663
Views
80
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

The Growing Popularity of Prescription Opioid Injection in Downtown Montréal: New Challenges for Harm Reduction

, &
Pages 1142-1150 | Published online: 03 Mar 2011

REFERENCES

  • Abdala, N., Grund, J. P., Tolstov, Y., Kozlov, A. P., & Heimer, R. (2006). Can home-made injectable opiates contribute to the HIV epidemic among injection drug users in the countries of the former Soviet Union? Addiction, 101, 731–737.
  • Biernacki, P., & Waldorf, D. (1981). Snowball sampling: Problems and techniques in chain referral. Sociological Methods & Research, 10, 141–163.
  • Bourgois, P. (1998). The moral economies of homeless heroin addicts: Confronting ethnography, HIV risk, and everyday violence in San Francisco shooting encampments. Substance Use and Misuse, 33, 2323–2351.
  • Bourgois, P. (1999). Theory, method, and power in drug and HIV-prevention research: A participant-observer's critique. Substance Use and Misuse, 34, 2155–2172.
  • Bourgois, P. (2003). Crack and the political economy of social suffering. Addiction, Research, and Theory, 11, 31–37.
  • Bourgois, P., & Bruneau, J. (2000). Needle exchange, HIV infection and the politics of science: Confronting Canada's cocaine injection epidemic with participant observation. Medical Anthropology, 18, 325–350.
  • Bourgois, P., Martinez, A., Kral, A., Edlin, B. R., Schonberg, J., & Ciccarone, D. (2006). Reinterpreting ethnic patterns among white and African American men who inject heroin: A social science of medicine approach. PLoS Medicine, 3, e452.
  • Bourgois, P., & Schonberg, J. (2009). Righteous dopefiend. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Brands, B., Paglia-Boak, A., Sproule, B. A., Leslie, K., & Adlaf, E. M. (2010). Nonmedical use of opioid analgesics among Ontario students. Canadian Family Physician, 56, 256– 262.
  • Center for Substance Abuse Research. (2004). Number of first time non-medical users of prescription pain relievers remains at peak level, rivaling marijuana; number of new ecstasy users declines. College Park, MD: Center for Substance Abuse Research. Retrieved June 12, 2010, from www.cesar.umd.edu/cesar/cesarfax/vol13/13–49.pdf
  • Chitwood, D. D., Comerford, M., & Weatherby, N. L. (1998). The initiation of the use of heroin in the age of crack. Heroin in the age of crack-cocaine. In J. A. Inciardi & L. D. Harrisson (Eds.), Drugs, health and social policy series (Vol. 6, pp. 51–76).. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage.
  • Compton, W. M., & Volkow, N. D. (2006). Abuse of prescription drugs and the risk of addiction. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 83, S4–S7.
  • Davis, W. R., & Johnson, B. D. (2008). Prescription opioid use, misuse, and diversion among street drug users in New York City. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, 92, 267–276.
  • De la Fuente, L., Barrio, G., Royuela, L., Bravo, M. J., & The Spanish Group for the Study of the Route of Heroin Administration. (1997). The transition from injecting to smoking heroin in three Spanish cities. Addiction, 92, 1749–1763.
  • Firestone, M., & Fischer, B. (2008). A qualitative exploration of prescription opioid injection among street-based drug users in Toronto: Behaviors, preferences and drug availability. Harm Reduction Journal, 5, 30.
  • Fischer, B., Rehm, J., Patra, J., & Firestone Cruz, M. (2006). Changes in illicit opioid use across Canada. Canadian Medical Association Journal, 175, 1385–1387.
  • Glaser, B. G., & Strauss, A. (1967). Discovery of grounded theory. Strategies for qualitative research. Chicago: Aldine.
  • Gordon, R. J., & Lowy, F. D. (2005). Bacterial infections in drug users. New England Journal of Medicine, 353, 1945–1954.
  • Grund, J. P., Friedman, S. R., Stern, L. S., Jose, B., Neigus, A., Curtis, R., (1996). Syringe-mediated drug sharing among injecting drug users: Patterns, social context and implications for transmission of blood-born pathogens. Social Science and Medicine, 42, 691–703.
  • Grund, J. P., Stern, L. S., Kaplan, C. D., Adriaans, N. F., & Drucker, E. (1992). Drug use contexts and HIV-consequences: The effect of drug policy on patterns of everyday drug use in Rotterdam and the Bronx. British Journal of Addiction, 87, 381–392.
  • Hagan, H., Pouget, E. R., Wlliams, I. T., Garfein, R. L., Strathdee, S. A., Hudson, S. M., (2010). Attribution of hepatitis C virus seroconversion risk in young injection drug users in 5 US cities. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 201, 378– 385.
  • Hagan, H., Thiede, H., Weiss, N. S., Hopkins, S. G., Duchin, J. S., & Alexander, E. R. (2001). Sharing of drug preparation equipment as a risk factor for hepatitis C. American Journal of Public Health, 91, 42–46.
  • Hahn, J. A., Page-Shafer, K., Lum, P. J., Bourgois, P., Stein, E., Evans, J. L., (2002). Hepatits C virus seroconversion among young injection drug users: Relationships and risks. Journal of Infectious Diseases, 186, 1558–1564.
  • Hankins, C., Alary, M., Parent, R., Blanchette, C., Claessens, C., & The SurvUDI Working Group. (2002). Continuing HIV transmission among injection drug users in Eastern Central Canada: The SurvUDI study, 1995 to 2000. Journal of Acquired Immune Deficiency Syndromes, 30, 514–521.
  • Hope, V., Kimber, J., Vickerman, P., Hickman, M., & Ncube, F. (2008). Frequency, factors and costs associated with injection site infections: Findings from a national multi-site survey of injecting drug users in England. BMC Infectious Diseases, 8, 120.
  • Inciardi, J. A., Surratt, H. L., Kurtz, S. P., & Cicero, T. J. (2007). Mechanisms of prescription drug diversion among drug-involved club- and street-based populations. Pain Medicine, 8, 171–183.
  • Koester, S., Glanz, J., & Barón, A. (2005). Drug sharing among heroin networks: Implications for HIV and hepatitis B and C prevention. AIDS and Behavior, 9, 27–39.
  • Leclerc, P., Morissette, C., & Roy, É. (2010). Le volet montréalais du Réseau SurvUDI. Volume 2—Données au 30 juin 2008. [The Montreal SurvUDI Nework. Volume 2–Data as of June 30, 2008]. Montréal, QC: Agence de la santé et des services sociaux de 945 Montréal. Retrieved June 12, 2010, from http://www.santepub-mtl.qc.ca/Publication/pdfudi/reseausurvudi_2.pdf
  • Leri, F., Bruneau, J., & Stewart, J. (2003). Understanding polydrug use: Review of heroin and cocaine co-use. Addiction, 98, 7–22.
  • Maher, L. (2002). Don't leave us this way: Ethnography and injecting drug use in the age of AIDS. International Journal of Drug Policy, 13, 311–325.
  • Maher, L., Jalaludin, B., Chant, K. G., Jayasuriya, R., Sladden, T., Kaldor, J. M., (2006). Incidence and risk factors for hepatitis C seroconversion in injecting drug users in Australia. Addiction, 101, 1499–1508.
  • Manchikanti, L. (2006). Prescription drug abuse: What is being done to address this new drug epidemic? Testimony before the subcommittee on criminal justice, drug policy and human resources. Pain Physician, 9, 287–321.
  • Mauss, M. (1923–1924). Essai sur le don. Forme et raison de l’échange dans les sociétés primitives. [The gift. The form and reason for exchange in archaic societies]. (Originally published in) L'Année Sociologique. Seconde série. Retrieved January 10, 2010, from http://www.congoforum.org/upldocs/essai_sur_le_don.pdf.
  • McCarthy, M. (2007). Prescription drug abuse up sharply in the USA. Lancet, 369, 1505–1506.
  • McKeganey, N., Friedman, S. R., & Mesquita, F. (1998). The social context of injectors’ risk behaviors. In G. V. Stimson, D. C. Des Jarlais, & A. L. Ball (Eds.), Drug injecting and HIV infection: Global dimensions and local responses. London: World Health Organization, UCL Press.
  • Needle, R. H., Coyle, S., Cesari, H., Trotter, R., Clatts, M., Koester, S., (1998). HIV risk behaviors associated with the injection process: Multiperson use of drug injection equipment and paraphernalia injection drug user networks. Substance Use and Misuse, 33, 2403–2423.
  • Popova, S., Patra, J., Mohapatra, S., Fischer, B., & Rehm, J. (2009). How many people in Canada use prescription opioids non-medically in general and street drug using populations? Canadian Journal of Public Health, 100, 104–108.
  • Rhodes, T., & Treloar, C. (2008). The social production of hepatitis C risk among injecting drug users: A qualitative synthesis. Addiction, 103, 1593–1603.
  • Roy, É., Boivin, J.-F., Haley, N., & Lemire, N. (1998). Mortality among street youth. The Lancet, 352, 32.
  • Roy, E., Boivin, J.-F., & Leclerc, P. (2010). Initiation to drug injection among street youth: A gender-based analysis. Drug and Alcohol Dependence, doi: 10.1016/j.drugalcdep.2010.09.003
  • Roy, É., Haley, N., Leclerc, P., Cédras, L., Blais, L., & Boivin, J.-F. (2003). Drug injection among street youths in Montreal: Predictors of initiation. Journal of Urban Health, 80, 92–105.
  • Roy, É., Haley, N., Leclerc, P., Cédras, L., & Boivin, J.-F. (2002). Drug injection among street youth: The first time. Addiction, 97, 1003–1009.
  • Stimson, G. V., & Choopanya, K. (1998). Global perspectives on drug injecting, Chapter 1. In G. V. Stimson, D. C. Des Jarlais, & A. L. Ball (Eds.), Drug injecting and HIV infection: Global dimensions and local responses. London: World Health Organization, UCL Press.
  • Strassels, S. A. (2009). Economic burden of prescription opioid misuse and abuse. Journal of Managed Care Pharmacy, 15, 556–562.
  • Substance Abuse and Mental Health Services Administration, Office of Applied Studies. (2010). The DAWN report: Trends in emergency department visits involving nonmedical use of narcotic pain relievers. Rockville, MD: SAMHSA. Retrieved September 14, 2010, from http://dawninfo.samhsa.gov/files/spectopics/opioided.html
  • Surrat, H. L., Inciardi, J. A., & Kurtz, S. P. (2006). Prescription opioid abuse among drug-involved street-based sex workers. Journal of Opioid Management, 2, 283–289.
  • Thorpe, L. E., Ouellet, L. J., Hershow, R., Bailey, S. L., Williams, I. T., Williamson, J., (2002). Risk of hepatitis C virus infection among young adult injection drug users who share injection equipment. American Journal of Epidemiology, 155, 645–653.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.