References
- Wolfe T, Barton E. Nasal drug delivery in EMS: reducing needle stick risk. JEMS. 2003;28(12):52–63.
- Costantino HR, Ilum L, Brandt G, Johnson P, Quay S. Intranasal delivery: physiochemical and therapeutic aspects. Int J Pharm. 2007;337:1–24.
- Barrett KE, Barman SM, Boitano S, Brooks H (eds). Endocrine functions of the pancreas & regulation of carbohydrate metabolism. In: Ganong's Review of Medical Physiology. 23rd edition. New York: McGraw-Hill, 2010, pp. 315–36.
- Rickard C, O'Meara P, McGrail M, Garner D, McLean A, Le Lievre P. A randomized control trial of intranasal fentanyl versus intravenous morphine for analgesia in the prehospital setting. Am J Emerg Med. 2007;25:911–7.
- Lahat E, Goldham M, Barr J, Bistritzer T, Berkovitch M. Intranasal midazolam for childhood seizures. Lancet. 1998;52:620.
- Barton E, Colwell C, Wolfe T, Efficacy of intransal naloxone as a needleless alternative for treatment of opioid overdose in the prehospital setting. J Emerg Med. 2005;29:265–71.
- Pontiroli AE, Alberetto M, Pozza G. Intranasal glucagon raises blood glucose in healthy volunteers. BMJ. 1983;287:462–3.
- Pontiroli A, Calerara A, Pajetta E, Albertetto M, Pozza G. Intranasal glucagon as a remedy for hypoglycemia. Studies in healthy subjects and type 1 diabetic patients. Diabetes Care. 1989;12:604–8.
- Freychet L, Rizkalla, Desplanque N, Effect of intranasal glucagon on blood glucose in healthy subjects and hypoglycemic patients with insulin-dependent diabetes. Lancet. 1988;1:1364–6.
- Rosenfalck AM, Bendtson I, Jørgensen S, Binder C. Nasal glucagon in the treatment of hypoglycemia in type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetic patients. Diabetes Res Clin Pract. 1992;17:43–50.
- Stenninger E, Aman J. Intranasal glucagon treatment relieves hypoglycemia in children with type 1 (insulin dependent) diabetes mellitus. Diabetologia. 1993;36:931–5.
- Hvidberg A, Djurup R, Hilsted J. Glucose recovery after intranasal glucagon during hypoglycemia in man. Clin Pharmacol. 1994;46:15–7.
- Vukmir RB, Paris PM, Yealy DM. Glucagon: prehospital therapy for hypoglycemia. Ann Emerg Med. 1991;20:375–9.
- Howell MA, Guly HR. A comparison of glucagon and glucose in prehospital hypoglycaemia. J Accid Emerg Med. 1997;14:30–2.
- Carstens S, Sprehn M. Prehospital treatment of severe hypoglycemia: a comparison of intramuscular glucagon and intravenous glucose. Prehosp Disaster Med. 1998;13(2-4):44–50.
- Teshima D, Yamauchi A, Makino K, Nasal glucagon delivery using microcrystalline cellulose in healthy volunteers. Int J Pharm. 2002;233:61–6.
- Collopy K, Snyder S. Intranasal drug administration: an innovative approach to traditional care. EMS World. 2011;40(5):45–50.
- Glucagon Emergency Kit. In Micromedex (Healthcare Series) [Internet database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thompson Reuters (Healthcare) Inc. Available at: http://thomsonhc.com. Accessed May 16, 2012.
- Dextrose. In Micromedex (Healthcare Series) [Internet database]. Greenwood Village, CO: Thompson Reuters (Healthcare) Inc. Available at: http://www.thomsonhc.com. Accessed May 16, 2012.
- Curran R. A milestone change in practice: a call for widespread application of intranasal delivery in the prehospital environment. Emerg Med Serv. 2007;36(4):40–1,43–6,48–9.
- Yani O, Philip M, Eliztur-Lieberman E, Pilpel D. IDDM patients’ opinions on the use of glucagon emergency kit in severe episodes of hypoglycemia. Pract Diabetes. 2005;14(2):40–2.