References
- Miller GE. The assessment of clinical skills/competence/ performance. Acad Med. 1990;65(9 suppl):S63–7.
- Brennan RL. Educational Measurement. Westport, CT: Praeger Pub Text, 2006.
- Regener H. A proposal for student assessment in paramedic education. Med Teach. 2005;27:234–41.
- Lammers RL, Byrwa MJ, Fales WD, Hale RA. Simulation-based assessment of paramedic pediatric resuscitation skills. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2009;13:345–56.
- Studnek JR, Fernandez AR, Shimber B, Garifo M, Correll M. The association between emergency medical services field performance assessed by high-fidelity simulation and the cognitive knowledge of practicing paramedics. Acad Emerg Med. 2011;18:1177–85.
- Hodges B, Regehr G, McNaughton N, Toberius R, Hanson M. OSCE checklists do not capture increasing levels of expertise. Acad Med. 1999;74:1129.
- Regehr G, MacRae H, Reznick R, Szalay D. Comparing the psychometric properties of checklists and global rating scales for assessing performance on an OSCE-format examination. Acad Med. 1998;73:993–7.
- von Wyl T, Zuercher M, Amsler F, Walter B, Ummenhofer W. Technical and non-technical skills can be reliably assessed during paramedic simulation training. Acta Anaesthesiol Scand. 2009;53:121–7.
- Martin M, Hubble MW, Hollis M, Richards ME. Interevaluator reliability of a mock paramedic practical examination. Prehosp Emerg Care. 2012;16:277–83.
- Hodges B, McIlroy JH. Analytic global OSCE ratings are sensitive to level of training. Med Educ. 2003;37:1012–6.
- Martin J, Regehr G, Reznick R, MacRae H, Murnaghan J, Hutchinson C. Objective structured assessment of technical skill (OSATS) for surgical residents. Br J Surg. 1997;84:273–8.
- Swanwick T. Understanding Medical Education. Wiley Online Library, 2010.
- Govaerts MJB, van der Vleuten CPM, Schuwirth LWT. Optimising the reproducibility of a performance-based assessment test in midwifery education. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2002;7:133–45.
- Han J, Kreiter CD, Park H, Ferguson KJ. An experimental comparison of rater performance on an SP-based clinical skills exam. Teach Learn Med. 2006;18:304–9.
- Kane MT. Validation. In: Brennan RL (ed). Educational Measurement. 4th ed. Westport, CT: Praeger Publishers, 2006, pp 17–64.
- Morgan P, Lam-McCulloch J, Herold-McIlroy J, Tarshis J. Simulation performance checklist generation using the Delphi technique. Can J Anesth. 2007;54:992–7.
- de Villiers M, de Villiers P, Kent A. The Delphi technique in health sciences education research. Med Teach. 2005;27:639–43.
- Graber M. Educational strategies to reduce diagnostic error: can you teach this stuff? Adv Health Sci Educ. 2009;14:63–9.
- Ericsson K, Krampe R, Tesch-Römer C. The role of deliberate practice in the acquisition of expert performance. Psychol Rev. 1993;100:363–406.
- Paramedic Association of Canada, National Occupational Competency Profile. Ottawa, Ontario, Canada: Paramedic Association of Canada, 2001.
- Ontario Ministry of Health. Emergency Health Services Branch. BLS Standards of Care. Vol. 2.0. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Publications Ontario, 2007.
- Ontario Ministry of Health, Emergency Health Services Branch. Advanced Life Support Standards. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Publications Ontario, 2007.
- Ontario Ministry of Training Colleges and Universities, Paramedic Program Standards. Toronto, Ontario, Canada: Queens Printer for Ontario, 2008.
- Cohen J. Statistical Power Analysis for the Behavioral Sciences. New York: Academic Press, 1977.
- Kim J, Neilpovitz D, Cardinal P, Chiu M, Clinch J. A pilot study using high-fidelity simulation to formally evaluate performance in the resuscitation of critically ill patients: The University of Ottawa Critical Care Medicine, High-Fidelity Simulation, and Crisis Resource Management I Study. Crit Care Med. 2006;34:2167.
- Streiner D, Norman G. Health Measurement Scales: A Practical Guide to Their Development and Use. Fouth ed. New York: Oxford University Press, 2008.
- Cook DA, Beckman TJ. Current concepts in validity and reliability for psychometric instruments: theory and application. Am J Med. 2006; 119:166, e7–16.
- Brennan R Generalizability theory. Educ Measure Issues Pract. 1992;11(4):27–34.
- Wilkinson TJ, Newble DI, Frampton CM. Standard setting in an objective structured clinical examination: use of global ratings of borderline performance to determine the passing score. Med Educ. 2001;35:1043–9.
- Humphrey-Murto S, MacFadyen JC. Standard setting: a comparison of case-author and modified borderline-group methods in a small-scale OSCE. Acad Med. 2002;77:729–32.
- Cizek GJ. Setting Performance Standards: Concepts, Methods, and Perspectives. Mahwah, NJ: Lawrence Erlbaum Associates Inc., 2001.
- Kirwan BE, Ainsworth LK. A Guide to Task Analysis. Philadelphia: Taylor & Francis, 1992.
- Tavares W, Eva KW. Exploring the impact of mental workload on rater-based assessments. Adv Health Sci Educ. 2012; Apr 7 (Epub ahead of print; doi: 10.1007/s10459-012-9370-3).
- Holmboe ES, Huot S, Chung J, Norcini J, Hawkins RE. Construct validity of the MiniClinical Evaluation Exercise (MiniCEX). Acad Med. 2003;78:826–30.
- Goff BA, Nielsen PE, Lentz GM, Surgical skills assessment: a blinded examination of obstetrics and gynecology residents. Am J Obstet Gynecol. 2002;186:613–7.
- Winckel CP, Reznick R, Cohen R, Taylor B. Reliability and construct validity of a structured technical skills assessment form. Am J Surg. 1994;167:423–7.
- Lurie S, Mooney C, Lyness J. Measurement of the general competencies of the Accreditation Council for Graduate Medical Education: a systematic review. Acad Med. 2009;84:301–9.
- Gingerich A, Regehr G, Eva KW. Rater-based assessments as social judgments: rethinking the etiology of rater errors. Acad Med. 2011;86(10 suppl):S1–7.
- Crossley J, Johnson G, Booth J, Wade W. Good questions, good answers: construct alignment improves the performance of workplace based assessment scales. Med Educ. 2011;45:560–9.
- Crossley J, Jolly B. Making sense of work-based assessment: ask the right questions, in the right way, about the right things, of the right people. Med Educ. 2012;46(1):28–37.
- Cizek GJ. Bunch MB. Standard Setting: A Guide to Establishing and Evaluating Performance Standards on Tests. Thousand Oaks, CA: Sage Publications, 2007.
- Downing S, Yudkowsky R. Assessment in Health Professions Education. New York: Taylor & Francis, 2009.
- Eva K. Assessment strategies in medical education. In: Salerno-Kennedy R, O'Flynn S (eds). Medical Education: State of the Art. Halifax, Nova Scotia, Canada: Nova Scotia Publishers, Inc., 2010.