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Original Article

The Myth of International Control: American Foreign Policy and the Heroin Traffic

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Pages 779-800 | Published online: 03 Jul 2009

References

  • The World Heroin Problem-Report of Special Study Mission composed of Morgan F. Murphy, Illinois, Chairman, Robert H. Steele. Connecticut pursuant to H. Res., 109: 2
  • Message from the President to the Congress on his Omnibus Drug Control Legislation. June 17, 1971, 92 Congress, 1st Session, Document No. 92–131
  • The scope of this paper does not extend to a consideration of the traffic in cocaine, amphetamines, hallucinogens, and other psychotropic substances. The United Nations Conference for the adoption of a Protocol on Psychotropic Substances was held in Vienna. January 11 through February 21, 1971, It is, in fact, precisely these latter substances (psycho-tropics) which are of the greatest concern to foreign nations. On June 29, 1971 President Nixon acknowledged that “nationally and internationally, we are faced today with a very serious problem posed by a new group of substances-the psychotropics or “mind bending” substances such as LSD, Mescaline, amphetamines, barbiturates and tranquilizers …. As a major manufacturer of psychotropic substances it is important that the United States co-operate with other countries in efforts to limit the use of those substances to medical and scientific purposes.” In 1966 the United Nations Commission on Narcotic Drugs initiated a study of the problem of the abuse of psycho-tropic substances. The United Nations Conference for the adoption of a Protocol on Psychotropic Substances was held in Vienna, January 11 through February 21, 1971 at which the Convention on Psycho-tropic Substances was adopted. The Convention will enter into force 90 days after 40 of the states eligible to become parties to the Convention have signed it without reservation of ratification. The Convention is still under review in the United States Senate. (See Convention on Psychotropic Substances: Message from the President of the United State transmitting a copy of the Convention on Psychotropic Substances signed at Vienna, February 21, 1971)
  • A good summary of early Americal initiatives can be found in Chapter X of Charles E Terry and Mildred Pellens. The Opium Problem. The Americal Social Health Association. 1928
  • Blum Richard. Society and Drugs. Jossey-Bass. 1969; 53
  • Blum Richard. 50, op. cit.
  • Wright Hamilton. The International Opium Commission. Am. J. Intern. Law July and October, 1909
  • Wright Hamilton, op. cit
  • Second International Opium Conference. Senate Doc. 733. 62 Cong., 2nd Session
  • Lindesmith Alfred. Opiate Addiction. The Principia Press of Illinois n.d., Evanston, Illinois, 180–185, See especially
  • Lindesmith Alfred. The Addict and the Law. Indiana University Press. 1965; 128
  • May Herbert L. Survey of Smoking Opium Conditions in the Far East: A Report to the Executive Board of the Foreign Policy Association. Opium Research Committee. Foreign Policy Association, New York 1927
  • Lindesmith. The Addict and the Law. 221, op. cit.
  • , See prepared chart on intervening treaties and accords
  • However, this proposition is not regarded to be as relevant today with the emergence of new actors in International Politics. Protagonists of Change: Subcultures in Development and Revolution, A. A. Said. Prentice Hall-Spectrum. 1972, On this point see also, A.A. Said and Luiz R.S. Simmons eds. Ethnic Groups in International Politics, Prentice Hall-Spectrum, (forthcoming)
  • International Aspects of the Narcotics Problem-Hearings before the Subcommittee on Europe of the Committee on Foreign Affairs House of Representatives—92 Congress —First Session. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington 1971; 72
  • International Aspects, op. cit.
  • McCoy Alfred. The Politics of Heroin Traffic in Southeast Asia. Harper & Row. 1972
  • Scott James C. Comparative Political Corruption. Prentice-Hall Contemporary Comparative Politics Series. 1972; 63
  • The New York Times February 21, 1972
  • Anderson Jack. The Washington Post. July 31, 1972, The Anderson story was denied by the Department of State
  • An up to date report on production levels up opium producing countries can be found in World Opium Survey. Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs. 1972
  • Dealing with Drug Abuse: A Report to the Ford Foundation. Pratger. 1972; 263
  • International Aspects. 10, op. cit
  • International Aspects. 68, op. cit
  • International Aspects. 82, op. cit
  • Blum Richard. Drug Pushers: A Collective Portrait. A paper delivered to the Joint Bureau of Narcotics and Dangerous Drugs-Stanford Conference on Directions for Drug Research. December, 1970, 15–16

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