REFERENCES
- Benowitz, N. L. (1988). Drug therapy. Pharmacological aspects of cigarette smoking and nicotine addiction. The New England Journal of Medicine, 319, 1318–1330.
- Cuijpers, P., Smit, F., ten Have, M., & de Graaf, R. (2007). Smoking is associated with firstever incidence of mental disorders: A prospective population-based study. Addiction, 102, 1303–1309.
- Dervaux, A., & Laqueille, X. (2008). Smoking and schizophrenia: Epidemiological and clinical features. Encephale, 34, 299–305.
- Erenmemisoglu, A. (1999). Turkish smokeless tobacco “Maras powder.” Preventive Medicine, 28, 616–617.
- Erenmemisoglu, A., Tekol, Y., Kartal, M., & Kurucu, S. (1992). The use of a smokeless tobacco in our country “Maras powder”. Turkish Journal of Medical Sciences, 16, 567–576.
- Erenmemisoglu, A., Ustun, H., & Kartal, M. (1995). Carcinoma of buccal mucosa in smokeless tobacco users a preliminary study of the use of cytology for early detection. Cytopathology, 6, 403–408.
- First, M. B., Spitzer, R. L., Gibbon, M., & Williams, J. B. W. (1997). Structured Clinical Interview for DSM-IV Axis I Disorders, Clinical version. Washington, DC, and London: American Psychiatric Press.
- Guven, A., Koksal, N., Buyukbese, M. A., Cetinkaya, A., Sokmen, G., Aksu, E., (2003). Effects of using a different kind of smokeless tobacco on cardiac parameters: “Maras powder” [in Turkish]. Anadolu Kardiyoloji Dergisi, 3, 230–235.
- Heatherton, T. F., Kozlowski, L. T., Frecker, R. C., & Fagerstrom, K. O. (1991). The Fagerstrom Test for Nicotine Dependence: A revision of the Fagerstrom Tolerance Questionnaire. British Journal of Addiction, 86, 1119–1127.
- Hughes, J. R., Hatsukami, D. K., Mitchell, J. E., & Dahlgren, L. A. (1996). Prevalence of smoking among psychiatric outpatients. American Journal of Psychiatry, 143, 993−997.
- Idris, A. M., Ahmed, H. M., & Malik, M. O. (1995). Toombak dipping and cancer of the oral cavity in the Sudan: A case control study. Cancer, 63, 477–480.
- Kuloglu, M., Atmaca, M., Polat, S. A., Unal, A., & Tezcan, A. E. (2001). Nicotine dependence in patients who applied to a psychiatry clinic [in Turkish]. Kriz Dergisi, 9, 33–38.
- Lasser, K., Boyd, J. W., Woolhandler, S., Himmelstein, D. U., McCormick, D., & Bor, D. H. (2000). Smoking and mental illness: A population-based prevalence study. The Journal of the American Medical Association, 284, 2606–2610.
- Morissette, S. B., Tull, M. T., Gulliver, S. B., Kamholz, B. W., & Zimering, R. T. (2007). Anxiety, anxiety disorders, tobacco use, and nicotine: A critical review of interrelationships. Psychological Bulletin, 133(2), 245–272.
- Murphy, S. E., Carmella, S. G., Idris, A. M., & Hoffmann, D. (1994). Uptake and metabolism of carcinogenic levels of tobacco-specific nitrosamines by Sudanese snuff dippers. Cancer Epidemiology & Biomarkers Prevention, 3, 423–428.
- Myung, S. K., Seo, H. G., Park, S., Kim, Y., Kim, D. J., Lee do, H., (2007). Sociodemographic and smoking behavioral predictors associated with smoking cessation according to follow-up periods: A randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trial of transdermal nicotine patches. Journal of Korean Medical Science, 22, 1065–1070.
- Ozkul, Y., Donmez, H., Erenmemisoglu, A., Demirtas, H., & Imamoglu, N. (1997). Induction of micronuclei by smokeless tobacco on buccal mucosa cells of habitual users. Mutagenesis, 12, 285–287.
- Ozkul, Y., Erenmemisoglu, A., Cucer, N., Menevse, A., & Saatci, C. A. (1995). Sister-chromatid exchange inducing effect of smokeless tobacco using on T-lymphocyte chromosomes. Mutation Research, 334, 209–212.
- Saitoh, F., Noma, M., & Kawashima, N. (1985). The alkaloid contents of sixty nicotine species. Phytochemistry, 24, 477–480.
- Vanable, P. A., Carey, M. P., Carey, K. B., & Maisto, S. A. (2003). Smoking among psychiatric outpatients: Relationship to substance use, diagnosis, and illness severity. Psychology of Addictive Behaviors, 17, 259–265.
- Wilens, T. E., Biederman, J., Adamson, J. J., Henin, A., Sgambati, S., Gignac, M., (2008). Further evidence of an association between adolescent bipolar disorder with smoking and substance use disorders: A controlled study. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 95, 188−198.
- Yıldız, M., & Ozcan, M. E. (2000). The prevalence of nicotine dependence in psychiatric outpatients [in Turkish]. Bağımlılık Dergisi, 1, 86–88.