A limited innate immune response is induced by a replication-defective herpes simplex virus vector following delivery to the murine central nervous system

References

• Aguilar JS, Devi-Rao GV, Rice MK, Sunabe J, Ghazal P, Wagner EK (2006). Quantitative comparison of the HSV-1 and HSV-2 transcriptomes using DNA microarray analysis. Virology 348:233–241.
   Google Scholar
• Aguilar JS, Ghazal P, Wagner EK (2005). Design of a herpes simplex virus type 2 long oligonucleotide-based microarray: global analysis of HSV-2 transcript abundance during productive infection. Methods Mol Biol 292:423–448.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Amici C, Belardo G, Rossi A, Santoro MG (2001). Activation of I kappa b kinase by herpes simplex virus type 1. A novel target for anti-herpetic therapy. J Biol Chem 276:28759–28766.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Banati RB (2003). Neuropathological imaging: in vivo detection of glial activation as a measure of disease and adaptive change in the brain. Br Med Bull 65:121–131.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Bloom DC, Lokensgard JR, Maidment NT, Feldman LT, Stevens JG (1994). Long-term expression of genes in vivo using non-replicating HSV vectors. Gene Therapy 1(Suppl 1): S36–S38.
   Google Scholar
• Bowers WJ, Olschowka JA, Federoff HJ (2003). Immune responses to replication-defective HSV-1 type vectors within the CNS: implications for gene therapy. Gene Therapy 10:941–945.
   Google Scholar
• Brukman A, Enquist LW (2006). Suppression of the interferon-mediated innate immune response by pseudorabies virus. J Virol 80:6345–6356.
   Google Scholar
• Burton EA, Fink DJ, Glorioso JC (2002). Gene delivery using herpes simplex virus vectors. DNA Cell Biol 21:915–936.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Calvano SE, Xiao W, Richards DR, Felciano RM, Baker HV, Cho RJ, Chen RO, Brownstein BH, Cobb JP, Tschoeke SK, (2005). A network-based analysis of systemic inflammation in humans. Nature 437:1032–1037.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Chirgwin JM, Przybyla AE, MacDonald RJ, Rutter WJ (1979). Isolation of biologically active ribonucleic acid from sources enriched in ribonuclease. Biochemistry 18:5294–5299.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• DeLuca NA, McCarthy AM, Schaffer PA (1985). Isolation and characterization of deletion mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 in the gene encoding immediate-early regulatory protein ICP4. J Virol 56:558–570.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dobson AT, Margolis TP, Sedarati F, Stevens JG, Feldman LT (1990). A latent, nonpathogenic HSV-1-derived vector stably expresses beta-galactosidase in mouse neurons. Neuron 5:353–360.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Dumas T, McLaughlin J, Ho D, Meier T, Sapolsky R (1999). Delivery of herpes simplex virus amplicon-based vectors to the dentate gyrus does not alter hippocampal synaptic transmission in vivo. Gene Therapy 6:1679–1684.
   PubMedGoogle Scholar
• Eidson KM, Hobbs WE, Manning BJ, Carlson P, DeLuca NA (2002). Expression of herpes simplex virus ICP0 inhibits the induction of interferon-stimulated genes by viral infection. J Virol 76:2180–2191.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Friedman HM, Wang L, Fishman NO, Lambris JD, Eisenberg RJ, Cohen GH, Lubinski J (1996). Immune evasion properties of herpes simplex virus type 1 glycoprotein gC. J Virol 70:4253–4260.
   Google Scholar
• Goodkin ML, Morton ER, Blaho JA (2004). Herpes simplex virus infection and apoptosis. Int Rev Immunol 23:141–172.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Goodkin ML, Ting AT, Blaho JA (2003). NF-kappaB is required for apoptosis prevention during herpes simplex virus type 1 infection. J Virol 77:7261–7280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Guillemin GJ, Brew BJ (2004). Microglia macrophages perivascular macrophages and pericytes: a review of function and identification. J Leukoc Biol 75:388–397.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Higaki S, Gebhardt BM, Lukiw WJ, Thompson HW, Hill JM (2002). Effect of immunosuppression on gene expression in the HSV-1 latently infected mouse trigeminal ganglion. Investig Ophthalmol Vis Sci 43:1862–1869.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Hill JM, Lukiw WJ, Gebhardt BM, Higaki S, Loutsch JM, Myles ME, Thompson HW, Kwon BS, Bazan NG, Kaufman HE (2001). Gene expression analyzed by microarrays in HSV-1 latent mouse trigeminal ganglion following heat stress. Virus Genes 23:273–280.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Ho DY, Fink SL, Lawrence MS, Meier TJ, Saydam TC, Dash R, Sapolsky RM (1995). Herpes simplex virus vector system: analysis of its in vivo and in vitro cytopathic effects. J Neurosci Methods 57:205–215.
   Google Scholar
• Johnson PA, Miyanohara A, Levine F, Cahill T, Friedmann T (1992). Cytotoxicity of a replication-defective mutant of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 66:2952–2965.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Johnson PA, Wang MJ, Friedmann T (1994). Improved cell survival by the reduction of immediate-early gene expression in replication-defective mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1 but not by mutation of the virion host shutoff function. J Virol 68:6347–6362.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Khodarev NN, Advani SJ, Gupta N, Roizman B, Weichselbaum RR (1999). Accumulation of specific RNAs encoding transcriptional factors and stress response proteins against a background of severe depletion of cellular RNAs in cells infected with herpes simplex virus 1. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 96:12062–12067.
   Google Scholar
• Kramer MF, Cook WJ, Roth FP, Zhu J, Holman H, Knipe DM, Coen DM (2003). Latent herpes simplex virus infection of sensory neurons alters neuronal gene expression. J Virol 77:9533–9541.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Kurt-Jones EA, Chan M, Zhou S, Wang J, Reed G, Bronson R, Arnold MM, Knipe DM, Finberg RW (2004). Herpes simplex virus 1 interaction with Toll-like receptor 2 contributes to lethal encephalitis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 101:1315–1320.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Li C, Wong WH (2001). Model-based analysis of oligonucleotide arrays: expression index computation and outlier detection. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 98:31–36.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lin R, Noyce RS, Collins SE, Everett RD, Mossman KL (2004). The herpes simplex virus ICP0 RING finger domain inhibits IRF3- and IRF7-mediated activation of interferon-stimulated genes. J Virol 78:1675–1684.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Lowenstein PR (2002). Immunology of viral-vector-mediated gene transfer into the brain: an evolutionary and developmental perspective. Trends Immunol 23:23–30.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques CP, Hu S, Sheng W, Cheeran MC, Cox D, Lokensgard J.R (2004). Interleukin-10 attenuates production of HSV-induced inflammatory mediators by human microglia. Glia 47: 358–366.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Marques CP, Hu S, Sheng W, Lokensgard JR (2006). Microglial cells initiate vigorous yet non-protective immune responses during HSV-1 brain infection. Virus Res 121:1–10.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Morrison LA (2004). The Toll of herpes simplex virus infection. Trends Microbiol 12:353–356.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Mossman K (2005). Analysis of anti-interferon properties of the herpes simplex virus type I ICP0 protein. Methods Mol Med 116:195–205.
   Google Scholar
• Olschowka JA, Bowers WJ, Hurley SD, Mastrangelo MA, Federoff HJ (2003). Helper-free HSV-1 amplicons elicit a markedly less robust innate immune response in the CNS. Mol Ther 7:218–227.
   Google Scholar
• Pasieka TJ, Baas T, Carter VS, Proll SC, Katze MG, Leib DA (2006). Functional genomic analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 counteraction of the host innate response. J Virol 80:7600–7612.
   Google Scholar
• Paulus C, Sollars PJ, Pickard GE, Enquist LW (2006). Transcriptome signature of virulent and attenuated pseudorabies virus-infected rodent brain. J Virol 80:1773–1786.
   Google Scholar
• Peden CS, Burger C, Muzyczka N, Mandel RJ (2004). Circulating anti-wild-type adeno-associated virus type 2 (AAV2) antibodies inhibit recombinant AAV2 (rAAV2)-mediated but not rAAV5-mediated, gene transfer in the brain. J Virol 78:6344–6359.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Peterson PK, Remington JS (2000). New concepts in the immunopathogenesis of CNS infections. Malden, MA: Blackwell Science.
   Google Scholar
• Singh J, Wagner EK (1995). Herpes simplex virus recombination vectors designed to allow insertion of modified promoters into transcriptionally "neutral" segments of the viral genome. Virus Genes 10:127–136.
   Google Scholar
• Stingley SW, Ramirez JJ, Aguilar SA, Simmen K, Sandri-Goldin RM, Ghazal P, Wagner EK (2000). Global analysis of herpes simplex virus type 1 transcription using an oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray. J Virol 74:9916–9927.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Sun A, Devi-Rao GV, Rice MK, Gary LW, Bloom DC, Sandri-Goldin RM, Ghazal P, Wagner EK (2004). Immediate-early expression of the herpes simplex virus type 1 ICP27 transcript is not critical for efficient replication in vitro or in vivo. J Virol 78:10470–10478.
   Google Scholar
• Taddeo B, Esclatine A, Roizman B (2002). The patterns of accumulation of cellular RNAs in cells infected with a wild-type and a mutant herpes simplex virus 1 lacking the virion host shutoff gene. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 99:17031–17036.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddeo B, Luo TR, Zhang W, Roizman B (2003). Activation of NF-kappaB in cells productively infected with HSV-1 depends on activated protein kinase R and plays no apparent role in blocking apoptosis. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 100:12408–12413.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Taddeo B, Zhang W, Lakeman F, Roizman B (2004). Cells lacking NF-kappaB or in which NF-kappaB is not activated vary with respect to ability to sustain herpes simplex virus 1 replication and are not susceptible to apoptosis induced by a replication-incompetent mutant virus. J Virol 78:11615–11621.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Tsavachidou D, Podrzucki W, Seykora J, Berger SL (2001). Gene array analysis reveals changes in peripheral nervous system gene expression following stimuli that result in reactivation of latent herpes simplex virus type 1: induction of transcription factor Bcl-3. J Virol 75:9909–9917.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner EK (2006). The development of microarrays for analyzing hsv gene expression. In Alpha herpesviruses: molecular and cellular biology. Sandri-Goldin RM (ed). Wymondham, UK: Caister Academic, pp 121–134.
   Google Scholar
• Wagner EK, Bloom DC (1997). Experimental investigation of herpes simplex virus latency. Clin Microbiol Rev 10:419–443.
   PubMed Web of Science ®Google Scholar
• Wagner EK, Ramirez JJ, Stingley SW, Aguilar SA, Buehler L, Devi-Rao GB, Ghazal P (2002). Practical approaches to long oligonucleotide-based DNA microarray: lessons from herpesviruses. Prog Nucleic Acid Res Mol Biol 71:445–491.
   Google Scholar
• Wood MJ, Byrnes AP, Kaplitt MG, Pfaff DW, Rabkin SD, Charlton HM (1994). Specific patterns of defective HSV-1 gene transfer in the adult central nervous system: implications for gene targeting. Exp Neurol 130:127–140.
   Google Scholar
• Yang WC, Devi-Rao GV, Ghazal P, Wagner EK, Triezenberg SJ (2002). General and specific alterations in programming of global viral gene expression during infection by VP16 activation-deficient mutants of herpes simplex virus type 1. J Virol 76:12758–12774.
   Google Scholar