A Causal Analysis of Early Drug Involvement in Three Inner-City Neighborhood Settings

References

• Ausubel D. P. Drug Addiction: Physiological, Psychological and Sociological Aspects. Random House, New York 1958
   Google Scholar
• Becker H. S. Becoming a marijuana user. Am. J. Sociol. 1953; 59: 235–242
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Blalock H. J., Jr. Causal Inferences in Nonexperimental Research. University of North Carolina Press, Chapel Hill 1964
   Google Scholar
• Blumer H., Sutter A. G., Ahmed S., Smith R. The World of Youthful Drug Use. University of California, School of Criminology, Berkeley 1967
   Google Scholar
• Braucht G. N. Psychosocial research on teenage drinking. Drugs and the Youth Culture, F. R. Scarpitte, S. K. Datesman. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 1980; 109–143
   Google Scholar
• Braucht G. N., Brakarsh D., Follingstad D., Berry K. L. Deviant drug use in adolescence: A review of psychosocial correlates. Psychol. Bull. 1973; 79: 92–106
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook J. S., Lukoff I. F., Whiteman M. Correlates of adolescent marijuana use as related to age, sex, and ethnicity. Yale J. Biol. Med. 1977(a); 50: 383–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brook J. S., Lukoff I. F., Whiteman M. Peer, family, and personality domains is related to adolescents' drug behavior. Psychol. Rep. 1977(b); 41: 1095–1102
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brown C. Manchild in the Promised Land. Signet, New York 1965
   Google Scholar
• Brunswick A. F. Health and drug behavior: A study of urban Black adolescents. Addict. Dis. 1977; 3: 197–214
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Cabinet Committee on Drug Abuse Prevention, Treatment, and Rehabilitation. Recommendations for Future Federal Activities in Drug Abuse Prevention. U.S. Government Printing Office, Washington, DC 1977
   Google Scholar
• Chambers C. D., Inciardi J. An Assessment of Drug Use in the General Population: Special Report No. 2. New York State Narcotic Addiction Control Commission, Albany, NY 1971
   Google Scholar
• Chein I., Gerard D. L., Lee R. S., Rosenfeld E. The Road to H. Basic Books, New York 1964
   Google Scholar
• Clayton R. R., Voss H. L. Young Men and Drugs in Manhattan: A Causal Analysis. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MA 1981
   Google Scholar
• Cloward R. A., Ohlin L. E. Delinquency and Opportunity. Free Press, New York 1960
   Google Scholar
• Coombs R. H., Fry L. J., Lewis D. G. Socialization in Drug Abuse. Schenkman, Cambridge, MA 1976
   Google Scholar
• Crawford G. A., Washington M. C., Senay E. C. Socio-familial characteristics of Black male heroin addicts and their nonaddicted friends. Drug Alcohol Depend. 1980(a); 6: 383–390
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Crawford G. A., Washington M. C., Senay E. C. Early life-style differences among Black male heroin addicts and their nonaddicted friends. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1980(b); 7: 193–210
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo R. Critical factors in understanding adolescent aggression. Soc. Psychiatry 1973; 8: 212–219
   Google Scholar
• Dembo R., Burgos W., Babst D. V., Schmeidler J., La Grand L. Neighborhood relationships and drug involvement among inner city junior high school youths: Implications for drug education and prevention programming. J. Drug Educ. 1978; 8: 231–252
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo R., Burgos W., Des Jarlais D. C., Schmeidler J. Ethnicity and drug use among urban junior high school youths. Int. J. Addict. 1979(a); 14: 557–568
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo R., Farrow D., Schmeidler J., Burgos W. Testing a causal model of environmental influences on the early drug involvement of inner city junior high school youths. Am. J. Drug Alcohol Abuse 1979(b); 6: 313–336
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dembo R., Schmeidler J., Burgos W., Taylor R. W. Environmental setting and early drug involvement among inner-city junior high school youths. Int. J. Addict. 1985; 20: 1239–1255
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman H. W. Ideological supports to becoming and remaining a heroin addict. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1968; 9: 131–139
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Feldman H. W. American way of drugging. Society May-June, 1973; 32–38
   Google Scholar
• Feldman H. W. Street Status and the Drug Researcher: Issues in Participant-Observation. Drug Abuse Council, Washington, DC 1974
   Google Scholar
• Feldman H. W. A neighborhood history of drug switching. Street Ethnography, R. S. Weppner. Sage, Beverly Hills, CA 1977
   Google Scholar
• Felix R. H. An appraisal of the personality types of the addict. Am. J. Psychiatry 1944; 100: 462–467
   Google Scholar
• Finestone H. Cats, kicks and color. Soc. Probl. 1957; 5: 3–13
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garmezy N. Vulnerability research and the issue of primary prevention. Am. J. Ortho-psychiatry 1971; 41: 101–116
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Gersick K. E., Grady K., Sexton E., Lyons M. Personality and sociodemographic factors in adolescent drug use. Drug Abuse and the American Adolescent, D. J. Lettieri, J. P. Lundford. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1981; 39–56
   Google Scholar
• Glover E. Psychoanalysis. Staples Press, London 1949
   Google Scholar
• Hargens L. L. A note on standardized coefficients as structural parameters. Sociol. Meth. Res. 1976; 5: 247–255
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Heise D. R. Problems in path analysis and causal inference. Sociological Methodology, E. F. Borgatta. Jossey-Bass, San Francisco 1969
   Google Scholar
• Himelhoch J. Delinquency and opportunity: An end and a beginning of a theory. Applied Sociology, A. W. Gouldner, S. M. Miller. Free Press, New York 1965; 189–206
   Google Scholar
• Hunt L. G., Chambers C. D. The Heroin Epidemics: A Study of Heroin Use in the United States, 1965–75. Spectrum, New York 1976
   Google Scholar
• Jessor R., Jessor S. L. Problem Behavior and Psychosocial Development: A Longitudinal Study of Youth. Academic Press, New York 1977
   Google Scholar
• Johnson B. D. Marijuana Users and Drug Subcultures. Wiley, New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Johnston L. D., Bachman J. G., O'Malley P. M. Drugs and the Class of 1978: Behaviors, Attitudes and Recent National Trends. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1979
   Google Scholar
• Kandel D. B. Adolescent marijuana use: Role of parents and peers. Science 1973; 181: 1067–1070
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D. B. Inter- and intragenerational influences on adolescent marijuana use. J. Soc. Issues 1974; 30: 107–135
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D. B. Some comments on the relationship of selected criteria variables to adolescent illicit drug abuse. Predicting Adolescent Drug Abuse: A Revire of Issues. Methods and Correlates, D. J. Lettieri. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1975, (a)
   Google Scholar
• Kandel D. B. Reaching the hard-to-reach: Illicit drug use among high school absentees. Addict. Dis. 1975; 1: 465–480, (b)
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kandel D. B. Drug and drinking behavior among youth. Ann. Rev. Sociol. 1980; 6: 235–285
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kandel D. B. Drug use by youth: An overview. Drug Abuse in the American Adolescent, D. J. Lettieri, J. P. Ludford. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1981; 1–24
   Google Scholar
• Kandel D. B., Kessler R. C., Margulies R. Z. Antecedents of adolescent initiation into stages of drug use: A developmental analysis. Longitudinal Research on Drug Use, D. B. Kandel. Hemisphere, Washington, DC 1978; 73–99
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan H. B. Deviant Behavior in Defense of Self. Academic Press, New York 1980
   Google Scholar
• Kaplan S. R., Roman M. The Organization and Delivery of Mental Health Services in the Ghetto: The Lincoln Hospital Experience. Praeger, New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Kaufman E. The relationship of social class and ethnicity to drug abuse. A Multicultural View of Drug Abuse, D. E. Smith, S. M. Andersen, M. Buxton, N. Gottlieb, W. Harvey, T. Chung. Schenkman, Cambridge, MA 1978; 158–164
   Google Scholar
• Kerlinger F. N., Pedhazur D. J. Multiple Regression in Behavioral Research. Holt, Rinehart, and Winston, New York 1973
   Google Scholar
• Kim J., Ferree G. D., Jr. Standardization in causal analysis. Sociol, Meth. Res. 1981; 10: 187–210
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kleinman P. H., Lukoff I. F. Ethnic differences in factors related to drug use. J Health Soc. Behav. 1978; 19: 190–199
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kobrin S. The conflict of values in delinquency areas. Am. Sociol. Rev. 1951; 16: 653–661
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McBride D. C., McCoy C. B. Crime and drug-using behavior: An areal analysis. Criminology 1981; 19: 281–302
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W. B. Lower class culture as a generating milieu of gang delinquency. J. Soc. Issues 1958; 14: 5–19
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miller W. B., Geertz H., Cutter H. S.G. Aggression in a boys' street-corner group. Psychiatry 1961; 24: 283–298
   Google Scholar
• Nunnally J. C. Psychometric Theory. McGraw-Hill, New York 1967
   Google Scholar
• Rado S. Narcotic bondage. Am. J. Psychiatry 1957; 114: 165–170
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rittenhouse J. D. The Epidemiology of Heroin and Other Narcotics. National Institute on Drug Abuse, Rockville, MD 1977
   Google Scholar
• Robins L. N., Ratcliff K. S. Risk factors in the continuation of childhood antisocial behavior into adulthood. Int. J. Ment. Health 1978–1979; 7: 96–116
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sadava S. W. Research approaches in illicit drug use: A critical review. Genet. Psychol. Monogr. 1975; 91: 3–59
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Schaps E., Di Bartolo R., Palley C. S., Churgin S. Primary Prevention Evaluation Research: A Review of 127 Program Evaluations. Pyramid Project-Pacific Institute for Research and Evaluation, Walnut Creek, CA 1978
   Google Scholar
• Sellin T. Culture Conflict and Crime. Bulletin 41. Social Science Research Council, New York 1938
   Google Scholar
• Simon H. A. Models of Man. Wiley, New York 1957
   Google Scholar
• Single E., Kandel D. B., Faust R. Patterns of multiple drug use in high school. J. Health Soc. Behav. 1974; 15: 344–357
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Smart R. Recent studies of the validity and reliability of self-reported drug use. Can. J. Criminol. Corrections 1975; 17: 326–333
   Google Scholar
• Sutherland E. H. Development of a theory. The Sutherland Papers, A. K. Cohen, A. R. Lindesmith, K. Schuessler. Indiana University Press, Bloomington, IN 1956
   Google Scholar
• Sutter A. G. The world of the righeous dope fiend. Issues Criminol 1966; 2: 177–222
   Google Scholar
• Sutter A. G. Worlds of drug use on the street scene. Delinquency, Crime and Social Process, C. R. Cressye, D. A. Ward. Harper and Row, New York 1969
   Google Scholar
• Tangri S. S., Schwartz M. Delinquency research and the self-concept variable. J. Crim. Law Criminol. Pol. Sci. 1967; 58: 182–190
   Google Scholar
• Thomas P. Down These Mean Streets. Signet, New York 1967
   Google Scholar
• Wolfgang M. E., Ferracuti F. The Subculture of Violence: Towards an Integrated Theory in Criminology. Tavistock, London 1967
   Google Scholar