Physical activity and lung cancer among non-smokers: a pilot molecular epidemiological study within EPIC

References

• Ainsworth B, Haskell W, Whitt M, Irwin M, Swartz A, Strath S, O’Brien W, Bassett D, Schmitz K, Emplaincourt P and others.(2000). Compendium of physical activities: an update of activity codes and MET intensities. Med Sci Sports Exerc 32(9 Suppl.):S498–504.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Airoldi L, Vineis P, Colombi A, Olgiati L, Dell’Osta C, Fanelli R, Manzi L, Veglia F, Autrup H, Dunning A and others. (2005). 4-Aminobiphenyl-hemoglobin adducts and risk of smoking-related disease in never smokers and former smokers in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition Prospective Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:2118–24.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Alfano CM, Klesges RC, Murray DM, Bowen DJ, McTiernan A, Vander Weg MW, Robinson LA, Cartmel B, Thornquist MD, Barnett M and others. (2004). Physical activity in relation to all-site and lung cancer incidence and mortality in current and former smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 13:2233–41.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Arrighi HM, Hertz-Picciotto I. (1994). The evolving concept of the healthy worker survivor effect. Epidemiology 5:189–96.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bak H, Autrup H, Thomsen B, Tjønneland A, Overvad K, Vogel U, Raaschou-Nielsen O, Loft S. (2006). Bulky DNA adducts as risk indicator of lung cancer in a Danish case-cohort study. Int J Cancer 118:1618–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bak H, Christensen J, Thomsen BL, Tjonneland A, Overvad K, Loft S, Raaschou-Nielsen O. (2005). Physical activity and risk for lung cancer in a Danish cohort. Int J Cancer 116:439–44.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bartsch H, Petruzzelli S, De Flora S, Hietanen E, Camus A, Castegnaro M, Geneste O, Camoirano A, Saracci R, Giuntini C. (1991). Carcinogen metabolism and DNA adducts in human lung tissues as affected by tobacco smoking or metabolic phenotype: a case–control study on lung cancer patients. Mutat Res 250:103–14.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boehme D, Hotchkiss J, Henderson R. (1992). Glutathione and GSH-dependent enzymes in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid cells in response to ozone. Exp Mol Pathol 56:37–48.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bowles HR, FitzGerald SJ, Morrow JR, Jr., Jackson AW, Blair SN. (2004). Construct validity of self-reported historical physical activity. Am J Epidemiol 160:279–86.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Boyle RG, O’Connor P, Pronk N, Tan A. (2000). Health behaviors of smokers, ex-smokers, and never smokers in an HMO. Prevent Med 31:177–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Brownson R, Chang J, Davis J, Smith C. (1991). Physical activity on the job and cancer in Missouri. Am J Public Health 81:639–42.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cantin A, North S, Hubbard R, Crystal R. (1987). Normal alveolar epithelial lining fluid contains high levels of glutathione. J Appl Physiol 63:152–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Cerutti P. (1985). Prooxidant states and tumor promotion. Science 227:375–81.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Colbert L, Hartman T, Tangrea J, Pietinen P, Virtamo J, Taylor P, Albanes D. (2002). Physical activity and lung cancer risk in male smokers. Int J Cancer 98:770–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeVellis R. (1991). Scale development: theory and applications. Newbury Park, CA: Sage.
   Google Scholar
• Doherty SC, Steptoe A, Rink E, Kendrick T, Hilton S. (1998). Readiness to change health behaviours among patients at high risk of cardiovascular disease. J Cardiovasc Risk 5:147–53.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Dosemeci M, Hayes RB, Vetter R, Hoover RN, Tucker M, Engin K, Unsal M, Blair A. (1993). Occupational physical activity, socioeconomic status, and risks of 15 cancer sites in Turkey. Cancer Causes Control 4:313–21.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Duncan K, Harris S, Ardies CM. (1997). Running exercise may reduce risk for lung and liver cancer by inducing activity of antioxidant and phase II enzymes. Cancer Lett 116:151–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Emmons KM, Marcus BH, Linnan L, Rossi JS, Abrams DB. (1994). Mechanisms in multiple risk factor interventions: smoking, physical activity, and dietary fat intake among manufacturing workers. Working Well Research Group. Prevent Med 23:481–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Evelo C, Palmen N, Artur Y, Janssen G. (1992). Changes in blood glutathione concentrations, and in erythrocyte glutathione reductase and glutathione S-transferase activity after running training and after participation in contests. Eur J Appl Physiol Occup Physiol 64:354–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fairbanks V, Klee G. (1987). Biochemical aspects of hematology. In: Tietz N, editor. Fundamentals of clinical chemistry.Philadelphia: WB Saunders Company.
   Google Scholar
• Ferlay J, Autier P, Boniol M, Heanue M, Colombet M, Boyle P. (2007). Estimates of the cancer incidence and mortality in Europe in (2006). Ann Oncol 18:581–92.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Fishman PA, Khan ZM, Thompson EE, Curry SJ. (2003). Health care costs among smokers, former smokers, and never smokers in an HMO. Health Services Res 38:733–49.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Frenkel K. (1992). Carcinogen-mediated oxidant formation and oxidative DNA damage. Pharmacol Ther 53:127–66.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Garrett NA, Alesci NL, Schultz MM, Foldes SS, Magnan SJ, Manley MW. (2004). The relationship of stage of change for smoking cessation to stage of change for fruit and vegetable consumption and physical activity in a health plan population. Am J Health Prom 19:118–27.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Godschalk RWL, Feldker DEM, Borm PJA, Wouters EFM, Van Schooten F-J. (2002). Body mass index modulates aromatic DNA adduct levels and their persistence in smokers. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 11:790–3.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Haftenberger M, Schuit AJ, Tormo MJ, Boeing H, Wareham N, Bueno-de-Mesquita HB, Kumle M, Hjartaker A, Chirlaque MD, Ardanaz  E and others. (2002). Physical activity of subjects aged 50–64 years involved in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC). Public Health Nutr 5:1163–76.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Halpern MT, Warner KE. (1994). Differences in former smokers’ beliefs and health status following smoking cessation. Am J Prev Med 10:31–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hoffman-Goetz L, Apter D, Demark-Wahnefried W, Goran M, McTiernan A, Reichman M. (1998). Possible mechanism mediating an association between physical activity and breast cancer. Cancer 83:621–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jacobs DR Jr, Ainsworth BE, Hartman TJ, Leon AS. (1993). A simultaneous evaluation of 10 commonly used physical activity questionnaires. Med Sci Sports Exerc 25:81–91.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Jernstrom B, Babson J, Moldeus P, Holmgren A, Reed D. (1982). Glutathione conjugation and DNA-binding of (+/-)-trans-7,8-dihydroxy-7,8-dihydrobenzo[a]pyrene and (+/-)-7 beta,8 alpha-dihydroxy-9 alpha,10 alpha-epoxy-7,8,9,10-tetrahydrobenzo[a]pyrene in isolated rat hepatocytes. Carcinogenesis 3:861–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Joseph AM, Bliss RL, Zhao F, Lando H. (2005). Predictors of smoking reduction without formal intervention. Nicotine Tob Res 7:277–82.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Julius M, Lang CA, Gleiberman L, Harburg E, DiFranceisco W, Schork A. (1994). Glutathione and morbidity in a community-based sample of elderly. J Clin Epidemiol 47:1021–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Karolkiewicz J, Szczesniak L, Deskur-Smielecka E, Nowak A, Stemplewski R, Szeklicki R. (2003). Oxidative stress and antioxidant defence system in healthy, elderly men: relationship to physical activity. Aging Male 6:100–5.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Kawada T. (2004). Comparison of daily life habits and health examination data between smokers and ex-smokers suggests that ex-smokers acquire several healthy-lifestyle practices. Arch Med Res 35:329–33.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kelly F. (1999). Gluthathione: in defence of the lung. Food Chem Toxicol 37:963–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kubik A, Zatloukal P, Tomasek L, Pauk N, Havel L, Dolezal J, Plesko I. (2007). Interactions between smoking and other exposures associated with lung cancer risk in women: diet and physical activity. Neoplasma 54:83–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee I, Paffenbarger R. (1994). Physical activity and its relation to cancer risk: a prospective study of college alumni. Med Sci Sports Exerc 26:831–7.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lee I, Sesso H, Paffenbarger R. (1999). Physical activity and risk of lung cancer. Int J Epidemiol 28:620–5.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Leitzmann MF, Koebnick C, Abnet CC, Freedman ND, Park Y, Hollenbeck A, Ballard-Barbash R, Schatzkin A. (2009). Prospective study of physical activity and lung cancer by histologic type in current, former, and never smokers. Am J Epidemiol 169:542–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mao Y, Pan S, Wen SW, Johnson KC, Canadian Cancer Registries Epidemiology Research G. (2003). Physical activity and the risk of lung cancer in Canada. Am J Epidemiol 158:564–75.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• McTiernan A, Ulrich C, Slate S, Potter S. (1998). Physical activity and cancer etiology: associations and mechanisms. Cancer Causes Control 9:487–509.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Michelet F, Gueguen R, Leroy P, Wellman M, Nicolas A, Siest G. (1995). Blood and plasma glutathione measured in healthy subjects by HPLC: relation to sex, aging, biological variables, and life habits. Clin Chem 41:1509–17.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Miyazaki H, Oh-ishi S, Ookawara T, Kizaki T, Toshinai K, Ha S, Haga S, Ji LL, Ohno H. (2001). Strenuous endurance training in humans reduces oxidative stress following exhausting exercise. Eur J Appl Physiol 84:1–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Nuttall SL, Martin U, Sinclair AJ, Kendall MJ. (1998). Glutathione: in sickness and in health. Lancet 351:645–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Paffenbarger RS Jr, Hyde RT, Wing AL. (1987). Physical activity and incidence of cancer in diverse populations: a preliminary report. Am J Clin Nutr 45(Suppl.):312–17.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Peluso M, Hainaut P, Airoldi L, Autrup H, Dunning A, Garte S, Gormally E, Malaveille C, Matullo G, Munnia A and others. (2005a). Methodology of laboratory measurements in prospective studies on gene-environment interactions: the experience of GenAir. Mutat Res 574:92–104.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peluso M, Munnia A, Hoek G, Krzyzanowski M, Veglia F, Airoldi L, Autrup H, Dunning A, Garte S, Hainaut P and others. (2005b). DNA adducts and lung cancer risk: a prospective study. Cancer Res 65:8042–8.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Pols M, Peeters P, Ocke M, Slimani N, Bueno-De-Mesquita H, Collette H. (1997). Estimation of reproducibility and relative validity of the questions included in the EPIC physical activity questionnaire. Int J Epidemiol 26 (Suppl. 1):s181–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richardson D, Wing S, Steenland K, McKelvey W. (2004). Time-related aspects of the healthy worker survivor effect. Ann Epidemiol 14:633–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Richie J, Skowronski L, Abraham P, Leutzinger Y. (1996). Blood glutathione concentrations in a large-scale human study. Clin Chem 42:64–70.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robertson J, Maughan R, Duthie G, Morrice P. (1991). Increased blood antioxidant systems of runners in response to training load. Clin Sci (Colch) 80:611–18.
   Google Scholar
• Robins J. (1989). The control of confounding by intermediate variables. Stat Med 8:679–701.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Robins JM, Hernan MA, Brumback B. (2000). Marginal structural models and causal inference in epidemiology. Epidemiology 11:550–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle A. (2005). The molecular epidemiology of physical activity and cancer. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers and Prev 14:227–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle A, Madsen A, Orjuela M, Mooney L, Tang D, Kim M, Perera F. (2007). The association between benzo[a]pyrene-DNA adducts and body mass index, calorie intake and physical activity. Biomarkers 12:123–32.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle A, Orjuela M, Mooney L, Tang D, Kim M, Calcagnotto A, Richie J, Perera F. (2005a). Moderate physical activity is associated with increased blood levels of glutathione among smokers. Biomarkers 10:3390–400.
   Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Rundle AG, Vineis P, Ahsan H. (2005b). Design options for molecular epidemiology research within cohort studies. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 14:1899–907.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Severson RK, Nomura AM, Grove JS, Stemmermann GN. (1989). A prospective analysis of physical activity and cancer. Am J Epidemiol 130:522–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sinner P, Folsom AR, Harnack L, Eberly LE, Schmitz KH. (2006). The association of physical activity with lung cancer incidence in a cohort of older women: the Iowa Women’s Health Study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 15:2359–63.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sprague BL, Trentham-Dietz A, Klein BE, Klein R, Cruickshanks KJ, Lee KE, Hampton JM. (2008). Physical activity, white blood cell count, and lung cancer risk in a prospective cohort study. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 17:2714–22.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steenland K, Nowlin S, Palu S. (1995). Cancer incidence in the National Health and Nutrition Survey I. Follow-up data: diabetes, cholesterol, pulse and physical activity. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 4:807–11.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Steindorf K, Friedenreich C, Linseisen J, Rohrmann S, Rundle A, Veglia F, Vineis P, Johnsen NF, Tjønneland A, Overvad K and others. (2006). Physical activity and lung cancer risk in the European Prospective Investigation into Cancer and Nutrition (EPIC) cohort. Int J Cancer 119:2389–97.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang D, Phillips D, Stampfer M, Mooney L, Hsu Y, Cho S, Tsai W, Ma J, Cole K, She M and others. (2001). Association between carcinogen-DNA adducts in white blood cells and lung cancer risk in the physicians health study. Cancer Res 61:6708–12.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang D, Rundle A, Warburton D, Santella R, Tsai W, Chiamprasert S, Hsu Y, Perrera FP. (1998). Associations between both genetic and environmental biomarkers and lung cancer: evidence of a greater risk of lung cancer in women smokers. Carcinogenesis 19:1949–53.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tang J, Muir J, Lancaster T, Jones L, Fowler G. (1997). Health profiles of current and former smokers and lifelong abstainers. OXCHECK Study Group. OXford and Collaborators HEalth ChecK. J R Coll Phys London 31:304–9.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Thune I. (2000). Assessments of physical activity and cancer risk. Eur J Can Prev 9:387–93.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Thune I, Lund E. (1997). The influence of physical activity on lung-cancer risk: a prospective study of 81,516 men and women. Int J Cancer 70:57–62.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Twardella D, Loew M, Rothenbacher D, Stegmaier C, Ziegler H, Brenner H. (2006). The diagnosis of a smoking-related disease is a prominent trigger for smoking cessation in a retrospective cohort study. J Clin Epidemiol 59:82–9.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veglia F, Loft S, Matullo G, Peluso M, Munnia A, Perera F, Phillips DH, Tang D, Autrup H, Raaschou-Nielsen O and others. (2008). DNA adducts and cancer risk in prospective studies: a pooled analysis and a meta-analysis. Carcinogenesis 29:932–6.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Veglia F, Matullo G, Vineis P. (2003). Bulky DNA adducts and risk of cancer: a meta-analysis. Cancer Epidemiol Biomarkers Prev 12:157–60.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner EH, Curry SJ, Grothaus L, Saunders KW, McBride CM. (1995). The impact of smoking and quitting on health care use. Arch Intern Med 155:1789–95.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Washburn RA, Smith KW, Goldfield SR, McKinlay JB. (1991). Reliability and physiologic correlates of the Harvard Alumni Activity Survey in a general population. J Clin Epidemiol 44:1319–26.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Yun YH, Lim MK, Won YJ, Park SM, Chang YJ, Oh SW, Shin SA. (2008). Dietary preference, physical activity, and cancer risk in men: national health insurance corporation study. BMC Cancer 8:366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar