References
- Volpicelli JR, Alterman AI, Hayashida M. Naltrexone in the treatment of alcohol dependence. Arch Gen Psychiatry 1992;49:876–880
- Zagon IS, McLaughlin PJ. Naltrexone modulates tumour response in mice with neuroblastoma. Science 1983;221:671–672
- Bihari B, Drury F, Ragone VP, et al. Low-dose naltrexone in the treatment of AIDS. IV International Conference on AIDS, Stockholm, Sweden; 1998
- Traore AK, Thiero O, Dao S, et al. Impact of low dose naltrexone (LDN) on antiretroviral therapy (ART) treated HIV + adults in Mali: a single blind randomized clinical trial. J AIDS HIV Res 2011;3:189–198
- Smith JP, Stock H, Bingaman S, et al. Low-dose naltrexone therapy improves active Crohn’s disease. Am J Gastroent 2007;102:820–828
- Bowling CA. Complementary and alternative medicine and multiple sclerosis. 2nd ed. New York: Demos; 2007:163–164
- Gironi M, Martinelli-Boneschi F, Sacerdote P, et al. A pilot trial of low-dose naltrexone in primary progressive multiple sclerosis. Mult Scler 2008;14:1076–1083
- Cree B, Kornyeyeva E, Goodin DS. Pilot trial of low dose naltrexone and quality of life in multiple sclerosis. Ann Neurol 2010;68:145–150
- Sharafaddinzadeh N, Moghtaderi A, Kashipazha D, et al. The effect of low-dose naltrexone on quality of life of patients with multiple sclerosis: a randomised placebo-controlled trial. Mult Scler 2010;16:964–969
- Low Dose Naltrexone [Online]. Available at: http://www.lowdosenaltrexone.org/ [last accessed 23 April 2014]
- Wall ME, Brine DR, Perez-Reyes M. Metabolism and disposition of naltrexone in man after oral and intravenous administration. Drug Metab Dispos 1981;9:369–375
- Meyer MC, Straughn AB, Lo MW, et al. Bioequivalence, dose-proportionality, and pharmacokinetics of naltrexone after oral administration. J Clin Psychiatry 1984;45:15–19
- Oncken C, Van Kirk J, Kranzler HR. Adverse effects of oral naltrexone: analysis of data from two clinical trials. Psychopharmacology 2001;154:397–402
- Comer SD, Collins ED, Kleber HD, et al. Depot naltrexone: long-lasting antagonism of the effects of heroin in humans. Psychopharmacology 2002;59:351–360
- Bigliardi PL, Stammer H, Jost G, et al. Treatment of pruritus with topically applied opiate receptor antagonist. J Am Acad Dermatol 2007;56:979–988
- Paudel KS, Nalluri BN, Hammell DC, et al. Transdermal delivery of naltrexone and its active metabolite 6β-naltrexol in human skin in vitro and guinea pigs in vivo. J Pharm Sci 2005;94:1965–1975
- Gonzalez JP, Brogden RN. Naltrexone. A review of its pharmacodynamic and pharmacokinetic properties and therapeutic efficacy in the management of opioid dependence. Drugs 1988;35:192–213
- Hammell DC, Stolarczyk EI, Klausner M, et al. Bioconversion of naltrexone and its 3-O-alkyl-ester prodrugs in a human skin equivalent. J Pharm Sci 2005;94:828–836
- Porter SJ, Somogyi AA, White JM. In vivo and in vitro potency studies of 6β-naltrexol, the major human metabolite of naltrexone. Addict Biol 2002;7:219–225
- Hussain MA, Koval CA, Myers MJ, et al. Improvement of the oral bioavailability of naltrexone in dogs: a prodrug approach. J Pharm Sci 1987;76:356–358
- Hammell DC, Hamad M, Vaddi HK, et al. A duplex “Gemini” prodrug of naltrexone for transdermal delivery. J Control Release 2004;97:283–290
- Vaddi HK, Banks SL, Chen J, et al. Human skin permeation of 3-O-alkyl carbamate prodrugs of naltrexone. J Pharm Sci 2009;98:2611–2625
- Chernushevich IV, Loboda AV, Bruce A, Thomson BA. An introduction to quadrupole–time-of-flight mass spectrometry. J Mass Spectrom 2001;36:849–865
- Pillai O, Hamad MO, Crooks PA, Stinchcomb, AL. Physicochemical evaluation, in vitro human skin diffusion, and concurrent biotransformation of 3-O-alkyl carbonate prodrugs of naltrexone. Pharm Res 2004;21:1146–1152
- Stinchcomb AL, Swaan PW, Ekabo O, et al. Straight-chain naltrexone ester prodrugs: diffusion and concurrent biotransformation in human skin. J Pharm Sci 2002;91:2571–2578
- Krishnan G, Edwards J, Chen Y, Benson HAE. Enhanced skin permeation of naltrexone by pulsed electromagnetic fields in human skin in vitro. J Pharm Sci 2010;99:2724–2731
- Van de Sandt JJM, van Burgsteden JA, Cage S, et al. In vitro predictions of skin absorption of caffeine, testosterone, and benzoic acid: a multi-centre comparison study. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2004;39:271–281
- Barbero AM, Frasch HF. Pig and guinea pig skin as surrogates for human in vitro penetration studies: a quantitative review. Toxicol In Vitro 2009;23:1–13