embalming on the Compressive Strength of a Few Specimens of Compact fone,”. U.S. Naval Medical Research Institute, MR-51-2,000,018.07.02 1951
  • McElhaney J. H. “Dynamic Response of Bone and Muscle Tissue,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1966; 21: 1231
  • Evans F. G., Lebow M. “Regional Differences in Some of the Physical Properties of the Human Femur,”. Ibid. 1951; 3: 563
  • Currey J. D. “Differences in the Tensile Strength of Bone of Different Histological Types,”. J. Anat. 1959; 93: 87
  • Evans F. G., Bang S. “Physical and Histological Differences between Human Fibular and Femoral Compact Bone,”. Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints, F. G. Evans. Springer, Heidelberg 1966; 142
  • Evans F. G., Bang S. “Difference and Relationships between the Physical Properties and the Microscopic Structure of Human Femoral, Tibial and Fibular Cortical Bone,”. Amer. J. Anat. 1967; 120: 79
  • Abendschein W., Hyatt G. W. “Ultrasonics and Selected Physical Properties of Bone,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1970; 69: 294
  • Gilmore R. S., Katz J. L. “Elastic Properties of Apatites,”. Proceedings of International Symposium on Structural Properties of Hydroxyapatites and Related Compounds, National Bureau of Standards, Washington, D.C., 1968, To Be Published
  • Gilmore R. S., Pollack R. P., Katz J. L. “Elastic Properties of Bovine Dentine and Enamel,”. Arch. Oral Biol. 1969; 15: 787
  • Grenoble D. E., Katz J. L., Dunn K. L., Gilmore R. S., Murty K. L. “The Elastic Properties of Hard Tissues and Apatites,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1972; 6: 221
  • Lang S. B. “Elastic Coefficients of Animal Bone,”. Science 1969; 165: 287
  • Lang S. B. “Ultrasonic Method for Measuring Elastic Coefficients of Bone and Results on Fresh and Dried Bovine Bones,”. IEEE Trans. Bio-Med. Eng. 1970; BME-17((2))101
  • Yoon H. S., Katz J. L. “The Elastic Properties and Micro-structure of Human Cortical Bone: Experimental,” Abstract #21. Presented at the 51st General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, Washington, D.C., 1973
  • Katz J. L., Yoon H. S. “The Elastic Properties and Micro-structure of Human Cortical Bone: Theoretical,” Abstract #278. Presented at the 51st General Session of the International Association for Dental Research, Washington, D.C., 1973
  • Evans F. G., Lebow M. “The Strength of Human Compact Bone as Revealed by Engineering Technics,”. Amer. J. Surg. 1952; 83: 326
  • Weaver J. K. “The Microscopic Hardness of Bone,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1966; 48A: 273
  • Salkovitz E. “Structural Properties of Bone,”. Biomaterials, L. Stark, G. Agarwal. Plenum, New York 1969; 119
  • Cohen J. “Performance and Failure in Performance of Surgical Implants in Orthopaedic Surgery,”. J. Mat. 1966; 1: 354
  • Grover H. J. “Metal Fatigue in Some Orthopaedic Implants,”. Ibid. 1966; 1: 366
  • Wheeler K. R., James L. A. “Fatigue Behavior of Type 316 Stainless Steel under Simulated Body Conditions,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1971; 5: 267
  • Paul J. P. “Forces Transmitted by Joints in the Human Body,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 8
  • Laing P. G., Bechtol C. O., Ferguson A. B., Jr. Metals and Engineering in Bone and Joint Surgery. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1959; Chap. 5: 92–126
  • Bechtol C. O. “Replacement of Living Tissue,”. Metals and Engineering in Bone and Joint Surgery, C. O. Bechtol, A. B. Ferguson, Jr., P. G. Laing. Williams and Wilkins, Baltimore 1959; Chap. 7: 143–146
  • Patrick L. M., Trosien K. R. “Performance Studies of Hip Prostheses,”. J. Mat. 1966; 1: 443
  • Evans F. G., Lebow M. “Strength of Human Compact Bone Under Repetitive Loading,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1957; 10: 127
  • King A. I., Evans F. G. “Analysis of Fatigue Strength of Human Compact Bone by the Weibull Methods,”. 7th International Conference on Medical and Biological Engineering. Stockholm, 1967
  • O'Lease F. D., Evans F. G. “Strength of Human Metatarsal Bones under Repetitive Loading,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1959; 14: 49
  • Seirig A., Kempki W. “Behavior of in-vivo Bone under Cyclic Loading,”. Biomechanics 1969; 2: 455
  • Smith J. W., Walmsley R. “Factors Affecting the Elasticity of Bone,”. J. Anat. 1959; 93: 503
  • Craig R. G., Peyton F. A. “Elastic and Mechanical Properties of Human Dentin,”. J. Dent. Res. 1958; 37: 710
  • Sedlin E. D. “A Rheological Model for Cortical Bone. Study of the Physical Properties of Human Femoral Samples,”. Acta Orthopaed. Scand. Suppl. 1965; 83: 1
  • Smith R. W., Jr., Keiper D. A. “Dynamic Measurement of Viscoelastic Properties of Bone,”. Amer. J. Med. Elec. 1965; 4: 156
  • Lugassy A. A., Korostoff E. “Viscoelastic Behavior of Bovine Femoral Cortical Bone,”. Research in Dental and Medical Materials, E. Korostoff. Plenum, New York 1969; 1–17
  • Black J. “Strain Related Potential in Viable Human Cortical Bone,”. Ph.D. Dissertation University of Pennsylvania. 1972
  • Bassett C. A. L. “Biophysical Principles Affecting Bone Structure,”. The Biochemistry and Physiology of Bone, 2nd ed. Academic, New York 1972; Vol. 3: 1
  • Lakes R. S., Katz J. L. “Transformation of the Viscoelastic Functions of Calcified Tissues and Interfacial Biomaterials into a Common Representation,”. Paper presented at the Fifth Annual Biomaterials Symposium, “Prostheses and Tissue: The Interface Problem”. Clemson University, 1973, to be published in J. Biomed. Mat. Res
  • Schmitt H. P. “Uber die Beziehungen Zwischen Dichte und Festigkeit des Knochens am Beispiel des Menschlichen Femur,”. Z. Anat. 1968; 127: 1
  • Rydell N. “Forces in the Hip Joint. Part II. Intravital Measurements,”. Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics, R. M. Kenedi. Pergamon, London 1965; Chap. 29: 351
  • Rydell N. “Intravital Measurements of Forces Acting on Hip-Joint,”. Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bones and Joints, F. G. Evans. Springer, Heidelberg 1966; 52
  • Chalmers J., Weaver J. K. “Cancellous Bone: Its Strength and Changes with Aging and an Evaluation of Some Methods for Measuring Its Mineral Content. II. An Evaluation of Some Methods for Measuring Osteoporosis,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1966; 48A: 299
  • Evans F. G., King A. I. “Regional Differences in Some Physical Properties of Human Spongy Bone,”. Biomechanical Studies of the Musculoskeletal System, F. G. Evans. Thomas, Springfield, Illinois 1961; 49
  • Galante J., Rostoker W., Ray R. D. “Physical Properties of Trabecular Bone,”. Calc. Tiss. Res. 1970; 5: 236
  • McElhaney J. H., Alem H., Roberts V. “A Porous Block Model for Cancellous Bone,”. Paper 70-WA/BHF-2, presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New York, 1970
  • Weaver J. K., Chalmers J. “Cancellous Bone: Its Strength and Changes with Aging and an Evaluation of Some Methods for Measuring Its Mineral Content. I. Age Changes in Cancellous Bone,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1966; 48A: 289
  • Ryshkewitch E. J. “Compression Strength of Porous Sintered Alumina and Zirconia,”. J. Amer. Ceram. Soc. 1953; 36: 65
  • Coble R. L., Kingery W. D. “Effect of Porosity on Physical Properties of Sintered Alumina,”. Ibid. 1956; 39: 377
  • Homsy C. A., Tullos H. S., Anderson M. S., Diferrante N. M., King J. W. “Some Physiological Aspects of Prosthesis Stabilization with Acrylic Polymer,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1972; 83: 317
  • McAdam G. D. “Some Relations of Powder Characteristics to the Elastic Modulus and Shrinkage of Sintered Ferrous Compacts,”. J. Iron Steel Inst. 1951; 168: 346
  • Yu. Bal'shin M., Fedotov S. G. “Elastic Characteristics of Fibrous Metals,”. Porosh. Metall. 1964; 4: 77, English translation, Sov. Powd. Metall. Met. Ceram. 7, 310–312 (1968)
  • Pugh J. W., Runkle J. C., Rose R. M., Paul I. L., Radin E. L. “Determination of the Elastic Modulus of Individual Trabeculae by their Buckling Behavior,”. Orthopaedic Research Society Nineteenth Annual Meeting, Las Vegas, January, 1973, Paper #10
  • Evans F. G. “Significant Differences in the Tensile Strength of Adult Human Compact Bone,”. Proceedings of the First European Bone and Tooth Symposium, H. J. J. Blackwood. Pergamon, Oxford 1964; 319
  • McElhaney J. H., Fogle J., Byars E., Weaver G. “Effect of Embalming on the Mechanical Properties of Beef Bone,”. J. Appl. Physiol. 1964; 19: 1234
  • Sedlin E. D., Hirsch C. “Factors Affecting the Determination of the Physical Properties of Femoral Cortical Bone,”. Acta Orthopaed. Scand. Suppl. 1966; 37: 27
  • Rybickl E. F., Simonen F. A., Weis E. B., Jr. “On the Mathematical Analysis of Stress in the Human Femur,”. J. Biomech. 1972; 5: 203
  • Evans F. G., Pedersen H. E., Lissner H. R. “The Role of Tensile Stress in the Mechanism of Femoral Fractures,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1951; 33A: 485
  • Zarek J. N. “Dynamic Considerations in Load Bearing Bones with Special Reference to Osteosynthesis and Articular Cartilage,”. Studies on the Anatomy and Function of Bone and Joints, F. G. Evans. Springer, Heidelberg 1966; 40
  • Zarek J. N., Edwards J. “The Stress-Structure Relationship in Articular Cartilage,”. Med. Electr. Biol. Eng. 1963; 1: 497
  • Burstein A. H., Shaffer B. W., Frankel V. H. “Elastic Analysis of Condylar Structures,”. Paper No. 70-WA/BHF-1 presented at the ASME Winter Annual Meeting, New York, 1970
  • Renton D., Piekarski K. “Motion of Low-Viscosity, Liquids in Cortical Bone Subjected to Cyclic Loading,”. Presented at the Third Canadian Biomedical Engineering Conference. Halifax, Nova Scotia 1970
  • Currey J. D. “The Adaptation of Bones to Stress,”. J. Theoret. Biol. 1968; 20: 91
  • Pauwels Fr. Gesammelte Abhandlungen zur Funktionellen Anatomie des Bewegungsapparates. Springer, Berlin 1965
  • Pauwels Fr. “Beitrag zur Funktionellen Anpassung der Corticalis der RÖhrenknochen. Untersuchungen an Drei Rachitisch Deformierten Femora. 12. Beitrag zur Funktionellen Anatomie und Kausalen Morphologie des Stützapparates,”. Z. Anat. Entwickl.-Gesch. 1968; 127: 121
  • Sokoloff L. “The Biology of Degenerative Joint Disease. Univ. Chicago Press, Chicago 1969
  • Ferguson J., Nuki G. “Rheological Simulation of Synovial Fluid by a Synthetic Macromolecular Solution,”. Rheol. Acta 1971; 10: 15
  • Helal B., Karadi B. S. “Artificial Lubrication of Joints; Use of Silicone Oil,”. Ann. Phys. Med. 1968; 4: 34
  • Helal B. “Silicone for Osteoarthritic Joints,”. Brit. Med. J. 1971; 2: 654
  • Ling F. F., Klaus E. E., Fein R. S. Boundary Lubrication, an Appraisal of World Literature. American Society of Mechanical Engineers, New York 1969
  • Dowson D. “Biotribology of Human Joints,” 1971. M. A. Sadowsky Lecture, Rensselaer Polytechnic Institute November, 1971
  • Katz J. L. “Structural Biomaterials: Rapporteur's Report,”. Biomaterials, A. L. Bement, Jr. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle 1971; 197
  • Akeson W. H., Convery F. R., Grainger D. W. “Review of the Surgical Use of Implant Materials in Arthroplasty and a Potential Application of Pourus Biomaterials to Recessional Arthroplasty,”. Biomaterials, A. L. Bement, Jr. Univ. Washington Press, Seattle 1971; 175
  • Sarmiento A. “Austin Moore Prosthesis in the Arthritic Hip,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1972; 82: 14
  • Sarmiento A., Grimes H. A. “The Use of the Austin T. Moore Vitallium Prosthesis in the Treatment of Acute Fractures and Other Diseases of the Hip,”. Ibid. 1963; 28: 120
  • Sarmiento A., Kalbac J. J. “Vitallium Austin Moore Prostheses for Subcapital Fractures of the Femur in the Aged: Experience with 200 Consecutive Cases,”. J. Western Pacific Orthopaed. Assoc. 1964; 1: 179
  • Potter T. A., Weinfeld M. S., Thomas W. H. “Arthroplasty of the Knee in Rheumatoid Arthritis and Osteoarthritis,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1972; 54A: 1
  • Cahoon J. R., Paxton H. W. “Metallurgical Analyses of Failed Orthopedic Implants,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1968; 2: 1
  • Cahoon J. R., Paxton H. W. “A Metallurgical Survey of Current Orthopedic Implants,”. Ibid. 1970; 4: 223
  • Charnley J. “Anchorage of the Femoral Head Prosthesis to the Shaft of the Femur,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1960; 42B: 28
  • Charnley J. “A Biomechanical Analysis of the Use of Cement to Anchor the Femoral Head Prosthesis,”. Ibid. 1965; 47B: 354
  • Cohen J. “Tissue Reactions to Metals–The Influence of Surface Finish,”. Ibid. 1961; 43A: 687
  • Wickstrom J. K. “Surgical Implants–Their Mechanical and Environmental Problems,”. J. Mat. 1966; 1: 366
  • Galante J., Rostoker W., Lueck R., Ray R. D. “Sintered Fiber Metal Composites as a Basis for Attachment of Implants to Bone,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1971; 53A: 101
  • Hirschhorn J. S., Reynolds J. T. “Powder Metallurgy Fabrication of Cobalt Alloy Surgical Implant Materials,”. Research in Dental and Medical Materials, E. Korostoff. Plenum, New York 1969; 137
  • Hirschhorn J. S., McBeath A. A., Dustoor M. R. “Porous Titanium Surgical Implant Materials,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. Symp. 1971; 42((2))5–49
  • Homsy C. Discussion on “Stabilization of Skeletal Prosthetic Implants,”. Seminar-Workshop in Biomaterials, Battelle Seattle Research Center. Seattle, Washington November 1969
  • Homsy C. A. “Current Research on the In-Vitro Stabilization of Skeletal Prosthetic Elements,”. Biomaterials, A. L. Bement, Jr. Seattle, Univ. Washington Press, Seattle 1971; 135
  • Hulbert S. F., Klawitter J. J., Talbert C. D., Fitts C. T. “Material of Construction for Artificial Bone Segments,”. Research in Dental and Medical Materials, E. Korostoff. Plenum, New York 1969; 19–67
  • McKee G. K. “Developments in Total Hip Joint Replacement,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 85
  • Scales J. T., Duff-Barclay I., Burrows H. J. “Some Engineering and Medical Problems Associated with Massive Bone Replacement,”. Biomechanics and Related Bio-Engineering Topics, R. M. Kenedi. Pergamon, London 1965; Chap. 19: 205
  • Weber B. G. “Die Rotations-Total Endoprothese de Hüftgelenkes,”. Z. Orthopäd. Grenz. 1970; 107: 304
  • Weber B. G. “Total Hip Replacement with Rotation-Endoprosthesis,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1970; 72: 79
  • Charnley J. “Factors in the Design of an Artificial Hip Joint,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 104
  • McKee G. K., Watson-Farrar J. “Replacement of Arthritic Hips by the McKee-Farrar Prosthesis,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1966; 48B: 245
  • Mueller M. E. “Total Hip Prosthesis,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1970; 72: 46
  • Walldius B. “Arthroplasty of the Knee Using an Endopros-thesis,”. Acta Orthopaed. Scand. 1957; Suppl. 24
  • Wilson F. C. “Total Replacement of the Knee in Rheumatoid Arthritis,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1972; 54A: 1429
  • Coventry M. B., Finerman G. A. M., Riley L. H., Turner R. H., Upshow J. E. “A New Geometric Knee for Total Knee Arthroplasty,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1972; 83: 157
  • Walker P. S., Hajek J. V., Erkman M. J. “Engineering Factors in the Design of a Knee Prosthesis,”. Eighteenth Annual Orthopaedic Research Society Meeting, Washington, D.C., 1972, Paper #10
  • Walker P. S., Gold B. L. “The Tribology (Friction, Lubrication and Wear) of All-Metal Artificial Hip Joints,”. Wear 1971; 17: 285
  • Walker P. S., Gold B. L., Wilson P. D., Jr. “The Tribology (Friction, Lubrication and Wear) of Artificial Hip Joints,”. Presented at the American Orthopaedic Association Meeting, Hot Springs, Virginia, 1971
  • Charnley J. Acrylic Cement in Orthopaedic Surgery. Livingstone, London 1970
  • Charnley J., Kettlewell J. “The Elimination of Slip between Prosthesis and Femur,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1965; 47B: 56
  • Wilson J. N., Scales J. T. “Loosening of Total Hip Replacements with Cement Fixation,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1970; 72: 145
  • Charnley J. “The Long-Term Results of Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip Performed as a Primary Intervention,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1972; 54B: 61
  • DuPont J. A., Charnley J. “Low-Friction Arthroplasty of the Hip for the Failures of Previous Operations,”. Ibid. 1972; 54B: 77
  • Bloch B., Haken J. K., Hastings G. W. “Evaluation of Cold-Curing Acrylic Cement for Prosthesis Stabilization,”. Clin. Orthopaed. 1970; 72: 239
  • Homsy C. A., Tullos H. S., King J. W. “Evaluation of Rapid-Cure Acrylic Compound for Prosthesis Stabilization,”. Ibid. 1969; 67: 169
  • Wilson P. D., Jr., Amstutz H. C., Czerniecki A., Salvati E. A., Mendes D. G. “Total Hip Replacement with Fixation by Acrylic Cement,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1972; 54A: 207
  • Smith D. C. “Medical and Dental Applications of Cements,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1971; #2(1)5–89
  • Welsh R. P., Pilliar R. M., Macnab I. “Surgical Implants” The Role of Surface Porosity in Fixation to Bone and Acrylic,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1971; 53A: 963
  • Hahn H., Palich W. “Preliminary Evaluation of Porous Metal Surfaced Titanium for Orthopaedic Implants,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1970; 4: 571
  • Coletti J. M., Nilles J. L., Fry L. R. “Biomechanical Correlates of Bone-Porous Materials Interfaces,”. J. Bone Joint Surg. 1971; 53A: 799
  • Katz J. L. “Bone—A Composite Material,”. Paper presented at the 1970 Gordon Conference on the Science and Technology of Biomaterials. Proctor Academy, Andover, New Hampshire June, 1972
  • Moyle D. D., Klawitter J. J., Hulbert S. F. “Mechanical Properties of the Bone-Porous Biomaterial Interface; Elastic Behavior,”. Paper presented at the Fourth Series of Bioengineering Symposiums entitled: “Materials and Design Considerations for the Attachment of Prostheses to the Musculo-Skeletal System,”. 1972
  • Graves G. A., Hentrich R. L., Stein H. G., Bojpai P. K. “Resorbable Ceramic Implants,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1971; #2((1))5–91
  • Hentrich R. L., Graves G. A., Stein H. G., Bajpai P. K. “An Evaluation of Inert and Resorbable Ceramics for Future Clinical Orthopaedic Applications,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1971; #2(1)5–25
  • Hulbert S. F., Cooke F. W., Skinner H. B., Klawitter J. J., Leonard R. B., Sauer B. W., Moyle D. D. “Attachment of Prostheses to the Musculoskeletal System by Tissue Ingrowth and Mechanical Interlocking,”. Paper presented at the Clemson University Symposium on “Materials and Design Considerations for the Attachment of Prostheses to the Musculo-Skeletal System,”. 1972
  • Hulbert S. F., Morrison S. J., Klawitter J. J. “Tissue Reaction to Three Ceramics of Porous and Non-Porous Structures,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1972; 6: 347
  • Klawitter J. J., Hulbert S. F. “Application of Porous Ceramics for the Attachment of Load Bearing Internal Orthopedic Applications,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1971; #2(1)5–161
  • Predecki P., Auslander B. A., Stephan J. E., Mooney V. L., Stanitski C. “Attachment of Bone to Threaded Implants by Ingrowth and Mechanical Interlocking,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1972; 6: 401
  • Predecki P., Stephan J. E., Auslander B. A., Mooney V. L., Kirkland K. “Kinetics of Bone Growth into Cylindrical Channels in Aluminum Oxide and Titanium,”. Ibid. 1972; 6: 375
  • Hall C. W., Hulbert S. F., Levine S. N., Young F. A. Bioceramics—Engineering in Medicine. Part I (Biomedical Engineering Symposium #2). Wiley (Interscience), New York 1971
  • Hall C. W., Hulbert S. F., Levine S. N., Young F. A. Bioceramics—Engineering in Medicine. Part 2 (Biomedical Engineering Symposium #2). Wiley (Interscience), New York 1972
  • Smith L. “Ceramic-Plastic Material as a Bone Substitute,”. Arch. Surg. 1963; 87: 653
  • Welsh R. P., Macnab I. “Ceramic in Surgery,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1971; #2(1)5–231
  • Hench L. L., Splinter R. J., Allen W. C., Greenlee T. K. “Bonding Mechanism at the Interface of Ceramic Prosthetic Materials,”. Ibid. 1971; 5: 117
  • Davis S. D., Gibbons D. F., Martin R. L., Levitt S. R., Smith J., Harrington R. V. “Biocompatibility of Ceramic Implants in Soft Tissue,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1972; 6: 425
  • Levitt S. R., Crayton P. H., Monroe E. A., Condrate R. A. “Forming Method for Apatite Prostheses,”. Ibid. 1969; 3: 683
  • Cook W. E., Manning C. R., Jr., Hurt J. C., Taylor D. R. “Ceramic-Metal Composites for Surgical Implants,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1972; #2(2)6–443
  • Musikant S. “Quartz and Graphite Filament Reinforced Polymer Composites for Orthopedic Surgical Application,”. Ibid. 1971; #2(1)5–189
  • Taylor D. F., Smith F. B. “Porous Methyl Methacrylate as an Implant Material,”. Ibid. 1972; #2(2)6–467
  • Struthers A. M. “An Experimental Study of Polyvinyl Sponges as a Substitute for Bone,”. Plast. Reconst. Surg. 1955; 15: 274
  • Henefer E. P., McFall T. A., Hauschild D. C. “Acrylate-Amide Sponge for Repair of Alveolar Bone Defects,”. J. Oral Surg. 1968; 26: 577
  • Amstutz H. C. “Polymers as Bearing Materials for Total Hip Replacement: A Friction and Wear Analysis,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1969; 3: 547
  • Duff-Barclay I., Spillman D. T. “Total Human Hip Joint Prosthesis—A Laboratory Study of Friction and Wear,”. Symposium on Lubrication and Wear in Living and Artificial Human Joints. Institute of Mechanical Engineers, London 1967; 90
  • Homsy C. A., Stanley R. F., Anderson M. S., King J. W. “Reduction of Tissue and Bone Adhesion to Cobalt Alloy Fixation Appliances,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res. 1972; 6: 451
  • Rhinelander F. C., Rouwehyha M., Milner J. C. “Microvascular and Histogenic Responses to Implantation of a Porous Ceramic into Bone,”. J. Biomed. Mat. Res., Symp. 1971; #2(1)5–81
  • ASTM. Standards for Surgical Implants. Reprint from Annual Book of ASTM Standards. ASTM, Philadelphia October, 1971

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.