References
- Roberts PJ, Der CJ. Targeting the Raf-MEK-ERK mitogen-activated protein kinase cascade for the treatment of cancer. Oncogene 2007;26:3291–310
- Sebolt-Leopold JS, Herrera R. Targeting the mitogen activated protein kinase cascade to treat cancer. Nat Rev Cancer 2004;4:937–47
- Steelman LS, Chappell WH, Abrams SL, et al Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK and PI3K/PTEN/Akt/mTOR pathways in controlling growth and sensitivity to therapy-implications for cancer and aging. Aging 2011;3:192–222
- Twombly R. Too early to determine cancer risk from infertility treatments. J Natl Cancer Inst 2012;104:501–2
- Selva E, Raden DL, Davis RJ. Mitogen-activated protein kinase stimulation by a tyrosine kinase-negative epidermal growth factor receptor. J Biol Chem 1993;268:2250–4
- McCubrey JA, Steelman LS, Chappell WH, et al. Roles of the Raf/MEK/ERK pathway in Cell growth, malignant transformation and drug resistance. Biochim Biophys Acta 2007;1773:1263–84
- Xia Z, Dickens M, Raingeaud J, et al. Opposing effects of ERK and JNK-p38 MAP kinases on apoptosis. Science 1995;270:1326–31
- Vesely DL. New anticancer agents: hormones made within the heart. Anticancer Res 2012;32:2515–21
- Bernstein L. Epidemiology of endocrine-related risk factors for breast cancer. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2002;7:3–15
- Chieffi P, Kisslinger A, Sinisi AA, et al. 17beta-estradiol-induced activation of ERK1/2 through endogenous androgen receptor-estradiol receptor alpha-Src complex in human prostate cells. Int J Oncol 2003;23:797–801
- Blamey RW, Bishop HM, Blake JR, et al. Relationship between primary breast tumor receptor status and patient survival. Cancer 1980;46:2765–9
- Jordan VC. A current view of tamoxifen for the treatment and prevention of breast cancer. Br J Pharmacol 1993;110:507–17
- De Leeuw R, Neefjes J, Michalides R. A role for estrogen receptor phosphorylation in the resistance to tamoxifen. Int J Breast Cancer 2011;2011:232435
- Steiner AZ, Terplan M, Paulson RJ. Comparison of tamoxifen and clomiphene citrate for ovulation induction: a meta-analysis. Hum Reprod 2005;20:1511–15
- Lipworth L. Epidemiology of breast cancer. Eur J Cancer Prev 1995;4:7–30
- Madigan MP, Ziegler RG, Benichou J, et al. Proportion of breast cancer cases in the United States explained by well-established risk factors. J Natl Cancer Inst 1995;87:1681–5
- Kurosawa T, Hiroi H, Momoeda M, et al. Clomiphene citrate elicits estrogen agonistic/antagonistic effects differentially via estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Endocr J 2010;57:517–21
- Terenius L. Anti-oestrogens and breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1971;7:57–64
- Heuson JC, Waelbroegk C, Leoros N, et al. Inhibition of DMBA-induced mammary carcinogenesis in the rat by 2-Br-ergocryptine (CB 154), and inhibitor of prolactin secretion, and by rafoxidine (U-11,100 A) an estrogen antagonist. Gynecol Invest 1971;2:130–7
- Hecker E, Vegh I, Levy CM, et al. Clinical trial of clomiphene in advanced breast cancer. Eur J Cancer 1974;10:747–9
- Cooley A, Matthews L, Zelivianski S, et al. Effect of infertility treatment and pregnancy-related hormones on breast cell proliferation in vitro. Hum Reprod 2012;27:146–52
- Boulton T, Nye S, Robbins D, et al. ERKs: a family of protein-serine/threonine kinases that are activated and tyrosine phosphorylated in response to insulin and NGF. Cell 1991;65:663–75
- Segal R, Greenberg M. Intracellular signaling pathways activated by neurotrophic factors. Annu Rev Neurosci 1996;19:463–89
- Recchia I, Rucci N, Funari A, et al. Reduction of c-Src activity by substituted 5,7-diphenyl-pyrrolo[2,3-d]-pyrimidines induces osteoclast apoptosis in vivo and in vitro, Involvement of Erk1/2 pathway. Bone 2004;34:65–79
- Bernards R. CDK-independent activities of D type cyclins. Biochem Biophys Acta 1999;1424:17–22
- Butt AJ, Caldon CE, McNeil CM, et al. Cell cycle machinery: links with genesis and treatment of breast cancer. Adv Exper Med Biol 2008;630:189–205
- Klip H, Burger CW, Kenemans P, van Leeuwen FE. Cancer risk associated with subfertility and ovulation induction. Cancer Cause Control 2000;11:319–44
- Chang L, Karin M. Mammalian MAP kinase signalling cascades. Nature 2001;410:37–40
- Guo Y, Zhang X, Meng J, Wang ZY. An anticancer agent icaritin induces sustained activation of the extracellular signal-regulated kinase (Erk) pathway and inhibits growth of breast cancer cells. Eur J Pharmacol 2011;658:114–22
- Kumar A, Klinge CM, Goldstein RE. Estradiol-induced proliferation of papillary and follicular thyroid cancer cells is mediated by estrogen receptors alpha and beta. Int J Oncol 2010;36:1067–80