16,547
Views
117
CrossRef citations to date
0
Altmetric
ORIGINAL ARTICLE

War on Drugs Policing and Police Brutality

REFERENCES

  • Adamson, C. R. (1983). Punishment after slavery: Southern state penal systems, 1865–1890. Social Problems,30(5), 555–569.
  • American Civil Liberties Union. (2014). War comes home: The excessive militarization of American policing. New York, NY: ACLU.
  • Balko, R. (2006). Overkill: The rise of paramilitary police raids in America. Washington, DC: Cata Institute.
  • Barlow, D. E., & Hickman Barlow, M. (2002). Racial profiling: A survey of African-American police officers. Police Quarterly,5(3), 334–358.
  • Bass, S. (2001). Policing space, policing race: Social control imperatives and police discretionary decisions. Social Justice,28(1), 156–176.
  • Baum, D. (1996). Smoke and mirrors: The war on drugs and the politics of failure. Waltham, MA: Little, Brown.
  • Bell, D. (2000). Police brutality portation of disaster and discomforting divergence. In J. Nelson (Ed.), Police brutality: An anthology (pp. 88–101). New York, NY: WW Norton.
  • Benson, B. L., Leburn, I. S., & Rasmussen, D. W. (2001). The impact of drug enforcement on crime: An investigation of the opportunity cost of police resources. Journal of Drug Issues,31(4), 989–1006.
  • Benson, B. L., Rasmussen, D. W., & Sollars, D. L. (1995). Police bureaucracies, their incentives, and the war on drugs. Public Choice,83(1/2), 21–45.
  • Bertram, E., Blachman, M., Sharpe, K., & Andreas, P. (1996). Drug war politics: The price of denial. Berkeley, CA: University of California Press.
  • Brown, L. K. (2005). Officer or overseer? Why police desegregation fails as an adequate solution to racist, oppressive, and violent policing in Black communities. NYU Review of Law and Social Change,29, 757–795.
  • Brunson, R. K., & Miller, J. (2006). Gender, race, and urban policing: The experience of African-American youths. Gender and Society,20(4), 531–552.
  • Bureau of Justice Statistics at the US Department of Justice. (2011). Census of state and local law enforcement agencies, 2008 (vol. July 2011, NCJ 23398). Washington, DC: US Department of Justice.
  • Cooper, H. L., Moore, L., Gruskin, S., & Krieger, N. (2004). Characterizing police violence: Implications for public health. American Journal of Public Health,94, 1109–1118.
  • Cooper, H. L., Moore, L., Gruskin, S., & Krieger, N. (2005). The impact of a police drug crackdown on drug injectors’ ability to practice harm reduction: A qualitative study. Social Science & Medicine,61(3), 673–684.
  • Courtwright, D. (2001). Dark paradise: A history of opiate addiction in America. Cambridge, MA: Harvard University Press.
  • Eitle, D., & Monohan, S. (2009). Revisiting the racial threat thesis: The role of police organizational characteristics in predicting race-specific drug arrest rates. Justice Quarterly,26(3), 528–561.
  • Fabricant, M. C. (2011). War crimes and misdemeanors: Understanding “zero-tolerance” policing as a form of collective punishment and human rights violation. Drexel Law Review,3, 373–414.
  • Gray, J. (2010). Why our drug laws have failed: A judicial indictment of war on drug. Philadelphia, PA: Temple University Press.
  • Hinkle, J. U., & Weisburd, D. (2008). The irony of broken windows policing: A micro-place study of the relationship between disorder, focused police crackdowns, and fear of crime. Journal of Criminal Justice,36, 503–512.
  • Johnson, E. L. (1995). “A menace to society”: The use of criminal profiles and its effects on Black males. Howard Law Journal,38(629–664).
  • Kelley, R. D. (2000). Slangin’ rocks … Palestinian style. In J. Nelson (Ed.), Police brutality: An anthology (pp. 21–59). New York, NY: WW Norton.
  • Kerr, T., Small, W., & Wood, E. (2005). The public health and social impacts of drug market enforcement: A review of the evidence. International Journal of Drug Policy,16, 210–220.
  • Kraska, P. B., & Cabellis, L. J. (1997). Militarizing Mayberry and beyond: Making sense of American paramilitary policing. Justice Quarterly,14(4), 605–629.
  • Kraska, P. B., & Kappeler, V. E. (1997). Militarizing American police: The rise and normalization of paramilitary units. Social Problems,44(1), 1–18.
  • Krug, E., Dahlberg, L., Mercy, J., Zwi, A., & Lozano, R. (Eds.). (2002). World report on violence and health. Geneva, Switzerland: World Health Organization.
  • Lynch, M. (2012). Theorizing the role of the “war on drugs” in US punishment. Theoretical Criminology,16(175–199).
  • Maher, L., & Dixon, D. (1999). Policing and public health: Law enforcement and harm minimization in a street-level drug market. British Journal of Criminology,39(4), 488–512.
  • Marcon, J. (2014, March 30). US drug war slowly shifts fire away from low-level users. The Washington Post. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.washingtonpost.com/ politics/us-drug-war-slowly-shifts-fire-away-from-low-level- users/2014/03/30/7e8a353a-b461-11e3-b899-20667de76985_ story.html
  • Meeks, D. (2006). Police militarization in urban areas: The obscure war against the underclass. The Black Scholar,35(4), 33–41.
  • Musto, D. (2001). The American disease: Origins of narcotic control,3rd Edn.. New York, NY: Oxford University Press.
  • New York Civil Liberites Union. (nd). Stop and frisk data. Retrieved January 9, 2015, from http://www.nyclu.org/content/stop-and-frisk-data
  • Nunn, K. B. (2002). Race, crime, and the pool of surplus criminality: Or why the “war on drugs” was a “war on Blacks.” In UF law scholarship repository (vol. 1-1-2002). Florida: University of Florida Levin College of Law.
  • Powell, J. A., & Hershenov, E. B. (1990). Hostage to the drug war: The national purse, the constitution, and the Black community. UC Davis Law Review,24, 557–616.
  • Ritchie, A. J., & Mogul, J. L. (2008). In the shadows of the war on terror: Persistent police brutality and abuse of people of color in the United States. DePaul Journal for Social Justice,1(2), 175–250.
  • Russell, K. K. (2000). “What did I do to be so Black and blue?” Police violence and the Black community. In J. Nelson (Ed.), Police brutality: An anthology (pp. 135–148). New York, NY: WW Norton.
  • Saleem, O. (1997). The age of unreason: The impact of reasonableness, increased police force, and colorblindness on Terry “stop and frisk”. Oklahoma Law Review,50(4), 451–493.
  • Santora, M., & Baker, A. (2014, December 6). In unpredictable New York protests, organized criticism of police. The New York Times, p. 1. Retrieved February 8, 2015, from http://www.nytimes.com/2014/12/06/nyregion/in-unpre- dictable-new-york-protests-organized-criticism-of-police.html
  • Sherman, L. W. (1990). Police crackdowns: Initial and residual deterrence. Crime and Justice,12, 1–48.
  • Sherman, L. W., Rogan, D. P., Edwards, T., Whipple, R., Shreve, D., Witcher, D.,… Bridgeforth, C. A. (1995). Deterrent effects of police raids on crack houses: A randomized, controlled experiment. Justice Quarterly,12(4), 755–781.
  • Sollars, D. L., Benson, B. L., & Rasmussen, D. W. (1994). Drug enforcement and deterrence of property crime among local jurisdictions. Public Finance Review,22, 22–45.
  • The Bureau of Justice Statistics of the Federal Bureau of Investigation. (2008). Drug and crime facts: Drug law violations: Enforcement. Retrieved January 8, 2015, from http://www.bjs.gov/content/dcf/enforce.cfm
  • The National Institute of Justice. (2012, January 20). Police use of force. Retrieved January 8, 2015, from http://www. nij.gov/topics/law-enforcement/officer-safety/use-of-force/ pages/welcome.aspx
  • Tonry, M. (1994a). Race and the war on drugs. The University of Chicago Legal Forum,25, 25–81.
  • Tonry, M. (1994b). Racial politics, racial disparities, and the war on crime. Crime & Delinquency,40(4), 475–494.
  • Werb, D., Rowell, G., Guyatt, G., Kerr, T., Montaner, J., & Wood, E. (2011). Effect of drug law enforcement on drug market violence: A systematic review. International Journal of Drug Policy,22(2), 87–94.
  • Wynn, J. R. (2001). Can zero tolerance last? Voices from inside the precinct. In A. McArdle & T. Erzen (Eds.), Zero tolerance: Quality of life and the new police brutality in New York City (pp. 107–126). New York, NY: New York University.

Reprints and Corporate Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

To request a reprint or corporate permissions for this article, please click on the relevant link below:

Academic Permissions

Please note: Selecting permissions does not provide access to the full text of the article, please see our help page How do I view content?

Obtain permissions instantly via Rightslink by clicking on the button below:

If you are unable to obtain permissions via Rightslink, please complete and submit this Permissions form. For more information, please visit our Permissions help page.